汽油加氢装置长周期运行优化改造路径

汽车行驶过程中排放的尾气,对于环境有着一定的影响,很多城市雾霾问题的发生与汽车尾气也有密切的关系,所以企业制造行业以及周边行业都将降低汽车尾气污染物排放作为主要的技术研究方向。与此同时,国际以及国内对于环境保护的要求也变得越来越高,各种情节燃料的标准也处于不断完善的状态。汽油加氢装置作为重要的汽油加工设备,其各项技术指标与汽油本身的环保指标有着密切的联系,所以我们需要根据目前的工艺发展现状,对汽油加氢装置长周期运行优化改造路径进行深入的研究。     

加氢裂化轻石脑油调和国Ⅴ汽油的研究与应用

对加氢裂化轻石脑油的蒸汽压和辛烷值随其馏程变化的规律进行了研究,在此基础上进行了加氢裂化轻石脑油调和国Ⅴ95#汽油实验,确定了加氢裂化轻石脑油初馏点(实沸点)的切割范围:初馏点控制在20~30℃,调和汽油的蒸汽压为63~80 k Pa,满足国Ⅴ汽油冬季指标要求;初馏点控制在30~45℃,调和汽油的蒸汽压为46~63 k Pa,满足国Ⅴ汽油夏季指标要求;初馏点达到45℃以上后,调和汽油的蒸气压将超国Ⅴ汽油冬季指标下限。     

非金属汽油辛烷值改进剂工业应用分析

针对FCC汽油降烯烃后辛烷值低影响企业高辛烷值汽油调和的问题,室内评价了不同FCC汽油馏分对WK-602型辛烷值改进剂的感受性及与其它调和组分的相互作用。结果表明WK-602可有效提高汽油辛烷值,基础汽油的辛烷值愈低作用效果愈明显,添加量每增加0.5%,RON值可提高0.7~1个单位,与其它高辛烷值组分/添加剂的互溶性好,无消极作用;工业放大应用显示WK-602与高辛烷值组分/添加剂混合分散均匀,调和生产的97#车用汽油指标满足质量标准要求。应用WK-602辛烷值改进剂调和生产93#、97#汽油产品的经济效益良好。     

原料加氢预处理对催化裂化产品分布及性质的影响

介绍了原料加氢预处理对催化裂化(FCC)产品分布及性质的影响,比较了前后加氢工艺对炼厂产品分布的影响。结果表明,对高含硫的VGO、CGO等劣质FCC原料进行加氢处理能够显著改善其催化裂化性能,满足汽油产品标准质量升级的要求;同时原料预处理后FCC汽油和液化气产品产率大幅度增加,提高了企业的经济效益。     

降低FCC汽油烯烃含量研究进展

介绍了降低催化裂化(FCC)汽油烯烃含量反应的基本原理,分析了降低FCC汽油烯烃含量的方法。针对我国FCC汽油中烯烃含量高及汽油调和组分中FCC汽油所占比例过大,导致成品汽油中烯烃含量高的现象,可调整优化FCC技术,并采用新型降烯烃催化剂。要从根本上解决问题,必需对汽油生产结构进行调整,多建催化重整、烷基化和异构化装置,减少成品汽油中FCC汽油的比例。     

催化裂化汽油加氢脱硫技术的研究

近年来,世界各国的环保意识在不断地加强,为了控制燃油质量和汽车尾气排放质量,我国政策决定,从2014年1月1日起,在全国范围内实施Ⅳ汽油排放标准。笔者在本文中从催化裂化汽油的工艺流程出发,进行了全馏分汽油选择性预加氢实验,重汽油选择性加氢脱硫实验,通过对轻馏和重馏的调和分析了催化裂化汽油加氢脱硫技术,希望能起到一定的借鉴作用。     

催化裂化汽油脱硫技术进展

随着环保法规的日益严格,对汽油的质量要求越来越高,全世界都在为降低汽油硫含量而不懈努力。降低汽油硫含量是改善空气质量的有效手段。脱硫技术已经成为各炼油企业的关键技术。汽油中的硫化合物主要来自FCC(流化催化裂化)汽油,因此FCC汽油脱硫技术的研究与开发具有重要意义。目前,减少FCC汽油硫含量的技术主要有：FCC原料油加氢脱硫、FCC汽油加氢脱硫、溶剂萃取脱硫、催化裂化脱硫、氧化脱硫、生物脱硫和吸附脱硫等。笔者综述了国内外FCC汽油脱硫技术进展。     

车用乙醇汽油挥发性研究

分析了车用乙醇汽油中影响挥发性的组分,介绍了变性燃料乙醇对汽油挥发性及车用乙醇汽油挥发性对汽车运行和环境的影响。通过对车用乙醇汽油族组成、蒸汽压和蒸馏特性的解析,明确了催化裂化汽油、催化重整汽油、烷基化汽油、异构化汽油、直馏汽油及含氧化合物等的调合作用。车用乙醇汽油挥发性的增大使汽车的启动性能增强、驱动性能变差、发生光化学污染的可能性变大。针对环保方面提出了车用乙醇汽油调合组分偏重一些,少加或不加其他含氧化合物,增加高辛烷值调合组分调合量的建议。     

甲基叔丁基醚全球市场分析及预测

甲基叔丁基醚简称MTBE,是一种透明、无色、高辛烷值的液体,具有醚类所特有的气味,氧含量为18％（质量分数）。MTBE能与汽油很好地互溶,是生产无铅、高辛烷值、含氧汽油的理想调合组分,其作为汽油添加剂已经在全世界范围内普遍使用。它不仅能有效提高汽油辛烷值（添加2％的MTBE汽油产品的辛烷值可增加7％）和汽油燃烧效率,汽车尾气中不含铅,而且还能改善汽车性能,同时减少了其他有害物质如臭氧、苯、丁二烯等的排放。降低汽油的成本。     

催化裂化汽油辛烷值关键组分的反应特性

优化FCC汽油辛烷值对于提升汽油产品质量具有重要意义。采用小型固定流化床装置,通过对典型FCC汽油辛烷值及其烃类结构组成进行分析,确定C₅—C₆直链及单支链β位烯烃、多甲基苯、异戊烷与C₆—C₇双支链异构烷烃为影响FCC汽油辛烷值的关键组分。通过进一步分析烃类结构组成随催化剂活性变化规律,建立了FCC汽油辛烷值关键组分在催化裂化过程中的反应网络,进一步发现催化剂的强Lewis酸中心和强Br?nsted酸中心与FCC汽油中芳烃及异构烷烃的生成有关;弱Br?nsted酸量对于FCC汽油中烯烃与异构烷烃的支链化程度影响显著。催化剂的弱Lewis酸与弱Br?nsted酸的相对比例能够改变FCC汽油中烯烃与异构烷烃碳数分布,并影响取代芳烃的歧化、异构化反应的相对比例。     

考虑碳排放因素的汽油调合在线优化

针对国家“双碳”战略目标要求,以炼化企业汽油调合在线优化为研究对象,分析了国Ⅵ汽油新标准下被控属性更多、更严、调合效率要求更高等特点,以及由此带来的调合组分油调整导致调合成品汽油携带碳排放量的变化情况。考虑到传统的汽油调合在线优化一般只考虑调合成本、质量卡边等目标,首先建立了非线性的汽油调合辛烷值、蒸气压和馏程等软测量模型,然后构建了基于调合效应的汽油调合优化模型,优化目标中引入调合成品油二氧化碳排放最低化目标,开发了一种融合携带碳排放特征的汽油调合优化模型。为满足在线调合优化需求,优化模型中考虑了实际累积调合过程,将调合工艺过程中储罐汽油属性合格转化成调合头属性区间合格,利用调合头处优化的属性补偿已调合体积和罐底油的属性偏差。仿真结果表明,设计的考虑碳排放因素汽油累积调合优化技术能很好地满足汽油调合在线优化需求,为国Ⅵ标准和碳交易背景下汽油调合工艺设计及在线优化控制提供了技术支撑。     

Investigation of purified sulfate turpentine on engine performance and exhaust emission

This study deals with an experimental work that aims to examine effects of purified sulfate turpentine obtained from a kraft pulp mill in Turkey on an engine performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine. Three fuel samples are used to test the performance and emission of a 1300 cc engine manufactured by TOFA?. They are pure gasoline with 98-octane number and two other gasoline-turpentine fuel samples obtained by blending gasoline with turpentine in ratios of 5% and 10% on basis of total mass of the fuel. The thermophysical properties of the fuels are acquired by density, viscosity, flash and fire points, sulphur content, heating value and distillation tests. The experimental results showed that the turpentine has a positive effect on the engine performance parameters, such as brake power, thermal efficiency, mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption. The turpentine also increases pollutant NO_x, unburned hydrocarbon contents and exhaust temperature, but it decreases CO concentration in the exhaust. It is observed that utilization of the sulfate turpentine alone is not viable and it needs to be used as an additive into gasoline to some extent, thereby providing a viable alternative to pure gasoline.     

烷基化技术进展

为减少汽车尾气对环境的污染,环保法日益严格,各国对清洁能源的需求更加迫切,清洁燃料的生产成了炼油厂的重中之重,因烷基化油具有良好的性能使其得到很大重视,烷基化技术也因此得到了很大程度的开发。烷基化油是一种具有低蒸汽压、不含烯烃及芳烃等有害杂质的理想汽油高辛烷值调和组分。目前,烷基化技术包括液体酸烷基化法及固体酸烷基化法。其中,液体酸烷基化法又分为氢氟酸法、硫酸法、离子液体法等。介绍了Stratco、Exxon Mobil、UOP、Phillips、Kellogg等世界几大公司的烷基化技术;同时对国内采用上述部分技术投建的装置情况也做了简单介绍;分析概括了一些新型烷基化技术的利用和发展情况;强调了固体酸烷基化技术的优势;最后对中国石油的发展提出了建议。     

间十五烷基酚的饱和蒸汽压(英文)

间十五烷基酚由腰果酚催化加氢得到,其结构和壬基酚相似,是一种很有价值的工业原料。由于间十五烷基酚沸点高,从腰果酚催化加氢产品中分离间十五烷基酚,一般采用真空蒸馏。在实际生产中,蒸馏过程需要饱和蒸汽压和汽化热等物性数据,但是数据库中缺少相关的物性数据。因此,本章对间十五烷基酚的饱和蒸汽压进行测定,并计算汽化热。     

Determination of vapor pressure/molecular weight correlations from droplet evaporation data

A rapid method is presented for the determination of vapor pressure/molecular weight correlations for homologous hydrocarbon mixtures. By comparing droplet evaporation data to discretized theoretical continuum mass flux rates which employ two parameter exponential vapor pressure/molecular weight correlations, best fit pressure correlation parameters are determined. The present technique is applied to the multicomponent oil mixture, 100 pale oil, which is modeled as a fifteen component system. Postulating the mixture is thermodynamically ideal, best fit pressure correlations are determined which result in less than 5% error between theory and experiment. It is shown the hydrocarbon vapor pressure calculated from the derived pressure correlation is in satisfactory agreement with pressures calculated from distillation data and the Clausius Clapeyron relation.     

计算机辅助汽油调合设计

引言 汽油调合是炼油生产的重要环节,由于汽油是炼油厂的主要产品,调合结果对炼油厂的经济效益影响甚大,因此,炼油企业均希望通过对调合汽油的生产优化获取更多的利润.     

Influence of solvent addition on the physicochemical properties of Brazilian gasoline

The influence of several solvents (anhydrous ethanol, white spirit, alkylbenzene AB9, diesel) on the physicochemical parameters of gasoline was studied according to ASTM international standard methods. The parameters investigated (distillation curves, density, Reid vapor pressure) showed differentiated behavior, depending on the class of the solvent (oxygenated, light and heavy aliphatic, aromatic) and the quantity added to the gasoline. The azeotropic mixtures formed by ethanol and hydrocarbons showed a strong influence on the behavior of the distillation curves and the location of the point of a sudden change in temperature was shown to be a possible way to detect adulterations and determine the quantity of solvent added to the gasoline.     

A predictive thermodynamic model for the Brazilian gasoline

In Brazil, as in many other countries, the fuel quality control is made according to standard assays, which depend on some of the fuel properties, such as specific gravity, Reid vapor pressure and distillation curve. These properties are intimately related to the fuel composition and their prediction relies on the knowledge of its components characteristics. In Brazil, 25% (v/v) of anhydrous ethanol is added to the mixture of hydrocarbons that is usually called gasoline, according to the local regulations. In this work, the composition of the gasoline was obtained by gas chromatography as a small series of pseudo-components. Given the gasoline composition, its volatility properties and specific gravity were calculated using the Peng-Robinson equation of state with the Fisher-Gmehling mixing rule. The model provided excellent predictions for specific gravity, Reid vapor pressure and most of the distillation curve. However, important deviations are observed at the end of the distillation curve (90+%). These deviations are due to chemical alterations of the fuel caused by the high temperatures occurring at the end of the distillation curve. The model, as proposed, is efficient to forecast the fuel properties; as a consequence, it can be applied as a tool in the study of gasoline formulations and as an alternative tool in quality control.     

影响发动机排放的汽油品质的发展

介绍了我国汽油主要指标的发展历程,综述了影响发动机排放的主要汽油品质的研究进展,包括汽油辛烷值、烯烃含量、芳烃含量以及蒸气压。主要从汽油主要组成及性质对发动机排放性能、动力性能及燃油经济性方面进行总结,最后展望了未来汽油品质的主要发展方向。