Influence of fog parameters on the aging of HTV silicone rubber

Testing of outdoor insulators in a fog chamber is universally used. Many factors affect the generation of fog. Fog parameters such as the pressure of the compressed air and the water flow rate feeding the nozzles to form the fog, as well as the size and the speed of the fog droplets impinging on the surface of the insulators, play a major role in the outcome of electrical performance tests. In order to be able to compare test results from different laboratories, the conditions of fog generation should be defined unambiguously and clearly. In the present paper relationships between air pressure, water flow rate and air speed which are related to the distribution and the speed of the fog droplets, are determined as a function of distance from the IEEE-IEC standard nozzles forming the fog. The distribution of different fog droplet sizes is measured. The influence of the fog parameters on the aging characteristics of surface resistance, surface roughness, leakage current and surface hydrophobicity of high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber are presented     

Leakage current and charge in RTV coated insulators under pollution conditions

Room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone rubber coating has excellent leakage current suppression characteristics. It is used extensively on porcelain and glass insulators in pollution prone areas as an anti-pollution measure. A pollution aging chamber has been fabricated and an on line 4-channel personal computer (PC) based data acquisition system has been developed to conduct tests on RTV coated porcelain samples. A study of the dependence of the leakage current and the charge on the flow rate, conductivity and pressure of the solution forming the fog is reported. It was observed that a higher charge and a higher average leakage current were obtained at a higher flow rate and a higher conductivity. The results with coated HV insulators are consistent with those published in the literature with RTV coated fiber glass reinforced plastic (FRP) rods.     

Fundamental and low frequency harmonic components of leakage current as a diagnostic tool to study aging of RTV and HTV silicone rubber in salt-fog

The paper presents the results of using the fundamental and the low frequency harmonic components of leakage current to study aging of silicone rubber in salt-fog. Experiments have been conducted on RTV and HTV coated rods at different fields (0.25-0.6 kV/cm) and conductivities (1000 to 2500 /spl mu/S/cm). The onset of dry-band arcing on samples could be determined by measuring the low frequency harmonic components. A correlation has been found between the fundamental and low harmonic components of leakage current and different forms of aging. Where erosion could be associated with an increase in the level of both the fundamental and low frequency harmonic components of leakage current. For example, surface damage for HTV rods occurred when the fundamental component of leakage current was greater than 2 mA. On the other hand, when the samples approached failure, the fundamental component of leakage current reached relatively high values ( > 6 mA for HTV rods and > 2 mA for RTV rods) and the low frequency harmonic components of the leakage current tended to decrease. The results suggest that both the fundamental and low frequency harmonics of leakage current can be used as a tool to determine both the beginning of aging and end of life of silicone rubber in salt-fog.     

Electrical performance of RTV silicone rubber coatings

The role played by two major constituents in a room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber coating, namely, the inorganic alumina trihydrate (ATH) filler and the silicone polymer, on the coating's electrical performance was examined. The principal variable in the RTV silicone rubber coatings evaluated was the different weight fraction of the silicone polymer and ATH inorganic filler normally used for improving the tracking and erosion resistance. Other formulation details were essentially the same in the cured rubber. The coatings were spray coated on glazed porcelain rods and subjected to accelerated aging in a salt fog chamber. The changes produced by accelerated aging on the contamination withstand capability, leakage current suppression and erosion resistance were determined and correlated with the ratio of polymer to inorganic filler in the coating. It is shown that critical aspects of electrical performance necessary for satisfactory service operation such as contamination withstand capability before flashover and leakage current suppression are superior for the coating with a relatively high ratio of polymer to inorganic filler in comparison to the coatings with a relatively low ratio of polymer to inorganic filler. While all the coatings showed a high erosion resistance under mild discharge activity, the erosion resistance was found to be superior for the formulations with high inorganic filler under conditions of intensive surface discharge activity     

Evaluation of insulation performance of polymeric surface using a novel separation technique of leakage current

This paper describes a novel method to separate the leakage current, obtained in polymeric materials during a salt fog aging test, into three components of conductive current, corona discharge current and dry band arc discharge current. First, we investigated that the relationship between optical emissions due to discharges and a leakage current. Based on experimentally defined discharge types, the separation of the leakage current was carried out. Finally, the polymer surface was analyzed using an electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and the change in the polymeric constituents was evaluated. The results showed that the cumulative charges due to the dry band arc discharge and the corona discharge to the total charge were about 20 and 10%, respectively. It was also found that a high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber could retain its insulation performance better than a room temperature vulcanized (RTV).     

人工盐雾环境下硅橡胶绝缘子泄漏电流的研究

在超声波盐雾发生装置模拟的盐雾环境下,采用高压直流电源测试研究环境相对湿度和盐雾电导率对硅橡胶绝缘子表面泄漏电流的影响,试验结果表明,绝缘子的泄漏电流主要取决于试验环境的相对湿度和盐雾电导率。     

变电站绝缘子干冰清洗方形喷嘴流场模拟研究

喷嘴是干冰清洗系统中的关键部件之一,喷嘴结构及气流超音速自由喷流流场对清洗效果有很大的影响.通过Fluent软件,针对不同尺寸的喷嘴结构建立模型及进行仿真处理,模拟研究得到了方形喷嘴内部气体和唢出喷嘴气体的压力场及速度场.研究结果表明：气体射流在喷嘴出口处的压力远大于大气压,气体在喷嘴出口处产生了欠膨胀超音速气流,同时气体射流在周围环境中发生了激波现象.增加喷嘴尺寸,气体射流在环境中的速度衰减变缓,激波传输距离有所增加,从而使气体射流的稳定性降低.因此,在需要提高清洗效果、增加清洗面积时,可适当选用大尺寸的喷嘴.     

气压和污秽不均匀度对染污绝缘子泄漏电流的影响

泄漏电流信号中包含了丰富的能够体现绝缘子运行状态的信息量。为此,以XP-70型瓷绝缘子为研究对象,在重庆大学输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室的人工雾室里进行了大量的交流人工污秽试验,分别研究了3种盐密、4种气压和5种不均匀度对绝缘子泄漏电流幅值的影响。试验结果表明:绝缘子整体平均盐密与上下表面污秽分布不均匀度和气压三者对绝缘子泄漏电流幅值的影响是相互独立的,泄漏电流幅值随着盐密的增加和气压的降低而均呈上升趋势,并且随着绝缘子上下表面污秽分布不均匀度的减小而呈下降趋势。还主要分析了绝缘子上下表面污秽分布不均匀度和气压对绝缘子泄漏电流幅值的影响机理。最后,利用最小二乘原理对试验结果进行拟合,得到了考虑盐密(ρESDD)、不均匀度(K)和气压(p)后的泄漏电流幅值的表达式,利用表达式可以估计绝缘子表面的污秽程度和分布特点。研究结果对于建立基于泄漏电流表征线路绝缘子的运行状态系统具有一定的参考价值。     

文丘里水膜除尘器喉部水雾均匀度对其除尘效率影响的研究

针对文丘里水膜除尘器在工程应用中仍存在水雾均匀度较差、耗水量较大、除尘效果较差和烟气带水严重等问题 ,应用低压旋流雾化水喷嘴实验研究了水雾均匀度对其除尘效率的影响。研究结果表明 :喉部喷嘴布置及运行情况直接影响喉部水雾均匀度和除尘效率 ;采用两两相向的低压旋流雾化水喷嘴组合布置 ,保证喷嘴入口水压力为 0 .2MPa～ 0 .4MPa ,液气比为 0 .1L/m3～ 0 .2L/m3 时 ,喉部水雾均匀度和除尘效率将大大提高。图 8表 1参 6     

Degradation assessment of nanostructured superhydrophobic insulating surfaces using multi-stress methods

This paper describes the electrical insulation property of modified superhydrophobic surfaces, which are prepared on epoxy based composites by using special nano-particles. After surface modification the samples exhibit an extreme unwettability with a static contact angle thetasges130deg. In order to investigate the long term stability under multiple stress, the specimens are subjected to electric fields and moisture in accelerated aging tests like modified-rotating-wheel-dipping-test (MRWDT), clean fog test and condensation test, according to the critical outdoor and indoor service conditions, respectively. It is shown that leakage current and effective power dissipation of contamination layers are significantly suppressed in the presence of superhydrophobic insulating surfaces. Thus, the pollution performance of the insulation systems can be enhanced to a great extent in clean fog test and MRWDT, whereas the insulating surfaces covered with nanoparticles seem to have no beneficial effect during the condensation experiments because of the different wetting mode. In addition, the impact of release agents and fillers on the surface superhydrophobicity is also examined in this study. Moreover, the surface analyses are employed to characterize the topographical change of the nanostructure in connection with the material degradation.     

Electrical and environmental stress and the hydrophobic stabilityof SIR, EVA and their blends

This paper treats the effects of electrical and environmental stresses on the hydrophobicity of polymers intended for use in nonceramic insulators. We investigated the effect of UV radiation, corona discharges, dry-band arcing, acid rain and water absorption on hydrophobic transfers in, and the aging of, room temperature vulcanized (RTV)-silicone rubber (SIR), high temperature vulcanized (HTV)-silicone rubber (SIR), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) rubber and the blends made from HTV-SIR and EVA. Acid rain had little influence on hydrophobicity in any of the samples. EVA and the blends with low silicone ratios to EVA allowed much larger reduction in hydrophobicity after or while subjected to the above stresses (except for acid rain) than did the silicone rubbers and a blend with a high silicone ratio to EVA. Salt-fog tests were conducted to correlate the hydrophobic stabilities of materials with leakage current levels thereon. The hydrophobic stability of the silicone rubbers was attributed to low-molecular-weight silicone components that were able to migrate and finally cover the aged surface layers. Because EVA possessed less fluid components and less chemical stability under electrical and environmental stresses, its hydrophobicity was readily reduced and hardly recovered, which led to higher current leakage and early material aging. For each material, the critical hydrophobic level permitting leakage current to develop was determined by adding a non-ionic wetting agent to saline water     

Effect of specimen configuration on deterioration of silicone rubber for polymer insulators in salt fog ageing test

The paper investigates the effects of specimen configuration on the deterioration of silicone rubber insulators in a salt fog ageing test. A cyclic salt fog ageing test was conducted on three types of high-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (HTV SiR) specimens: two types of insulators having sheds, and plain rods without sheds. The test was based fundamentally on the CIGRE WG 15-04 specifications. After 50 test cycles, the three types of specimens showed different degrees of surface deterioration. Erosion on the straight shed insulator was more severe than that on the alternate shed insulator even though the two had the same leakage distance. No erosion was observed on the rod-type specimens, which had shorter leakage distances than the insulator-type specimens.     

叶顶间隙对多相混输泵多工况增压性能的影响

叶顶间隙的存在会导致混输泵内有叶顶泄漏涡产生,进而对泵的增压性能产生较大的影响。本文以叶顶间隙为基础,定量地研究了不同叶顶间隙、流量及进口含气率对混输泵增压性能的影响。研究发现：叶顶间隙对混输泵做功性能的影响主要位于叶轮域内,且叶顶间隙的增加对于混输泵的做功性能有一定抑制作用;当叶顶间隙较小时,流量对叶轮做功性能都有明显的影响,而随着叶顶间隙的增加,流量对叶片表面压力载荷分布影响相对较小;当叶顶间隙为0.5 mm和1.5 mm时,随着进口含气率的增加,叶片吸力面压力载荷逐渐减小,而压力面的压力载荷略有增加,而当叶顶间隙为1.0 mm时,叶片表面压力载荷受到进口含气率影响很小。研究结果为混输泵增压性能提升提供一定参考依据。     

220 kV变电站绝缘子带电干冰清洗车载系统

开发了一套干冰清洗车载系统,包括小型干冰清洗机、清洗头、绝缘臂、液压升降平台、履带式底盘、压缩空气系统及手动/遥控操作系统等部分.该系统利用干冰作为清洗介质,进行带电清洗变电站绝缘套管和支柱绝缘子,清洗过程中不会出现污闪事故,清洗效果好,作业速度快.电力检测中心所做的工频耐压试验和泄漏电流及电磁兼容试验表明,清洗车的绝缘性能满足220 kV变电站带电清洗作业清洗要求,且其无线通信在变电站环境中工作可靠,亦不干扰变电站内设备.干冰清洗车载系统是一种安全、高效的绝缘子表面清洗机械.     

Static electrification of pressboard/oil interface and transientphenomena

The static electrification phenomenon of insulating materials used in power transformers is investigated through two devices. The first is a cell with a rotating disk covered on both sides with a given pressboard and immersed in a metallic tank containing ~41 of oil; and second device enables us to measure the electrostatic charge tendency of oils. The electrostatic charge tendency (ECT) of insulating oils and the leakage current generated by the charge concentration gradient at the oil/pressboard interface are analyzed as function of temperature, water content and aging of oils, the nature of the pressboard, and the rotating speed of the disk. The influence of the surface roughness of the pressboard and antistatic additives on the aging and ECT also are considered. A correlation between ECT and the physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of the oil is established. It is shown that the temperature gradients and the water migration phenomena at the oil/pressboard interface play an important role in the charge separation. Transient currents are strongly affected by the presence of air in the pressboard and the aging of the oil     

Electrical salt-fog performance of XLPE insulation with differentlevels of CaCO3

This paper presents a study of the electrical performance of crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) in salt fog conditions. Specimens of XLPE having 0, 15 and 25% calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) filler, a fixed concentration of 2% carbon black and an additional ultraviolet stabilizer were used. The leakage current and the current pulse counts were monitored as a function of time of exposure to combined electrical stress and salt-fog. Both leakage current and current pulse count were found to increase with increasing test time and with increasing filler concentration. The time to failure of the specimens as a function of the filler concentration was found to increase with increasing filler level. The contact angle decreased, and the surface roughness increased with increasing test time in energized salt fog. A SEM study showed that the surface roughness increased with increasing filler levels, giving an independent confirmation of the results obtained from the surface roughness tester. The EDAX study showed that the intensity count of X-ray of calcium on the surface increased after salt-fog test, indicating that CaCO₃ was not removed from the surface. Both the SEM and EDAX studies confirmed that the number of CaCO₃ particles on the surface increased with increasing filler level. It is suggested this was responsible for the observed larger roughness of the surface, higher resistance to arcing erosion and longer lifetime of XLPE polymer with increasing level of CaCO₃ filler     

低迟滞刷式密封泄漏特性的数值研究

在分析常规刷式密封泄漏特性数值的基础上,利用ANSYS-FLUENT软件求解雷诺平均纳维尔-斯托克斯方程(reynolds averaged navier stokes,RANS),采用各向异性Non-Darcian多孔介质模型对不同压力比下的实验测量常规刷式密封泄漏量进行数值模拟,结果表明,数值模拟得到的泄漏量数据与实验测量常规刷式密封的泄漏量数据吻合,该数值预测方法可行。从泄漏流场、刷丝束内、边缘的轴向压力分布、刷丝束上、下游面的径向压力分布以及泄漏量等方面对常规刷式密封和低迟滞刷式密封的泄漏特性进行比较分析,低迟滞刷式密封在遮流板和减压槽的作用下,其泄漏流的流动形态与常规刷式密封的不同,能有效地降低刷丝束围栏区域的轴向压力差,但其泄漏量较常规刷式密封大,应对其结构进行改进设计。     

Mechanism for change in leakage current waveform on a wet silicone rubber surface-a study using a dynamic 3-D model

This paper describes the results of experiments and simulations made to examine the waveform of leakage current flowing through the surface of HTV (high temperature vulcanized) silicone rubber specimen exposed to clean fog. Water droplets were placed on the surface of specimen energized with AC voltage and investigations of the surface state were done by a high-speed video camera in a wet condition produced by sprayed clean fog. Simultaneously, according to the experimental condition, a dynamic 3-D model was built to calculate the electric field and current density distribution on the specimen surface by a finite element software. A conducting water layer is formed due to the deformation of droplets and the development of dry band arcing. This caused large distortion and nonlinearly which increased the odd harmonic components in the leakage current waveform. This is in good agreement with the simulating calculation. The information from the leakage current frequency characteristic was extracted and correlated with the insulation surface condition. It can be considered as a diagnostic index for electrical characteristics and insulation state of polymer insulators in the wet condition.     

Loss and recovery of hydrophobicity on RTV coating surfaces

Studies are reported on decay and recovery of hydrophobic properties on clean and contaminated surfaces of silicone rubber based RTV coating. Treatment that led to hydrophobicity losses were water immersion and water condensation with and without a presence of dc electric field. Contact angles (receding angles) and surface leakage currents were measured on the treated surfaces. A suppression of the leakage current was observed and its link to the diffusion of the low molecular weight fraction from the polymer bulk and dry band arcing is discussed. Attempts aiming to restore the lost hydrophobic properties are also described. As a means of recovery, resting at ambient atmosphere, under UV irradiation, and in vacuum at elevated temperature, was applied. The efficiencies were verified through measurements of receding angles, surface leakage currents, and thermally stimulated depolarization currents     

Low-molecular weight silicone fluid in RTV silicone rubber coatings

Coatings of room-temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber (SIR) are used increasingly on outdoor HV porcelain and glass insulators and bushings when subjected to heavy pollution. An important property of the RTV-SIR coating is its ability to restore the hydrophobicity of the surface after a layer of contamination has built up on it, and thus continue to suppress the development of leakage current, dry band arcing and flashover. This is accomplished by the diffusion of low molecular weight (LMW) silicone fluid from the bulk to the surface of the coating and then to the top of the contamination layer. The presence of sufficient LMW silicone fluid in the bulk of the coating is a critical factor in both the recovery of hydrophobicity and its long term maintenance under wet and polluted conditions. This paper reports on several factors which affect the level of LMW silicone fluid present in RTV-SIR coatings. Different formulations of the RTV-SIR were used. The percentage weight of the LMW silicone fluid was determined in RTV-SIR coatings as a function of the size of the particles of the alumina trihydrate (ATH) filler which was varied from 1 to 75 μm, the concentration of the ATH filler from 50 to 150 pph of the base silicone rubber, the addition of 10%wt silicone fluid to the formulation of RTV-SIR, the carrier solvents of 1,1,1 trichloroethane and naphtha, exposure to continuous wind at a speed of 7.45±0.25 km/h for 22 months, exposure to stationary air for 14 months, immersion in low salinity water simulating rain (70 μS/cm) for 14 months and tests in energized low conductivity salt-fog. The mechanisms responsible for the observed phenomena are suggested and discussed