鼓泡塔细胞反应器流体力学与传质特性

以超大规模细胞培养为目的,构建了与细胞培养体系十分接近的冷模实验体系,系统地研究了微载体(Cytodex I)、细胞保护剂(Pluronic F68)和消泡剂(Antifoam C)对鼓泡塔反应器中气、固、液三相流流体力学和氧传质特性的影响。在0.04～0.17cm/s 表观气速范围内采用 50 μm 孔径的烧结金属滤芯曝气时,在含有 0.5 和 1.0 g/L 的 Pluronic F68 的磷酸盐缓冲溶液冷模体系中,气含率与表观气速成线性增加关系,而气泡直径受表观气速影响较小;相同气速下的冷模体系与空气-水体系相比,气含率显著提高,气泡直径明显减小。在所研究的表观气速范围内微载体均可全悬浮,对气含率有一定增强,但微载体浓度为14%～20% 时对气泡大小几乎无影响。消泡剂用量在 1.60×10^-4时,可以有效抑制泡沫的形成。添加剂对液膜传质系数 k_L有较大负面作用,抵消了小气泡带来的传质面积增加,总的体积传质系数k_La 变化不大。Euler-Euler 多相流计算流体力学模型与拟稳态实验数据吻合较好,可用于指导反应器放...     

复配表面活性剂水溶液吸收法处理乙酸丁酯废气

以非离子型表面活性剂为吸收剂吸收乙酸丁酯废气,研究了不同类型的Tween表面活性剂和Span-80对乙酸丁酯废气的吸收效果,并以复配表面活性剂为吸收剂分析了吸收剂温度、液气比、进塔浓度对乙酸丁酯废气吸收率的影响。结果表明,Tween-80水溶液对乙酸丁酯吸收率最高,加入Span-80后不但能够消除起泡现象还能提高乙酸丁酯吸收率,其加入量越大吸收率越大。以体积浓度3.0%的Tween-80与3.0%的Span-80复配水溶液吸收乙酸丁酯废气,在吸收剂温度为10℃,进塔废气流量为1.0 m³/h,液气比为15 L/m3/h,液气比为15 L/m³时,乙酸丁酯吸收率可达90.65%。吸收剂在解吸后循环使用,其吸收率为81.21%,且随着解吸次数的增加吸收率略有降低。     

复配表面活性剂水溶液吸收法处理乙酸丁酯废气

以非离子型表面活性剂为吸收剂吸收乙酸丁酯废气,研究了不同类型的Tween表面活性剂和Span-80对乙酸丁酯废气的吸收效果,并以复配表面活性剂为吸收剂分析了吸收剂温度、液气比、进塔浓度对乙酸丁酯废气吸收率的影响。结果表明,Tween-80水溶液对乙酸丁酯吸收率最高,加入Span-80后不但能够消除起泡现象还能提高乙酸丁酯吸收率,其加入量越大吸收率越大。以体积浓度3.0%的Tween-80与3.0%的Span-80复配水溶液吸收乙酸丁酯废气,在吸收剂温度为10℃,进塔废气流量为1.0 m~3/h,液气比为15 L/m~3时,乙酸丁酯吸收率可达90.65%。吸收剂在解吸后循环使用,其吸收率为81.21%,且随着解吸次数的增加吸收率略有降低。     

复合溶剂吸收废气中醋酸丁酯的研究

采用散堆填料塔,分别考察了油酸甲酯、油酸乙酯和油酸甲酯-油酸乙酯复合溶剂对废气中醋酸丁酯的吸收性能.分析了醋酸丁酯质量浓度、油酸甲酯体积分数、液气比和空气流量对含醋酸丁酯废气吸收率的影响.结果表明,醋酸丁酯质量浓度ρ =0.535 g/L,复合吸收剂中油酸甲酯体积分数φ=0.5,液气比1.25 L/m3,空气流量v=4 L/min时,废气中醋酸丁酯吸收率可达94.12％.采用普通精馏对含醋酸丁酯的吸收液进行后处理,塔顶回收所得醋酸丁酯质量分数可达99.0％以上,塔釜回收所得油酸甲酯-油酸乙酯复合溶剂对醋酸丁酯废气回收率达91.01％.     

水力喷射空气旋流器用于吸收处理工业尾气中的氨气

针对工业尾气中氨气吸收存在的传质效率低、设备易于堵塞等问题,本文采用新型超重力气液传质设备水力喷射空气旋流器(WSA),以稀硫酸溶液为吸收剂,开展了氨气吸收处理研究。研究考察了初始NH₃浓度、进口气速、喷孔面积以及中心排气管直径等操作参数和WSA结构参数对氨气吸收处理效率的影响。研究结果表明,NH₃吸收率随着初始NH₃浓度和进口气速的增大均呈现先增大后降低的规律。NH₃吸收率随着WSA的喷孔面积的增大先增大后趋于平缓,但却随着WSA的中心排气管直径的增大而降低,但压降也随之增大。在NH₃浓度为4500mg/m³左右,进口气速为26.46m/s时,采用喷孔面积为565.5mm²、中心排气管直径为32mm的WSA,NH₃吸收去除率可达99.5%以上。该工艺在工业尾气中的NH₃回收处理方面具有较大的应用前景。     

加温加压下CFD-PBM耦合模型空气-水两相流数值模拟研究

计算流体力学与群体平衡模型（CFD-PBM）结合可有效地模拟鼓泡塔内流体行为,较准确地预测流场、相含率以及局部气泡尺寸分布。以直径100 mm、高1.3 m的加温加压鼓泡塔为模拟对象,在系统压力为1 MPa、表观气速为0.08~0.24 m/s、温度为30~160℃条件下系统地考察了空气-水体系的表观气速、温度以及固含率对平均气含率、大小气泡气含率、气泡直径和气泡尺寸分布等参数的影响。结果表明,平均气含率的模拟结果和实验值在10%的误差范围内吻合较好;温度的变化主要影响了塔内气泡的聚并和破碎,并用聚并破碎的机理解释了温度对其流体行为的影响。     

超声场中鼓泡塔内气泡直径分布特征研究

利用自主研发的超声鼓泡塔和双电导探针气泡特征参数测量仪测定了不同频率组合下超声场辐射对鼓泡塔内气泡Sauter直径随表观气速和鼓泡塔径向及轴向位置的分布情况。实验结果表明,在距气体分布板轴向距离250 mm、塔中心处气泡Sauter直径由于超声作用而显著减小,最大减幅达55%;在超声场作用下随着表观气速增大,气泡Sauter直径呈增大趋势,当表观气速大于0.06 m/s时,气泡Sauter直径趋于不变;大气泡在塔中心区域聚集倾向明显,小气泡分布在塔壁面附近,气泡Sauter直径(在径向位置)呈现中心峰分布趋势;随着距气体分布板轴向距离增加,气泡Sauter直径增大,在多频混响声场中,气泡Sauter直径增速小于单频声场中增速,即在多频混响超声场中易形成小气泡。实验结果证实,超声场有利于减小气泡体积,增大气泡比表面积,这对于加强气液相间传质、提高传质效果会有显著作用。     

鼓泡塔反应器中乙烯-苯体系气液传质系数的测定

以乙烯-苯系统为对象,借助计算机图像处理技术,采用单孔进气,研究了常温常压下鼓泡塔反应器内的传质特性.实验结果表明:在塔内液体循环速度0.02m·s-1,空塔气速2.1×10-1~6.1×10-1m·s-1、进气孔径0.8~2mm实验条件下,乙烯在苯中的吸收溶解过程主要与温度、压力及气体和液体的性质有关;吸收过程刚开始时,气泡当量直径较大,气泡消失速率较大,吸收过程类似于CO2在水中的吸收过程;气液传质比表面积α随着空塔气速的增大而增大,孔径和空塔气速的影响可以忽略;气液传质系数κL受空塔气速、进气孔径变化的影响很小,其值约为1.372×10-1m·s-1.     

采用电阻层析成像技术测量气液加压鼓泡塔局部气泡参数

在内径0.3 m,高6.6 m的加压气液鼓泡塔反应器中,采用电阻层析成像技术(ERT)研究了空气-水体系中气泡群平均上升速度、局部气含率及其径向分布。在表观气速0.119~0.312 m s 1,压力0.5~2.0 MPa,考察了表观气速、压力对气泡群上升速度、局部气含率及其径向分布的影响。实验结果表明,鼓泡塔中局部气含率随着表观气速与压力的增大而增大,其径向分布呈现出中心高边壁低的分布特征,但整个截面的分布并非严格对称,在r/R=0~0.3,气含率变化较小,且极大值出现在该范围内;气泡群的局部上升速度随着表观气速的增大而增大,但是随着压力的增大而减小。     

DBE超微雾化吸收法结合纳米技术治理VOCs的技术研究

以尼龙酸甲酯(DBE)为吸收剂,经超微雾化吸收治理乙酸乙酯或甲苯废气。此法适合于治理质量浓度>25 m/L乙酸乙酯废气或质量浓度>10 mg/L的甲苯废气,单次循环吸收剂DBE损耗量<5%。在12～13℃时,乙酯乙酯最大吸收率为80.6%,甲苯最大吸收率为92.7%,总回收率>95%。吸收后的尾气质量浓度与理论计算结果具有很好的一致性。实验尾气经纳米活性炭吸附净化,实现零排放。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。