Test houses measure energy conservation

Crucial to the energy equation in the UK are its buildings, which consume 40-50 per cent of total primary energy supplies. Here, a member of CIB commission W67 on energy conservation and co-ordinator of the technical sub-group on heat pumps, reviews energy studies at BRE and describes the three low-energy houses being used to test the possibilities of solar energy, heat reclaim and a heat pump.     

节能住宅的质量问题和应对策略

对节能住宅保温材料、旅工工艺的质量问题进行了分析，为保证新建节能住宅和既有建筑节能改造的质量，提出了应对的策略。     

Enhanced energy conservation in houses through high performance design

Key design features of high performance houses are investigated for improving energy efficiency in cold climates. Reference dwellings with typical constructions and system designs are compared with high performance houses using the best technology available. The dwellings used for reference are a multi-family apartment building and a single-family detached house, designed according to a mix of Nordic building codes of 2001. The high performance houses designed fulfilled the target requirements of IEA Task 28, Sustainable Solar Housing. Simulations of the buildings are performed using the computer programme DEROB-LTH and results from simulations give the hourly space-heating demand and peak load of the buildings. A comparison of reference houses to high performance solutions shows that the space-heating demand can be reduced by up to 83% for single-family houses and by up to 85% for apartment buildings. The climate data used for all simulations is Stockholm, Sweden. The environmental effects in terms of CO₂ equivalent emissions and use of non-renewable primary energy are quantified for each building type and construction. The energy saving potential of high performance houses in cold climates is demonstrated.     

Energy conservation and solar houses

The delicate interplay between energy conservation with direct solar gain (passive energy) and active solar systems for space heating in solar houses is discussed. The following design parameters are analyzed, taking into consideration energy conservation and solar gain:

a. the optimal slope of the collector roof

b. southern windows or an active solar collector on south walls

c. the trade-off between heavier insulation and a larger solar collector

d. the optimal mass of the internal partitions

The discussion is accompanied by results obtained from a case study.     

Low energy houses

Domestic buildings absorb about 1/4 to 1/3 of the UK's primary energy. New houses can be designed which use half, or even considerably less than half of the energy consumed by their contemporaries. Typical examples are the Danish Zero Energy House and the Saskatchewan House. Unfortunately the U.K. building industry and its clients generally ignore long-run costs, in favour of lower initial capital investment. Such a position favours insulation and passive solar techniques, as opposed to more complex methods, for reducing network energy consumption in buildings.     

Airtight houses and energy consumption

Can extra insulation and airtight structures significantly reduce energy demands? The questions are considered here by scientists at the Division of Building Technology at Stockholm's Royal Institute of Technology, after studying the performance of single-family houses built to the new national code. One site-built design achieved an estimated one-third reduction in energy consumption; but another, less airtight factory-made house showed serious shortcomings in the indoor climate achieved.     

夏热冬冷地区住宅外墙节能措施探讨

通过对国家相关节能政策的解读,分析了目前民用建筑节能措施的优劣;结合国家的相关政策,提出了住宅建筑节能的新措施,即住宅建筑外墙结构自保温,并进行了计算比较,指出了两种方案的利弊。     

Monitoring energy consumption in single-family houses

A technical and statistical solution to the problem of obtaining timely and reliable estimates of end-use energy consumption in single-family houses is presented. This approach is called `The Energy Barometer' to allude to its possibility to follow the `pressure' on the energy market. Recently developed Internet-based communication techniques are used to monitor building energy end-use at short time-intervals. We describe how this new technology is combined with statistical methods based on Energy Signature models into a system. Measured energy use from a random sample of houses is standardized for each investigated house by (i) statistically regressing energy data against climate data and (ii) using climate data for a `normal' year together with the obtained regression equation to determine average annual energy use. The results are generalized to apply for the studied building stock by using a weighting procedure.     

Modeling natural energy flow in houses

A model for predicting the energy use of residential buildings is developed for the purpose of investigating the effect on energy consumption of various changes in building design, construction and operation. The model differentiates between the thermal behavior of the north and south zones of the house, and describes an innovative method of air-handling.The model is incorporated into an analytical computer program called TWOZONE. This program is used to evaluate the effect on annual energy use of various amounts and locations of glass areas in houses. The results are compared with recent work on the energy value of windows in houses.Among the findings, when using this particular model and load program, is the fact that single-glazing is a net loser in any climate. Energy-use curves for several climates are given for single- versus double-glazing, thereby permitting cost-effectiveness analysis to be done.     

Regulatory energy calculations versus real energy use in high-performance houses

How accurately can official energy performance calculations assess the real energy use in high-performance houses? This question was investigated by analysing 537 dwellings. Data on building characteristics and calculated performance from the Flemish Energy Performance of Buildings (EPB) database were complemented with data from energy utilities and surveys of inhabitants, their socio-demographic characteristics and user behaviours. While the real and theoretical energy uses were strongly correlated, the official calculation method overestimated the heating energy use of most houses while neglecting important electricity end uses. The prediction error varied strongly between individual cases. Two options within the calculation procedure had a significant impact on these prediction errors: the use of default values for the air tightness of the building envelope and the reported return temperature of the space heating system. The simplified calculation of net domestic hot water consumption and the real heating of the master bedrooms also affected prediction accuracy. However, extrapolations are hazardous due to the risk of selection and non-response biases implied by the approach and the need for further research into the causalities. Nonetheless, the findings stress the importance of accurate input data and realistic default values for calculation models used for high-performance buildings.     

建筑节能现场检测方法

本文综述了几种建筑物围护结构传热系数现场检测方法的原理、操作方法、适用条件,指出各种方法的优缺点及注意事项。     

住宅建筑节能设计相关问题探讨

为了早日实现"十一五"规划中的节能目标,住宅建筑的节能设计成为目前建筑设计中的重要部分。本文阐述了住宅工程建筑节能的主要内容、控制要点,分析了当前住宅工程建筑的实际情况,并结合实际工作经验提出了对墙体、屋面、地面、房屋结构、门窗等方面节能设计的技术措施。     

Heat requirements and energy use in British houses

Housing data likely ranges of insulation levels are combined to give estimates of the heating requirements for conventional houses and small flats to be built in Britain in 1977–1987. After allowance for non-solar heat gains, requirements of 65–120 kWh/day for 4–6 person houses and of 8–47 kWh/day for small flats are predicted. The 65 kWh/day lower limit for houses will be improved on in the case of very well insulated houses using modified construction techniques.Data are collated showing average incidental heat gains from appliances, water heating, and other sources. The effects of these on annual heating energy use and on mean power requirements are assessed, and annual heating energy use per kW of design heat loss is calculated for a range of levels of incidental gains at three British locations; Pembroke, Croydon and Edinburgh. The typical solar contribution to this heating energy is also calculated.Mean-to-peak power variations are considered, showing that on average a heating system operates at 20–30% of the house design heat loss; this is the level at which energy use efficiency is most significant.The theoretical predictions of heating energy use are shown to give reasonable agreement with actual use as measured in field trials, despite the wide variability of the latter. The variation of total solar heating with orientation of a house with windows on two opposite sides is studied in the Appendix, showing a variation of ±15% in winter and ±6% in spring and summer for a particular house design.     

住宅的空间设计与节能

针对中国建筑能耗的基本情况,提出改善住宅室内热环境是最基本的节能措施,并对住宅的主要空间与建筑节能设计进行了探讨,归纳总结了住宅的五种节能途径,以期为住户提供健康、舒适的生活空间。     

建筑节能数字化

针对当前建筑节能技术的发展要求,结合智能建筑节能技术应用情况,通过分析实施过程中存在的一系列问题,提出了建筑节能数字化。为环境影响评价、能耗分析、建筑决策等提供信息融汇平台,实现信息优化处理,提高了建筑节能信息的可读性和可操作性。     

升级节能服务

2010年可谓中国节能服务政策年.为加快推行合同能源管理,促进节能服务产业发展,国务院及相关部委密集出台了一系列政策文件.     

电气节能设计

节约能源,保护环境,是我国长期的重大方针,也是全世界所关注的重要课题。作为能耗大户的建筑耗能已成为危及社会可持续发展的一个重大问题,可见建筑节能是当前一项极为紧迫的任务。电气节能为建筑节能的组成部分,电气节能设计已成为电气设计重要内容。     

浅谈建筑节能

针对建筑节能这一热点问题，阐述了建筑节能的重要性，分析了影响建筑物耗热量指标的主要因素，提出了发展建筑节能的主要措施及途径，以利国民经济的快速发展。     

浅谈建筑节能

针对目前能源越来越紧缺的现象,从建筑能耗入手,对能源消耗进行了分析,并从能耗的考核标准以及政府应持的态度方面进行了论述,提出了推进建筑物节能的一些方法。