上埋式高填土涵洞模型地基应力分布数值模拟分析

针对涵侧填土高度对高填土涵洞地基土中应力影响的问题,提出了采用数值模拟来探讨地基土中典型部位的土压力分布.分析不同涵洞结构形式、基础类型和涵洞侧面填土高度对地基土中应力的影响,研究地基土中典型部位的土压力分布.结果表明:涵洞结构形式对地基土中应力分布影响甚微;在距涵洞基础底部第一层土的中心点处,整体式基础较分离式基础相比地基应力增大约17%;随着涵侧填土的增加,地基土中应力的提高率先增加后减少,在涵侧填土为0. 3 m时,地基土中应力提高率达到最大值.     

桩承式加筋路堤中土工格栅加筋效应的室内试验研究

基于室内模型槽试验,开展了考虑土工格栅的桩承式路堤变形和填土应力分布规律研究,重点研究了土工格栅抗拉强度和土工格栅层数对软土竖向位移、填土竖向应力分布和桩土应力比的影响。研究结果表明:软土竖向位移随土工格栅抗拉强度和土工格栅层数增加而减小;不同层数土工格栅作用下填土竖向应力随路堤高度的分布规律差异较大。综合考虑桩承式路堤软土变形和填土荷载向桩顶转移程度,了解研究工况下土工格栅的作用效果,可为现场路堤工程中如何选用合适土工格栅抗拉强度和层数提供依据。     

Hydraulic calculation of gravity transportation pipeline system for backfill slurry

Taking cemented coal gangue pipeline transportation system in Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Mining Group, Shandong Province, China, as an example, the hydraulic calculation approaches and process about gravity pipeline transportation of backfill slurry were investigated. The results show that the backfill capability of the backfill system should be higher than 74.4 m^3/h according to the mining production and backfill times in the mine; the minimum velocity （critical velocity） and practical working velocity of the backfill slurry are 1.44 and 3.82 m/s, respectively. Various formulae give the maximum ratio of total length to vertical height of pipeline （L/H ratio） of the backfill system of 5.4, and then the reliability and capability of the system can be evaluated.     

Mechanical mechanism analysis of tension type anchor based on shear displacement method

Based on the fact that the shear stress along anchorage segment is neither linearly nor uniformly distributed, the load transfer mechanism of the tension type anchor was studied and the mechanical characteristic of anchorage segment was analyzed. Shear stress-strain relationship of soil surrounding anchorage body was simplified into three-folding-lines model consisting of elastic phase, elasto-plastic phase and residual phase considering its softening characteristic. Meanwhile, shear displacement method that has been extensively used in the analysis of pile foundation was introduced. Based on elasto-plastic theory, the distributions of displacement, shear stress and axial force along the anchorage segment of tension type anchor were obtained, and the formula for calculating the elastic limit load was also developed accordingly. Finally, an example was given to discuss the variation of stress and displacement in the anchorage segment with the loads exerted on the anchor, and a program was worked out to calculate the anchor maximum bearing capacity. The influence of some parameters on the anchor bearing capacity was discussed, and effective anchorage length was obtained simultaneously. The results show that the shear stress first increases and then decreases and finally trends to the residual strength with increase of distance from bottom of the anchorage body, the displacement increases all the time with the increase of distance from bottom of the anchorage body, and the increase of velocity gradually becomes greater.     

回填土的侧向压力对基础柱的破坏及其预防

针对大型深基坑基础回填机械化施工中经常遇到的断柱问题,运用朗肯土压力理论,计算出单位宽度土压力作用下的M-z关系曲线,并与基础柱的抵抗弯矩作了比较.结合相应的工程实例,对深基坑中独立基础柱在回填土的土压力作用下所能承受水平压力的大小和回填土高度的临界值作了探讨;计算出该工程一次回填土的临界高度为5.85 m;采用分层回填土的方法,可有效的避免在大面积深基坑回填土时土压力对柱身的破坏.     

垂直护岸板桩桩身变形数值模拟研究

采用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立垂直护岸板桩数值分析模型,研究板桩的弹性模量、波浪的波高和波长对桩身水平位移的影响。研究结果表明:垂直护岸板桩向临水侧位移,随着桩的入土深度增加,桩身位移先增大后减小,在深度13 m以下位移较小。板桩的弹性模量对桩身水平位移的影响较小,在其它条件相同的情况下,随着板桩的弹性模量增大,桩身水平位移从桩顶到深度为13 m处逐渐减小,弹性模量对深度13 m以下的板桩水平位移影响较小。波浪的波高和波长对深度0 m到13 m范围内板桩的水平位移影响较大,对深度13 m以下的板桩水平位移影响较小。在其它条件相同的情况下,随着波高的增大,桩身最大位移点处的深度逐渐增大,桩身水平位移从桩顶到深度为13 m处逐渐减小。随着波长的增大,桩身水平位移从桩顶到深度为13 m处逐渐减小。     

湿-载-热对粉质黏土持水性能的影响特征及预测模型

非饱和土的持水性能通常以土水特征曲线的变化规律来体现。荷载和温度等因素对土水特征曲线的重要影响已逐渐被认识,但综合考虑湿-载-热对土水特征曲线共同作用的研究鲜见报道,对其主导性影响因素的分析更为罕见。为了探究粉质黏土在湿-载-热共同作用下的持水性能,本文开展了在不同竖向应力和温度条件下粉质粘土的干湿循环实验,分析了各因素的影响机理、特征和重要性, 并建立了反映多因素共同作用的预测模型。研究结果表明：（1）随着竖向应力的增加,非饱和土的进气值增加、减湿率降低、干湿循环过程的滞回效果变强,且在各个温度下皆表现出相同的特征;（2）对比在相同的竖向应力、不同温度下的实验曲线,发现在温度较高的状态下,土体的进气值相对略低;（3）竖向应力对于土体持水性能的影响最大,但主要局限于低吸力阶段;干湿循环的作用排第二,且随着循环次数增加会快速衰减;温度的影响较小且在吸力值或密实度较高时可忽略不计;（4）基于Logistic曲线改进后的L模型比常用的V-G模型更适用于巴东粉质粘土的土水特征曲线拟合 。综合研究结果得出：竖向应力引起特征值变化的根本原因在于内部孔隙结构的改变,进而导致持水性能产生差异;温度主要影响土体处于低应力低吸力状态时的持水性能; 三种赋存条件对粉质黏土持水性能的影响程度呈竖向应力>干湿循环>温度分布;改进后的L模型可以有效反映粉质黏土在湿-载-热共同作用下的持水性能演变特征。     

Analysis of progressive failure of pillar and instability criterion based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A mechanical model for strain softening pillar is proposed considering the characteristics of progressive shear failure and strain localization. The pillar undergoes elastic, strain softening and slabbing stages. In the elastic stage, vertical compressive stress and deformation at upper end of pillar are uniform, while in the strain softening stage there appears nonuniform due to occurrence of shear bands, leading to the decrease of load-carrying capacity.In addition, the size of failure zone increases in the strain softening stage and reaches its maximum value when slabbing begins. In the latter two stages, the size of elastic core always decreases. In the slabbing stage, the size of failure zone remains a constant and the pillar becomes thinner. Total deformation of the pillar is derived by linearly elastic Hooke‘s law and gradient-dependent plasticity where thickness of localization band is determined according to the characteristic length. Post-peak stiffness is proposed according to analytical solution of averaged compressive stressaverage deformation curve. Instability criterion of the pillar and roof strata system is proposed analytically using instability condition given by Salamon. It is found that the constitutive parameters of material of pillar, the geometrical size of pillar and the number of shear bands influence the stability of the system; stress gradient controls the starting time of slabbing, however it has no influence on the post-peak stiffness of the pillar.     

极近距离煤层回采巷道合理位置确定

在曹村矿10#与11#极近距离煤层开采地质条件基础上,对上位10#煤开采后底板破坏深度及遗留煤柱下方应力分布情况进行了力学计算分析.计算结果表明,10#煤开采后引起的超前支承压力,对其底板最大破坏深度为26.1m,是两层煤间距的2.8倍;煤柱底板的应力分布具有显著的非均匀性.为了衡量煤柱下方底板内应力场的非均布情况,定义了应力场变化率系数ξ.考虑1.5倍的安全系数,并结合采用均布载荷计算得出的错距和底板破坏情况,确定11#煤209工作面回采巷道合理内错距为7.5m.现场应用表明,确定的内错7.5m布置较为合适,巷道支护效果较好,未出现强烈的矿压显现.     

简支组合管桁架的试验研究

为了研究组合管桁架的承载性能,对2根简支组合管桁架进行了竖向加载试验。分析了组合管桁架在竖向荷载作用下的受力性能、破坏机理、变形能力以及管桁架的内力分布规律。结果表明:组合管桁架具有良好的承载能力和变形能力;混凝土板厚的组合管桁架的承载能力高于板薄的组合桁架;上弦杆的轴力跨中较小,支座处较大;下弦杆的轴力跨中较大,支座处较小;跨中部分腹杆的轴力较小,支座部分腹杆的轴力较大。     

Centrifugal model test and numerical simulation of vertical earth pressure on soft foundation box culvert

To obtain the vertical earth pressure on a soft foundation box culvert and investigate the interaction of the soil-culvert-foundation system, both a centrifugal model test and a numerical simulation were conducted and the comparisons with the current methods to determine the load on a culvert were completed. The results of the model test and numerical analysis are in satisfactory agreement, which shows that the direction of the shear stress between the culvert and the adjacent embankment depends on the differential settlement between them. A vertical earth pressure concentration appears on the culvert with a rigid piles foundation because of a downward shear stress. The ratio of the load on a soft foundation culvert and the overburden pressure above the culvert raises first and then decreases as the backfill height increases. In order to reduce the load on a culvert, it is suggested to limit the stiffness difference of the foundations under the culvert and embankment and to use a light backfill over the culvert.     

沟埋式矩形涵洞土压力及填土等沉面分析

填方工程中,填土在涵洞附近形成土拱,导致现有关于涵洞土压力理论计算值与实测值相差较大。为了探讨涵洞对填方工程变形的相互影响,对沟埋式涵洞顶部土压力及填土变形进行了对比分析,计算结果表明：沟埋式涵洞内土柱的竖向沉降小于外土柱的竖向沉降;沟埋式涵洞顶部土压力系数均大于1,且随沟槽宽度的增大而增大,当沟槽宽度为涵洞宽度10倍时,土压力系数已接近最大值;土压力系数随沟槽深度的增大而呈线性减小规律,当沟槽深度大于涵洞高度的2倍以上时,涵顶土压力可按上覆土重计算;涵洞侧壁受到的剪应力随着沟槽宽度的增加而增加,随着沟槽深度的增加而呈线性减小规律。     

Numerical investigation into the effect of backfilling on coal pillar strength in highwall mining

This paper attempts to quantify the effect of backfilling on pillar strength in highwall mining using numerical modelling. Calibration against the new empirical strength formula for highwall mining was conducted to obtain the material parameters used in the numerical modelling. With the obtained coal strength parameters, three sets of backfill properties were investigated. The results reveal that the behavior of pillars varies with the type and amount of backfill as well as the pillar width to mining height ratio(w/h). In case of cohesive backfill, generally 75% backfill shows a significant increase in peak strength, and the increase in peak strength is more pronounced for the pillars having lower w/h ratios. In case of noncohesive backfill, the changes in both the peak and residual strengths with up to 92% backfill are negligible while the residual strength constantly increases after reaching the peak strength only when 100%backfill is placed. Based on the modelling results, different backfilling strategies should be considered on a case by case basis depending on the type of backfill available and desired pillar dimension.     

厚煤层超高巷道支护技术

以山西某矿超高回采巷道为研究对象,数值演算了巷道高3.5⁷.5 m围岩响应特征:巷帮剪、拉塑性区深度与巷道高度大致呈正比关系,巷高对两帮移近量影响最大,且巷帮垂直应力峰值内移.阐明了巷帮为超高巷道围岩控制的关键部位,最终采用了高强度、高黏结力、高预紧力、高可靠性锚杆与帮斜拉锚索梁联合支护技术.巷道掘出后两帮和顶底最大相对移近速度分别是7,3 m/d,15 d后稳定,移近速度降低至1.5 mm/d以下,经过120 d观测,两帮相对移近量125 mm,顶底板相对移近量88 mm.工程实践结果验证了该类型超高巷道支护的指导思想和支护技术的科学性,以期为类似条件下超高巷道支护提供借鉴.     

超长"孤岛"综放面大煤柱护巷的数值模拟

基于兖矿集团兴隆庄4324超长“孤岛”综放工作面开采条件，采用离散元数值计算程序UDEC3．0，模拟研究了不同宽度煤柱护巷条件下巷道围岩的应力分布和变形特征，分析了不同宽度煤柱的承载状况和应力峰值区的位置．研究表明，采用20m大煤柱维护巷道，可以改善巷道围岩应力环境；煤柱的承载能力适应超长“孤岛”综放工作面顶板的活动规律；围岩变形量小；能够保障巷道的整体稳定性和有效断面．通过现场实测，讨论了大煤柱维护巷道的矿压显现规律和对巷道的良好维护效果．     

Numerical investigation into effect of rear barrier pillar on stress distribution around a longwall face

Numerical investigation was performed to examine the effect of rear barrier pillar on stress distribution around a longwall face. Salamon theoretical formula was used to calculate the parameters of the caving zone, which was later assigned to double yield constitutive model in FLAC3 D. Numerical results demonstrate that high stress concentration zone exists above the region where the second open-off cut intersects with the rear barrier pillar due to stress transfer and plastic zone expansion. It is also found that the maximum vertical stresses with varied distance to the seam floor are all within the projective plane of the rear barrier pillar and their positions concentrate on the barrier pillar adjacent to the connection corner of the second open-off cut. In addition, position of the maximum vertical stresses abruptly transfer from the connection corner adjacent to former panel to that adjacent to current panel along the panel direction.     

Coal pillar mechanics of violent failure in U.S. Mines

This paper seeks to enhance the understanding that the horizontal stresses build up and release during coal pillar loading and unloading(post-failure) drawing upon three decades of observations, geomechanical monitoring and numerical modeling in bump-prone U.S. mines. The focus is on induced horizontal stress in mine pillars and surrounding strata as highly stressed pillars punch into the roof and floor, causing shear failure and buckling of strata; under stiff stratigraphic units of some western US mines, these events could be accompanied by violent failure of pillar cores. Pillar punching eventually results in tensile stresses at the base of the pillar, facilitating transition into the post-failure regime; this transition will be nonviolent if certain conditions are met, notably the presence of interbedded mudstones with low shear strength properties and proper mine designs for controlling seismicity and dynamic loads. The study clearly shows high confining stress build-up in coal pillars resulting in up to twice higher peak vertical stress and high strain energy accumulations in some western US mines in comparison with peak stresses predicted using common empirical pillar design methods. It is the unstable release of this strain energy that can cause significant damage resulting from pillar dilation and ground movements. These forces are much greater than the capacity of most common internal support systems, resulting in horizontal stressinduced roof falls locally, in mines under unremarkable far-field horizontal stress. Attention should be placed on pillar designs as increasing support density may prove to be ineffective. This mechanism is analyzed using field measurements and generic finite-difference stress analyses. The study confirms the higher load carrying capacity of confinement-controlled coal seams in comparison with structurally controlled coal seams. Such significant differences in confining stresses are not taken into account when estimating peak pillar strength using most common empirical techniques such as those proposed by Bieniawski and Salamon. While using lower pillar strength estimates may be considered conservative,it underestimates the actual capacity of pillars in accumulating much higher stress and strain energies,misleading the designer and inadvertently diminishing mine safety. The role of induced horizontal stress in mine pillars and surrounding strata is emphasized in coal pillar mechanics of violent failure. The triggering mechanism for the violent events is sudden loss of pillar confinement due to dynamic loading resulting from failure of overlying stiff and strong strata. Evidence of such mechanism is noted in the field by observed red-dust at the coal-rock interfaces at the location of coal bumps and irregular, periodic caving in room-and-pillar mines quantified through direct pressure measurements in the gob.     

An investigation of surface deformation after fully mechanized,solid back fill mining

The surface deformation after fully mechanized back filling mining was analyzed. The surface deformation for different backfill materials was predicted by an equivalent mining height model and numerical simulations. The results suggest that: (1) As the elastic modulus, E, of the backfill material increases the surface subsidence decreases. The rate of subsidence decrease drops after E is larger than 5 GPa; (2) Fully mechanized back fill mining technology can effectively control surface deformation. The resulting surface deformation is within the specification grade I, which means surface maintenance is not needed. A site survey showed that the equivalent mining height model is capable of predicting and analyzing surface deformation and that the model is conservative enough for engineering safety. Finally, the significance of establishing a complete error correction system based on error analysis and correction is discussed.     

连续梁桥上CRTS双块式无砟轨道疲劳特性

为探讨梁轨非线性互制作用下连续梁桥上双块式无砟轨道系统静动力荷载下结构响应,预测桥上无砟轨道结构的疲劳寿命,基于梁轨相互作用原理与车辆-轨道-桥梁耦合动力学原理,以昌景黄铁路某(40+64+40)m连续梁为研究对象,采用有限元方法建立了考虑桥梁、支座、底座板、道床板、扣件和钢轨等构件及结构层间非线性约束的连续梁-CRTS双块式无砟轨道的一体化空间分析模型,研究列车静活载作用下桥梁、道床板、底座板及钢轨的动力响应特性与无缝线路纵向力分布规律,分析连续梁桥上无砟轨道结构疲劳特性。结果表明：温度荷载作用下钢轨最大压应力位于连续梁两端,最大拉应力位于桥梁跨中;竖向荷载作用下钢轨最大拉应力位于连续梁桥墩,最大压应力位于桥梁跨中;制动荷载作用下钢轨拉、压应力极值均位于桥梁桥墩;钢轨纵向力由温度荷载控制,最大应力为143.1 MPa,满足规范要求;列车动载作用下,简支梁和连续梁上钢轨最大拉、压应力相当,道床板最大拉应力出现在连续梁跨中限位凹槽附近,其板底拉应力大于板顶,底座板最大拉应力出现在连续梁主墩附近,且板顶和板底的拉、压应力基本相同;列车动载作用下,钢轨最易破坏处寿命约27.1 a,道床板和底...     

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

Given the difficulties encountered in roadway support under coal pillars, we studied the characteristics of stress distribution and their effect on roadway stability, using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that, under a coal pillar, vertical stress in a floor stratum increases while horizontal stress decreases. We conclude that the increased difference between vertical and horizontal stress is an important reason for deformation of the surrounding rock and failures of roadways under coal pillars. Based on this, we propose control technologies of the surrounding rock of a roadway under a coal pillar, such as high strength and high pre-stressed bolt support, cable reinforcement support,single hydraulic prop with beam support and reinforcement by grouting of the surrounding rock, which have been successfully applied in a stability control project of a roadway under a coal pillar.