焙烧及还原条件对Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体, 以柠檬酸(CA)为络合剂采用浸渍法制备了Ni₂P负载的TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体催化剂, 并用 X 射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附比表面积(BET)测定技术对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征, 考察了载体焙烧温度、催化剂焙烧温度、还原温度、还原压力对其进行的二苯并噻吩(DBT)加氢脱硫(HDS)性能的影响。结果表明, 升高载体焙烧温度有利于催化剂表面上活性物种的分散, 但焙烧温度过高会导致催化剂烧结, 适宜的载体焙烧温度为550℃。当还原温度为500～550℃时, 磷化镍主要以Ni₁₂P₅相形式存在, 且随着还原温度的升高, Ni₁₂P₅的衍射峰强度逐渐增强, 还原温度为700℃时, 可得到单一的Ni₂P物相。载体焙烧温度为550℃, 催化剂焙烧温度为500℃, 还原温度为700℃, 常压还原制备的Ni₂P/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂具有最好的活性。在360℃、3.0MPa、氢油体积比500、液时体积空速2.0h^-1的条件下, 反应4h时, DBT转化率为99.5 %。     

磷化镍催化异丁烷临氢脱氢制异丁烯

以SiO₂为载体,结合浸渍法和程序升温还原法制备磷化镍催化剂,考察了不同n(Ni)/n(P)和不同Ni负载量等对催化剂的结构及异丁烷脱氢性能的影响。运用透射电镜(TEM),X射线衍射(XRD),程序升温还原(H₂-TPR),氢气程序升温脱附(H₂-TPD)等表征手段考察催化剂的组成与结构、还原性能及氢吸附性能。研究结果表明:Ni/P比对催化剂表面的物相有较大影响,n(Ni)/n(P)为1.0和0.5时,形成Ni₂P相;n(Ni)/n(P)为1.5时,形成Ni₁₂P₅。随着Ni负载量的增加,活性组分Ni₂P粒子尺寸变大,但分散度降低。磷化镍能够催化异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯,但Ni₂P的催化活性要比Ni₁₂P₅高,经实验研究发现,当Ni/P比为1.0、负载量为10%、n(H₂)/n(i-C₄H₁₀)=1.0、空速为800 h^-1时,在460 ℃反应时,对异丁烯的选择性可达到80%。     

一维TiO2-Al2O3载体的制备及其在加氢脱氮中的应用

为提高现有负载型NiMoS催化剂的加氢活性,以碳纳米管为结构导向剂,分别采用浸渍法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了2种一维TiO₂-Al₂O₃载体,并采用共浸渍法制备了相应的负载型NiMoS催化剂,探究了不同结构的载体对NiMoS/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂加氢脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,当选择以溶胶-凝胶法制备的一维TiO₂-Al₂O₃为载体时,NiMoS/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂上的加氢脱氮活性较高,在350℃、氢压为3 MPa、转速为400 r/min的条件下反应4 h,喹啉的转化率达到99%以上,脱氮率达到40.75%。     

NiMo/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂活性相表征及加氢脱硫反应性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备TiO₂含量不同的TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体,以传统的浸渍法制备活性金属负载量相同的NiMo/TiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂。运用N₂低温吸附法、X射线衍射、H₂程序升温还原和激光拉曼光谱等方法对催化剂进行表征,在10 mL微型反应装置上进行催化剂活性评价。结果表明,当复合载体中TiO₂含量达到一定值后,TiO₂在整个TiO₂- Al₂O₃体系中的存在状态由高度分散转变为表面富集,XRD能够检测出锐钛矿型TiO₂的特征峰;TiO₂的添加对于催化剂的酸性能没有明显改变;激光拉曼光谱分析结果表明,TiO₂的存在有利于生成八面体结构的钼物种,并在TiO₂质量分数为8%时加氢脱硫活性达到较高水平。     

Ni2P/SiO2催化剂制备及其乙酸加氢制乙醇催化性能评价

通过等体积浸渍和N₂气流中热处理过程制备了系列氧化硅负载过渡金属磷化物催化剂,经乙酸加氢制乙醇反应实验和动力学分析评价催化剂性能。研究结果表明,随着反应温度从280℃升高到340℃,乙酸转化率和乙醇选择性均逐渐提高。随着催化剂制备的P/Ni摩尔比从2：1增大到4：1,催化剂活性和乙醇选择性均先增大后减小,P/Ni摩尔比为3：1催化剂性能较佳。250℃热处理制备催化剂的催化性能优于200℃及300℃。Ni₂P/SiO₂催化剂活性和乙醇选择性均高于Co₂P/SiO₂催化剂。用次磷酸钠作为磷补充源制备催化剂的性能优于次磷酸钾。采用较佳条件下制备的Ni₂P/SiO₂催化剂,在温度340℃、压力2.0 MPa、氢酸进料量比10：1、质量空速0.4 h^-1条件下进行乙酸加氢反应,乙酸转化率为100%,乙醇选择性达到74.56%,并且适当升高反应温度会进一步提高乙醇选择性。     

Ti对Ni2P催化剂加氢性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备Ni₂P催化剂及TiO₂改性的Ni₂P催化剂,以1-庚烯的甲苯溶液为模型原料,考察引入不同含量Ti对Ni₂P催化剂加氢性能的影响,对催化剂进行表征,结果表明, Ni₂P催化剂对烯烃基本无加氢活性,引入Ti后可显著提高催化剂加氢性能,Ti与Ni物质的量比为0.03时,1-庚烯完全被加氢转化为烷烃,同时有少量的甲苯溶剂发生化学反应,说明此时催化剂对1-庚烯加氢具有较高选择性,对甲苯加氢活性较低。随着Ti引入量的增加,对1-庚烯加氢活性不断提高;继续增加Ti的引入量,甲苯溶剂损失增大,芳烃收率损失严重。     

载体焙烧温度对Ni/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂稳定性的影响

为了获得高水热稳定的负载Ni催化剂,延长催化剂在含水液相体系中的使用寿命,以不同温度焙烧的SiO₂-Al₂O₃为载体,采用浸渍法制备Ni/SiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂,通过吡啶-原位傅立叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、NH₃-程序升温脱附和H₂-程序升温还原等方法进行表征,以水相1,4-丁炔二醇加氢为探针反应,研究载体焙烧温度对Ni/SiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂催化加氢性能及含水体系中稳定性的影响。结果表明,在(400~800) ℃,随着载体焙烧温度升高,活性组分Ni存在状态及催化剂加氢活性变化较小,但催化剂的水热稳定性下降,造成这一现象的原因是随着载体焙烧温度升高,载体表面SiO₂聚集,暴露的Al³⁺增加,载体水合程度增大。载体焙烧温度400 ℃时,Ni/SiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂表现出最佳的水热稳定性。     

V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 催化剂的NOx选择性催化还原及SO2氧化活性

采用浸渍法以TiO₂为载体制备V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ 选择性催化还原催化剂,研究V₂O₅和MoO₃负载量对于催化剂选择性催化还原反应及SO₂氧化活性的影响,并考察氧含量、氨氮物质的量比和反应空速对3%V₂O₅-6%MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂选择性催化还原脱硝活性的影响。结果表明,随着催化剂中V₂O₅负载质量分数增加,V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ 催化剂的选择性催化还原活性和SO₂氧化活性均呈上升趋势。MoO₃的负载对催化剂的SO₂氧化活性有明显抑制作用。MoO₃负载质量分数超过9%,制备的催化剂既保持较高的低温选择性催化还原活性,又使选择性催化还原反应中的SO₂转化率小于1%。     

硫化型NiMo加氢催化剂制备与表征

以四硫代钼酸铵溶液和硝酸镍溶液为浸渍液,根据活性组分Ni和Mo浸渍顺序的不同,采用真空饱和浸渍法制备了MN系列和NM系列 NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。在固定床加氢中试反应装置上研究了NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢反应的催化性能,结果表明,NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢反应具有良好的活性和选择性。Ni助剂的加入,有利于二苯并噻吩加氢反应的活性和选择性。MN-0.3为最优NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。在空速10 h^-1、反应压力2.0 MPa、氢油体积比300∶1、氢气预处理温度320 ℃和反应温度300 ℃条件下,催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢反应转化率达83.9%,加氢反应活性较高。     

TiO2-Al2O3复合粉体的制备及光催化性能

Al₂O₃陶瓷膜在过滤染料废水过程中容易被染料大分子堵塞,导致Al₂O₃陶瓷膜水通量下降。以钛酸丁酯、异丙醇铝为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Ti(OH)₄-AlOOH复合溶胶,经450 ℃烧成获得TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合粉体。以SEM、纳米粒度/电位仪作为主要表征手段,研究了不同Ti(OH)₄和AlOOH摩尔比对复合溶胶粒径分布的影响,进而探究TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合粉体的光催化性能。结果表明,Ti(OH)₄和AlOOH摩尔比为0~0.4时,随着Ti(OH)₄和AlOOH摩尔比的增大,胶粒的平均粒径从67.5 nm减小到34.0 nm,Ti(OH)₄-AlOOH复合溶胶的电位从43 mV升高至53 mV。当Ti(OH)₄和AlOOH摩尔比为0.4时,复合粉体对结晶紫的去除率高达79.3%,反应速率常数增大到了0.018 min^-1。TiO₂-Al₂O₃复合粉体制备的陶瓷膜能有效降解表面沉积的大分子,解决了陶瓷膜堵塞的问题。     

TiO2-coated on Al2O3 support prepared by the CVD method for HDS catalysts

Mo---Co or Mo---Ni catalysts supported on alumina (Al₂O₃) have been widely used for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of heavy petroleum fractions. In order to enhance the catalytic activities for HDS, a composite type support (TiO₂-Al₂O₃) prepared by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method has been studied. We found that Mo catalyst supported on TiO₂-Al₂O₃ showed much higher catalytic activity for HDS of dibenzothiophene derivatives than the catalysts supported on Al₂O₃.     

Hydrodesulfurization of thiophene, dibenzothiophene and gas oil on various Co---Mo/TiO2-Al2O3 catalysts

Evaluation of Co---Mo catalysts prepared on various TiO₂-Al₂O₃ supports has been made for thiophene under atmospheric pressure, dibenzothiophene under high pressure and gasoil in a classical pilot plant. Comparison of activities indicates DBT as more representative of a real feedstock and the Co---Mo/TiO₂ (50%)-Al₂O₃ (50%) catalyst appears more active than the Co---Mo/Al₂O₃ sample toward HDS, HDN and hydrodearomatization.     

纳/微复合结构TiO2负载催化剂的加氢脱硫性能

以传统固相烧结法制备的不稳定的层状K₂Ti₂O₅为前驱体, 直接将钛酸钾晶须进行离子交换得到具有纳微复合结构的TiO₂载体, 等体积浸渍法制备出MoO₃/TiO₂催化剂, 运用SEM、XRD、BET、TEM等技术手段对载体和催化剂进行表征, 并考察了该TiO₂复合结构负载催化剂的加氢脱硫催化活性。SEM和XRD分析显示:该纳微米复合结构是由纳米颗粒与微米晶须构成的特殊结构, 拥有不同形貌和尺寸的TiO₂却具有相同的锐钛矿相。与单独TiO₂纳米粒子和TiO₂晶须相比, TiO₂复合结构负载催化剂表现出更佳的脱硫催化能力, 在温度310℃、压力2.1 MPa、体积空速6 h^-1、氢/油体积比600条件下, 催化剂表现出优异的DBT脱硫性能。     

CO_2 methanation over TiO_2–Al_2O_3 binary oxides supported Ru catalysts

TiO_2 modified Al_2O_3 binary oxide was prepared by a wet-impregnation method and used as the support for ruthenium catalyst. The catalytic performance of Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst in CO_2 methanation reaction was investigated. Compared with Ru/Al_2O_3 catalyst, the Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalytic system exhibited a much higher activity in CO_2 methanation reaction. The reaction rate over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3 was 0.59 mol CO_2·(g Ru)1·h-1, 3.1 times higher than that on Ru/Al_2O_3[0.19 mol CO_2·(gRu)-1·h-1]. The effect of TiO_2 content and TiO_2–Al_2O_3calcination temperature on catalytic performance was addressed. The corresponding structures of each catalyst were characterized by means of H_2-TPR, XRD, and TEM. Results indicated that the averaged particle size of the Ru on TiO_2–Al_2O_3support is 2.8 nm, smaller than that on Al_2O_3 support of 4.3 nm. Therefore, we conclude that the improved activity over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst is originated from the smaller particle size of ruthenium resulting from a strong interaction between Ru and the rutile-TiO_2 support, which hindered the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles.     

Development of new catalysts for deep hydrodesulfurization of gas oil

TiO₂–Al₂O₃ composite supports have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) over γ-Al₂O₃ substrate, using TiCl₄ as the precursor. High dispersion of TiO₂ overlayer on the surface of Al₂O₃ has been obtained, and no cluster formation has been detected. The catalytic behavior of Mo supported on Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and TiO₂–Al₂O₃ composite has been investigated for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and methyl-substituted DBT derivatives. The conversion over the Mo catalysts supported on TiO₂–Al₂O₃ composite, in particular for the HDS of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) is much higher than that of conversion obtained over Mo catalyst supported on Al₂O₃. The ratio of the corresponding cyclohexylbenzenes/biphenyls is increased over Mo catalyst supported on TiO₂–Al₂O₃ composite support. This means that the reaction rate of prehydrogenation of an aromatic ring rather than the rate of hydrogenolysis of C–S bond cleavage is accelerated for the HDS of DBT derivatives. The Mo/TiO₂–Al₂O₃ catalyst leads to higher catalytic performance for deep HDS of gas oil.     

A new route to prepare supported nickel phosphide/silica–alumina hydrotreating catalysts from amorphous alloys

Supported nickel phosphides were prepared by treating an amorphous Ni–B alloy on silica–alumina support with phosphine (15 vol.% PH₃/H₂) at relatively low temperature. The amorphous Ni–B/SiO₂–Al₂O₃ precursors were synthesized by silver-induced electroless plating. The amorphous precursors and catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, BET surface area and inductively coupled plasma measurements. The transmission electron micrographs of the Ni₂P/SiO₂–Al₂O₃ particles with their size ranging from 60 to 80 nm showed that they were homogeneously dispersed over the SiO₂–Al₂O₃ support. The as-prepared catalysts exhibited an excellent catalytic activity in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene.