辣椒疫霉对杀菌剂抗药性研究进展

综述了近年来国内外辣椒疫霉菌对苯基酰胺类、甲氧基丙烯酸酯类、丙烯酰胺类内吸性杀菌剂的抗药性发生现状、抗药机理、抗药遗传等方面的研究进展.对辣椒疫霉菌抗药性研究和制定抗药性治理对策以及化学防治具有一定的参考价值,同时指出了今后的研究方向和发展前景.     

甜菜夜蛾对昆虫生长调节剂的抗药性研究进展

甜菜夜蛾是一种重要的农业害虫,已对有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂产生了较高水平的抗药性,目前生产中主要以昆虫生长调节剂、生物农药及新型农药为主进行防治,本文就甜菜夜蛾对昆虫生长调节剂的抗药性现状、交互抗性及抗性机理进行了综述,并提出了抗性治理对策。     

害虫对Bt抗性遗传方式的研究进展

转Bt作物现已在全球广泛种植,并在美国和中国等国家已种植达十余年,目前尚无报道田间害虫对Bt作物产生抗性。高剂量/庇护所策略被广泛用于转Bt作物中,以延缓害虫对Bt作物的抗性进化。该策略的前提条件是与抗性遗传方式密切相关。本文在简要介绍害虫抗药性遗传方式的研究方法的基础上,对目前关于害虫对Bt抗性遗传方式的研究进展进行归纳分析,并讨论了抗性遗传方式在高剂量∕庇护所策略中的应用。     

测定增效醚对酯酶封闭作用的新方法

害虫种群遗传变化导致的抗性可能会致使以前有用的农药不再有理想的防治效果。杀虫剂抗性水平和抗性发展速率与杀虫剂的化学特性、害虫的遗传和生物学因素有关。这些因素包括：杀虫剂的用量和使用频率;杀虫剂作用机理;单基因抗性还是多基因抗性;昆虫种群的内在遗传变异水平、生活史和生态学。例如,害虫世代周期短和能产生大量后代有利于抗药性的迅速发展和蔓延。     

水源水中的遗传毒性检测技术研究进展

介绍了近几年常用的检测水源水中有机污染物遗传毒性方法,分别阐述了各项技术的机理,并从遗传终点、灵敏度和费用等方面对其进行了评价。拟提出一套快速、全面和实用的水源水遗传毒性检测的方法体系,并提出了水源水中有机物的遗传毒性检测技术的发展方向。     

论杀虫剂穿透生物学与昆虫抗药性测定

阐明了杀虫剂穿透生物学的基本概念及其对昆虫抗药性测定的指导意义;论述了杀虫剂穿透生物学提出的背景及其与“田间毒理学”的关系,分析了在昆虫抗药性生物测定中存在的问题及其主要原因;提出了杀虫剂穿透生学在昆虫抗药性测定中的应用原则。     

双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂的抗药性研究进展

双酰肼类杀虫剂是一类高效、环保、低毒的新型昆虫生长调节剂。简要介绍了双酰肼类杀虫剂的发展历程,重点概述了其作用机理、选择性、抗药性机理研究现状,并提出了预防和治理抗药性的措施。     

昆虫激素的研究现状及发展

昆虫激素是昆虫体内腺体所分泌的物质,对昆虫的生长发育起着重要的调控作用.激素失调会导致昆虫发育不正常,甚至死亡.目前,随着化学农药的广泛使用,害虫的抗药性已成为当前害虫防治中所面临的一场严峻挑战.昆虫激素的研究对控制害虫具有重要意义.就昆虫激素的种类、作用、应用现状以及作为杀虫剂使用的优缺点等方面做一概述,并展望了昆虫激素及其类似物的应用前景.     

双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂的作用机理及对甜菜夜蛾的防治现状简述

双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂是一类模拟蜕皮激素功能的杀虫剂。对双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂的发展概况和作用机理进行概述,简述了甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)对该类杀虫剂的抗性现状,并对甜菜夜蛾的抗药性机理进行探讨,以期为双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂高效利用及甜菜夜蛾的综合防治提供理论指导。     

昆虫对杀虫剂抗药性的发展

抗药性的发展是农业科学家所面临的虫害防治中最严重的问题之一。所谓抗药性是指某一品系昆虫能忍受杀虫剂一定剂量的能力,这个剂量对同种正常昆虫种群中大多数个体是足以致死的。一般来说,当昆虫种群中对药剂敏感性差异达10倍时,就认为产生了抗药性,而差异不到10倍则称之为耐性。     

Leaf-to-Whole Plant Spread Bioassay for Pepper and Ralstonia solanacearum Interaction Determines Inheritance of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt for Further Breeding

Bacterial wilt (BW) disease from Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease and causes severe yield losses in chili peppers worldwide. Resistant cultivar breeding is the most effective in controlling BW. Thus, a simple and reliable evaluation method is required to assess disease severity and to investigate the inheritance of resistance for further breeding programs. Here, we developed a reliable leaf-to-whole plant spread bioassay for evaluating BW disease and then, using this, determined the inheritance of resistance to R. solanacearum in peppers. Capsicum annuum ‘MC4′ displayed a completely resistant response with fewer disease symptoms, a low level of bacterial cell growth, and significant up-regulations of defense genes in infected leaves compared to those in susceptible ‘Subicho’. We also observed the spreading of wilt symptoms from the leaves to the whole susceptible plant, which denotes the normal BW wilt symptoms, similar to the drenching method. Through this, we optimized the evaluation method of the resistance to BW. Additionally, we performed genetic analysis for resistance inheritance. The parents, F₁ and 90 F₂ progenies, were evaluated, and the two major complementary genes involved in the BW resistance trait were confirmed. These could provide an accurate evaluation to improve resistant pepper breeding efficiency against BW.     

陶艺创作发展的理论探索

对于陶艺创作的继承，创新，首先要有个正确的认识，克服对传统继承与发展的“盲目”与“保守”两个极端，既要新生传统，又要正视现实；既要树立民族自信心，又要跟上时代脉搏，从而创造出具有鲜明的民族风格与时代特色的陶艺作品，陶艺的未来，必将在继承、发展与创造中绽开绚丽的风采。     

Impact of Endocrine Disruptors upon Non-Genetic Inheritance

Similar to environmental factors, EDCs (endocrine-disrupting chemicals) can influence gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence. It is commonly accepted that the transgenerational inheritance of parentally acquired traits is conveyed by epigenetic alterations also known as “epimutations”. DNA methylation, acetylation, histone modification, RNA-mediated effects and extracellular vesicle effects are the mechanisms that have been described so far to be responsible for these epimutations. They may lead to the transgenerational inheritance of diverse phenotypes in the progeny when they occur in the germ cells of an affected individual. While EDC-induced health effects have dramatically increased over the past decade, limited effects on sperm epigenetics have been described. However, there has been a gain of interest in this issue in recent years. The gametes (sperm and oocyte) represent targets for EDCs and thus a route for environmentally induced changes over several generations. This review aims at providing an overview of the epigenetic mechanisms that might be implicated in this transgenerational inheritance.     

Inheritance Of Resistance to Mammalian Herbivores and of Plant Defensive Chemistry in an <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> Species

Hybridization in plants provides an opportunity to investigate the patterns of inheritance of hybrid resistance to herbivores, and of the plant mechanisms conferring this resistance such as plant secondary metabolites. We investigated how inter-race differences in resistance of Eucalyptus globulus to a generalist mammalian herbivore, Trichosurus vulpecula, are inherited in their F₁ hybrids. We assessed browsing damage of 3-year-old trees in a common environment field trial on four hybrid types of known progeny. The progeny were artificial intra-race crosses and reciprocal inter-race F₁ hybrids of two geographically distinct populations (races) of E. globulus north-eastern Tasmania and south-eastern Tasmania. Populations of trees from north-eastern Tasmania are relatively susceptible to browsing by T. vulpecula, while populations from south-eastern Tasmania are more resistant. We assessed the preferences of these trees in a series of paired feeding trials with captive animals to test the field trial results and also investigated the patterns of inheritance of plant secondary metabolites. Our results demonstrated that the phenotypic expression of resistance of the inter-race F₁ hybrids supported the additive pattern of inheritance, as these hybrids were intermediate in resistance compared to the pure parental hybrids. The expression of plant secondary metabolites in the F₁ hybrids varied among major groups of individual compounds. The most common pattern supported was dominance towards one of the parental types. Together, condensed tannins and essential oils appeared to explain the observed patterns of resistance among the four hybrid types. While both chemical groups were inherited in a dominant manner in the inter-race F₁ hybrids, the direction of dominance was opposite. Their combined concentration, however, was inherited in an additive manner, consistent with the phenotypic differences in browsing.     

Inheritance Of Resistance To Mammalian Herbivores and Of Plant Defensive Chemistry In A <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> Species

Hybridization in plants provides an opportunity to investigate the patterns of inheritance of hybrid resistance to herbivores, and of the plant mechanisms conferring this resistance such as plant secondary metabolites. We investigated how inter-race differences in resistance of Eucalyptus globulus to a generalist mammalian herbivore, Trichosurus vulpecula, are inherited in their F₁ hybrids. We assessed browsing damage of three-year-old trees in a common environment field trial on four hybrid types of known progeny. The progency were artificial intra-race crosses and reciprocal inter-race F₁ hybrids of two geographically distinct populations (races) of E. globulus; north-eastern Tasmania and south-eastern Tasmania. Populations of trees from north-eastern Tasmania are relatively susceptible to browsing by T. vulpecula, while populations from south-eastern Tasmania are more resistant. We assessed the preferences of these trees in a series of paired feeding trials with captive animals to test the field trial results and also investigated the patterns of inheritance of plant secondary metabolites. Our results demonstrated that the phenotypic expression of resistance of the inter-race F₁ hybrids supported the additive pattern of inheritance, as these hybrids were intermediate in resistance compared to the pure parental hybrids. The expression of plant secondary metabolites in the F₁ hybrids varied among groups of individual compounds. The most common pattern supported was dominance towards one of the parental types. Together, condensed tannins and essential oils appeared to explain the observed patterns of resistance among the four hybrid types. While both chemical groups were inherited in a dominant manner in the inter-race F₁ hybrids, the direction of dominance was opposite. Their combined concentration, however, was inherited in an additive manner, consistent with the phenotypic differences in browsing.     

问北宋官瓷的传承与发展有几多愁?

上世纪80年代初,在国务院的直接关怀下,开封市的宋代官窑的仿制项目得以顺利成功,这是当时陶瓷业的重要新闻和成就,继而成立了开封官瓷研究所,承担北宋官窑复出的传承和发展的重任,得到当时政府的大力扶植并取得了较好效果。然而,好景不长,北宋官瓷研究所一路坎坷,在市场经济的冲击下被卷入了利益的漩涡,跌入低谷,几易其主,产生诸多问题需要解决,那么北宋官窑的传承和发展的路在何方?     

对景德镇“非遗”传承人的现状考察及发展建议

我国的非物质文化遗产保护工作已经进行了十余个年头,但对于＂非遗＂的研究依然重要。当前我们并不缺少一些宏大的有关人类文化遗产或文化资源保护的理论,我们缺少的是对真正对生活和实践的近距离直接观察和剖析。本文采用艺术人类学的田野考察法,进入田野,与传承人面对面交流,收集到第一手的资料,提供一幅鲜活的景德镇＂非遗＂传承人图景,在此基础之上主要分析了景德镇传承人的知识结构和传承模式,并对景德镇的＂非遗＂传承提出了发展建议。     

简述王恩怀陶瓷艺术的传承与创新

陶瓷艺术家、中国工艺美术大师王恩怀出身陶瓷世家,自小随其父人称"青花大王"的王步学艺作画,又拜著名陶瓷美术家、"珠山八友"之一的刘雨岑为师学习粉彩,笔者尝试从传承、创新以及传承与创新二者相融合三个方面,从青花、粉彩、青花斗彩三类陶瓷装饰技法,简述其陶瓷艺术风格的演变和成熟。