Phenolic and Anthocyanin Profile of Valea Calugareasca Red Wines by HPLC-PDA-MS and MALDI-TOF Analysis

The quality of red wines is given by phenolic compounds and anthocyanins and is associated with colour, taste and therapeutic effects on human health. This work aims to provide a detailed profile of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins that are found in five red wine samples from Dealu Mare-Valea Calugareasca region. The phenolic and anthocyanin profiles of the red wine samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation–time of flight, respectively. The results obtained showed that Feteasca Neagra had the highest content of phenolic compounds followed by Pinot Noir while the preponderant compound was gallic acid. Amongst anthocyanins, malvidin was found to be the major compound and the highest anthocyanin content was found also for Feteasca Neagra wine. A simple high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry method was developed, optimised and applied for the quantification of phenolic compounds in red wine samples from Dealu Mare-Valea Calugareasca region. In the same time, a rapid matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation–time of flight method that does not need sample preparation was applied for the identification of anthocyanins. Moreover, the phenolic and anthocyanin composition of red wines from Dealu Mare-Valea Calugareasca region is reported for the first time. The phenolic and anthocyanin profile determination will be beneficial for the Romanian winemakers to produce high-quality red wines.     

红葡萄酒中酚类化合物的快速高效液相色谱分析

阐述了一种新型的可直接而快速分离红葡萄酒中酚类化合物(苯甲酸、黄烷-3-醇、肉桂酸、黄酮醇、花色素)的反相高效液相色谱法。采用的色谱柱可用于低pH环境且能高流速运行,在均含有0.2％三氟乙酸的水和乙腈两相中进行梯度洗脱。为了提高选择性,每种化合物都在其最大吸光度处被检测,从而建立其精密度、线性和灵敏度。尽管这种方法不能检测酒中所有组分,但适用于主要成分的测定和对特殊类别酚类化合物总量的定量分析。     

电子舌对昌黎原产地干红葡萄酒的区分辨识

应用电子舌技术,对昌黎原产地不同品种(赤霞珠、梅尔诺、西拉、佳美)、不同年份的干红葡萄酒进行了检测。对电子舌检测结果进行主成分分析后,其主成分1和主成分2的得分图上,各葡萄酒样的落点在各自的区域范围内而互不干扰.说明电子舌对昌黎原产她的不同品种、不同年份的干红葡萄酒有很好的区分效果。     

Biogenic Amine Content in Red Wines from Different Protected Designations of Origin of Southern Italy: Chemometric Characterization and Classification

Biogenic amines are contaminants naturally present in wines. Their occurrence is influenced by several factors including oenological and agricultural practices, grape variety, and geographical origin. For these reasons, they have been chosen as marker to characterize and classify 56 Italian red wines belonging to four protected designations of origin (PDO) from Southern Italy. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied on data obtained by HPLC/RF in order to highlight the natural grouping of samples. Afterward, linear discriminant analysis and partial least squares were used to classify the wines according to their PDO. Biogenic amines are demonstrated to be a reliable and useful marker for the characterization and classification of the four Southern Italian PDOs investigated. Both the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) achieved 100 % of wines correctly classified and predicted. Therefore, the determination of these compounds in red wines can play an important role in wine quality assessment, by providing information for the prevention of potential detrimental effects on health and for the characterization of PDO labeled wines.     

Geographical Origin Identification of Moldavian Wines by Neutron Activation Analysis

To get more data regarding the elemental transfer from soil to wine, the neutron activation analysis was used to determine 35 elements in vineyard chernozem soil and 18 elements in wines from Romanesti and Cricova, Republic of Moldova. Soil elemental content allowed evidencing more similarities between considered soils and the Upper Continental Crust and the World Average Soil as well as to calculate the soil-to-wine transfer factor for 18 of investigated elements. From all 28 trace elements evidenced in soil, only 13, the soluble ones, were found in all wine samples, which finally allowed determining the corresponding transfer factors whose values varied between 0.02 mg/l (U) and 38 mg/l (K). In this regard, all sorts of wines showed a significant concentration of potassium, varying from 370 to 700 mg/l. A subsequent discriminant analysis allowed discriminating all wine samples according to their types: red and white as well as their origin.     

冬枣干红酒的技术研究

研究了冬枣和赤霞珠酿酒葡萄混合发酵的工艺技术,主要是菌种的选择,苹-乳发酵技术的应用,澄清剂的确定,冷处理对稳定性的影响.     

Measure the Dissolved Oxygen Consumed by Red Wines in Aging Tanks

The techniques of accelerated wine aging imply the addition of wood pieces of oak to the wine and the use of small doses of oxygen (micro-oxygenation). The dosage of extremely small amounts needs the knowledge of the dissolved oxygen (DO) at every moment in order to assure its correct assimilation. This work presents the first results of a study about the evolution of the dissolved oxygen content in red wines during alternative accelerated aging. Samples were treated in stainless steel vessels with wood pieces and low micro-oxygenation levels. French oak was applied with different toasting levels: light, medium, and high. Quality parameters of the wine were monitored. The knowledge of wine DO levels allowed developing a controlled micro-dosage in the different phases during the accelerated aging. The wine was able to use the whole amount of oxygen provided throughout the process.     

葡萄酒中14种单体酚的高效液相色谱测定

建立一种新的、同时测定葡萄酒中14种单体酚含量的高效液相色谱法。采用ZORBAXSB-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),乙腈-冰醋酸-水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长280nm。测定6种不同地区、不同年份的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中14种单体酚的含量。结果表明,不同地区相同品种葡萄酒中没食子酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素3种单体酚含量均较高,但14种单体酚含量各不相同,同地区不同年份的赤霞珠葡萄酒单体酚含量亦有差别,葡萄酒中几种主要单体酚随时间的变化含量均有降低,同时伴随着部分单体酚含量的增加。     

进口葡萄酒中有机酸含量的研究

通过离子色谱法对赤霞珠、梅洛和西拉葡萄酒进行9种有机酸含量的测定(分别是乳酸、乙酸、丙烯酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、富马酸和柠檬酸),共挑选100个来自法国、意大利、澳大利亚、智利和美国的葡萄酒样品进行测定.结果表明,所测定的葡萄酒有机酸含量分别为:乳酸541～3071mg/L,乙酸25～1822mg/L,丙烯酸0 mg/L,山梨酸0～241mg/L,苯甲酸0～39mg/L,苹果酸148～4890mg/L,酒石酸137～5032mg/L,富马酸14～2148mg/L,柠檬酸4～421 mg/L.以地域、主成分和年份等影响因素分析葡萄酒中各种有机酸含量的差异.     

Automatic Aluminum Chloride Method for Routine Estimation of Total Flavonoids in Red Wines and Teas

Among the analytical methods used to assess total flavonoid content in food products, the aluminum chloride method is widely used for routine/screening purposes. This method relies on the spectrophotometric detection of colored complexes formed between Al(III) and the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of flavonoids in alkaline medium. However, during the last decade, different analytical conditions have been applied, which hinder the production of reliable and comparable data for nutritional studies. In this context, the aim of the present work was to standardize the analytical protocol regarding the standard compound, reaction time after addition of each reagent, and reagents concentration. According to the results obtained, the use of (+)-catechin as the standard compound is proposed due to its higher sensitivity and reaction times of 1, 2, and 1 min were fixed for time interval between sequential additions of reagents. The concentration of Al(III) was reduced about three times. Using the improved analytical conditions, the colorimetric assay was adapted to flow injection analysis (FIA) in order to obtain an automatic procedure with controlled features, namely reaction time, sample to reagent concentration ratio, and sample dilution. The proposed FIA method was applied to food products (n = 18), including red wines, teas, and herbal infusions, providing results that were in agreement with those obtained by the classical batch method, here performed under a microplate format. This automatic method allowed the reduction of analysis time from the original 12 to 4 min, with high repeatability [relative standard deviation (RSD) < 1.1%] and high reproducibility (RSD < 2.0%).     

Challenging the Limit of Detection for Egg Allergen Detection in Red Wines by Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor

The improvement of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based immunoassay for the detection of traces of egg-based fining agents in red wines is herein described. The latter represents an extension of a previously developed direct assay targeted to the detection of ovalbumin (OVA) as marker of the presence of egg white powder residues, a typical fining agent utilized by the winery industry. In this paper, a suitable pre-treatment procedure was optimized for the sensitive detection of OVA at sub-ppm levels in red wines fortified with egg-white powder, by using an immunoassay proved to be reliable for both white and roseé wines. A red wine from Chianti grapes selected as reference matrix was artificially contaminated with egg-white powder before undergoing different sample purification. Several purification strategies were investigated and tested in order to challenge the limit of detection (LOD) obtained with the methods currently in use for egg allergen detection. Finally, the optimized two-step pre-treatment, combining polyvinylpolypyrrolidone-based purification and size exclusion chromatography, enabled to achieve an LOD in red wine as low as 0.2 μg/mL. The optimized SPR-based method met the method performance criteria issued by the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) concerning the minimum sensitivity required for the analyses of potentially allergenic fining agent proteins in wines, confirming the biosensor as promising tool to monitor the residual contamination level of fined red wines.     

葡萄牙葡萄酒——世界三大佳酿之一

葡萄牙素有"葡萄王国"的美称,自古以来盛产葡萄和葡萄酒.很难确切的说出何时葡萄牙人开始酿造葡萄酒,但早在公元前六百年葡萄牙就有葡萄酒,已有二千五百多年历史.公元前二百一十九年,古罗马帝国的军队进入北部杜罗河谷,就是今天的波儿图酒区.罗马大军在占领葡萄牙的同时,在杜罗河谷大面积种植葡萄,酿成葡萄酒作为军需品,鼓舞军队士气,向其他国家进侵.     

红米酒中多酚类化合物的高效液相色谱法测定

建立高效液相色谱同时测定红米酒中11种多酚类化合物的方法。采用Venusil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,φ5μm)分离11种酚类物质,流动相为50%乙腈和超纯水,分别加1%乙酸,进样量20μL,采用梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温30℃,检测波长260、320 nm。各组分的质量浓度与其峰面积具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999 6,且11种酚类物质在45 min内得到了较好分离。方法回收率在88.6%~102.5%之间,相对标准偏差为0.76%~1.60%。本方法可用于红米酒中多酚类化合物的快速分析。     

Varietal Classification of Young Red Wines in Terms of Chemical and Colour Parameters

Six varietal red wines produced in Murcia (Spain) were analysed for selected enological and colour parameters (31 variables in total). As regards acid content there were no important differences among the vinifications studied. The initial content of glucose and fructose was quite high in all the wines, which resulted in very high ethanol content (between 14·1% in Cinsault Noir wine and 16·4% in Tempranillo wine). The colour of the wines was determined by means of the Yxy coordinates and CIELAB parameters, but not one of them could significantly differentiate among vinifications. Principal component analysis and discriminant analysis were used to identify and to explain differences among samples. Discriminant analysis allowed a clear separation of the 80·7% of the cases analysed by a selection of only three variables ( L *, a *, C *). With a selection of 10 variables including x coordinate, colour intensity 1 and 2, pH, ionised anthocyanins, total phenolics, percentage of yellow pigments, total anthocyanins, hue and L * was possible to characterise the 95% of the cases analysed, but 100% in Monastrell-1, Tempranillo Graciano and Cinsault Noir wines.     

酿酒工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺的影响

探讨了不同酿酒工艺对葡萄酒中生物胺(组胺、苯乙胺、酪胺、色胺、腐胺、尸胺、精胺和亚精胺)含量的影响。结果显示,葡萄酒酿造过程中生物胺主要在酒精发酵和苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程产生。酒精发酵过程生成量较少,主要产生腐胺和精胺,果胶酶的使用、酵母接种量、发酵温度等因素可以调节酒精发酵过程生物胺的生成量;乳酸菌是葡萄酒生物胺最主要来源,在苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中会产生大量的组胺和色胺。     

葡萄牙葡萄酒——世界三大佳酿之一

(接上期续) 六、名浩(Monho) 名浩位于葡萄牙与西班牙的边境地带,毗邻大西洋.     

葡萄酒面面观

所谓“葡萄酒”就是泛指由新鲜葡萄经发酵而产生的酒精性饮料。依其不同的特性,又可分为五大类1白葡萄酒由白葡萄或红葡萄去皮酿制而成。可分甜的和不甜的。若为不甜的白葡萄酒,其适饮温度为10~12℃。甜的白酒适饮温度则为5~10℃。白葡萄酒,适合搭配海鲜、鱼类、家禽类等烹调方式较为清淡的食物。2红葡萄酒由红葡萄带皮发酵而成。口感不甜(Dry),但甘美。其适饮温度为14~20℃。但法国薄酒来区(Beaujolais)所产的清淡型红酒,适饮温度为12~14℃。红葡萄酒,适合搭配牛肉、猪肉、羊肉、乳酪等口感较重的食物。3玫瑰红酒由红葡萄酿制而成,但果汁…     

Application of a Novel Small-Scale Sample Cleanup Procedure Prior to MALDI-TOF-MS for Rapid Pigment Fingerprinting of Red Wines

This study evaluates the anthocyanin and derived pigment composition of Vitis vinifera red wines of Vranec, Merlot, and Cabernet Sauvignon produced in 2006, 2007, and 2008 vintages from the Tikve? wine region in the Republic of Macedonia. Their profile was established using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) technique. A total of 22 anthocyanins and derived pigments have been identified in the samples including 10 anthocyanins, 1 ethyl-bridged flavanol–anthocyanin adduct, and 11 pyranoanthocyanins. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis was performed after solid-phase extraction of the wines by using, for the first time, the Zip-Tip® C18 stationary phase, introducing a novel small-scale sample cleanup procedure prior to the rapid MALDI-TOF-MS fingerprinting of wine samples. 2′,4′,6′-Trihydroxyacetophenone (dissolved in acetonitrile/water 1:1, v/v) was used as a matrix. The qualitative screening of anthocyanins and derived pigments with MALDI-TOF-MS confirmed the presence of glucoside, acetylglucoside, and p-coumaroylglucoside derivatives of anthocyanins in the wine samples. Furthermore, pyranoanthocyanins formed by reactions of anthocyanins with pyruvic acid and acetaldehyde, as well as flavanol–pyranoanthocyanins and ethyl-bridged flavan-3-ol-anthocyanin adduct pigments have been detected in the samples.