污水处理用活性炭流化床再生影响因素研究

主要研究了以流化床再生法对污水处理用粉状活性炭进行再生的影响因素,系统研究了再生温度、再生活化气组分、水分含量、滞留时间、进料速率等对换活性炭的吸附能力及再生减量的影响。在本研究范围内,确定了污水处理用粉状活性炭流化床再生的具体工艺参数;燃烧室温度1207℃,流化床温度677℃,流化速率,0.256m/s,进料速率3.34kg/h,活化气中氧气含量0.69%。     

活性炭纤维治理大气污染的性能及机理研究

概括了活性炭纤维的制备方法,主要以聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维和沥青基活性炭纤维为例说明了活性炭纤维的制备工艺,指出活性炭纤维的比表面积大、微孔结构发达、孔径小且分布窄等优良的吸附性能在大气污染治理方面具有广阔的应用前景.并概括了活性炭纤维吸附SO2和NOx的机理,活性炭纤维经过催化处理或活化处理后可以提高其对各类大气污染物的选择吸收能力,特别是烟气中的SOx、NOx和其它污染物;利用一定比例的水或者水蒸气等可以将污染物脱附再生,重复使用可达上千次.     

废活性炭再生技术研究及应用

采用加热再生法将废弃活性炭进行再生并资源化利用,减少废活性炭造成的二次污染,具有显著的经济效益和环境效益。     

高比表面积活性炭的研究与应用

本文详细介绍了高比表面积活性炭的制备及活化机理，并对其结构。性能及应用进行了概述。     

植物基活性炭前驱体及制备方法研究进展

活性炭以其发达的孔隙结构、高比表面积、高吸附率、良好的化学稳定性等优点而备受关注。综述了植物基活性炭前驱体的主要种类和研究进展,详细介绍了制备活性炭的主要方法,即物理活化法、化学活化法和物理化学耦合法。通过比较不同活化方法、不同活化剂所制备的活性炭性能,分析了不同活化方法的优势和不足,并展望了植物基活性炭未来的研究方向。     

氮掺杂再生活性炭的制备及电催化氧还原反应性能研究

为解决危废活性炭传统回收方式带来的资源浪费和环境污染等问题,本工作以抗生素脱色废活性炭为原料、氨气为氮源,采用高温热解再生法将氮元素通过sp²杂化键合进入到活性炭骨架中,制备了氮掺杂再生废活性炭氧还原反应(ORR)催化剂,分析了氮掺杂再生活性炭的物相组成、微观形貌、电化学性能。结果表明,当温度为1 000℃、退火时间为1 h时,所制备的N-RWAC-1000-1氧还原电催化性能最佳。N-RWAC-1000-1具有丰富的微孔和介孔结构,比表面积可达908 m²/g,在碱性介质中的起始电位为0.92 V(vs.RHE),半波电位为0.82 V(vs.RHE),均接近商业20%(质量分数)的铂碳催化剂。此外,氮掺杂再生炭拥有优于商业化铂碳的循环稳定性和甲醇耐受性,有望成为新的氧还原催化剂以期为抗生素脱色废活性炭的高值化利用提供了新的方向。     

氯化锌活化法制备木质活性炭研究

采用氯化锌活化法在不同操作条件下制备木质活性炭产品,通过实验测定相应的活性炭得率及活性炭的碘值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和苯酚吸附值.分析研究了氯化锌活化法制备活性炭工艺过程中各种操作参数如浸渍比、活化时间和活化温度对活性炭的得率、活性炭碘值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和苯酚吸附值的影响.实验结果表明,浸渍比是氯化锌活化法制备活性炭的最重要的影响因素.综合考虑活性炭的得率和吸附性能受活化操作参数的影响规律,探讨了氯化锌活化法制备木质活性炭的最优操作参数.在实验范围内,选择氯化锌活化法制备木质活性炭的浸渍比100%,活化温度500℃左右和活化时间60～90min比较适宜.     

氯化锌活化法制备笋壳基活性炭的工艺研究

以笋壳为原料,采用氯化锌活化法制备活性炭,通过正交试验研究了氯化锌与笋壳质量比、氯化锌溶液浓度、活化温度、活化时间等因素对笋壳基活性炭的活化收率、碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。研究表明,活化温度对活性炭性能的影响最显著;氯化锌活化法制备笋壳基活性炭的最佳条件为:m(氯化锌)/m(笋壳)=2:1,氯化锌溶液浓度为5%,活化温度为600℃,活化时间为90min。采用氮气吸附-脱附法对最佳条件下制备的活性炭进行表征,结果表明,该条件下制备的活性炭为中孔型活性炭。     

生物质活性炭的研究进展

生物质活性炭原料来源广泛、价格低廉,具有发达的孔隙结构和良好的吸附性能,广泛应用于众多领域。主要介绍了生物质活性炭的制备方法,包括物理活化法、化学活化法、化学物理活化法和微波加热活化法等,对比了不同表面化学改性的效果,综述了生物质活性炭的应用领域,并展望了其未来的发展前景。     

KOH活化法高比表面积竹质活性炭的制备与表征

以竹屑为原料,研究了KOH活化法高比表面积活性炭的制备工艺.分别考察了浸渍比、活化温度、活化时间等工艺参数对产品吸附性能的影响,并提出了可能的活化机理.在所研究的实验条件下,最佳的制备工艺是浸渍比1.0,活化温度800℃,活化时间2h.所得到的活性炭产品的比表面积和孔容可达2996m2/g和1.64cm3/g.该产品附加值高,在吸附领域特别是在双电层电容器的电极材料领域有广阔的应用前景.     

Physical and chemical properties and adsorption type of activated carbon prepared from plum kernels by NaOH activation

Activated carbon was prepared from plum kernels by NaOH activation at six different NaOH/char ratios. The physical properties including the BET surface area, the total pore volume, the micropore ratio, the pore diameter, the burn-off, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation as well as the chemical properties, namely elemental analysis and temperature programmed desorption (TPD), were measured. The results revealed a two-stage activation process: stage 1 activated carbons were obtained at NaOH/char ratios of 0-1, surface pyrolysis being the main reaction; stage 2 activated carbons were obtained at NaOH/char ratios of 2-4, etching and swelling being the main reactions. The physical properties of stage 2 activated carbons were similar, and specific area was from 1478 to 1887m(2)g(-1). The results of reaction mechanism of NaOH activation revealed that it was apparently because of the loss ratio of elements C, H, and O in the activated carbon, and the variations in the surface functional groups and the physical properties. The adsorption of the above activated carbons on phenol and three kinds of dyes (MB, BB1, and AB74) were used for an isotherm equilibrium adsorption study. The data fitted the Langmuir isotherm equation. Various kinds of adsorbents showed different adsorption types; separation factor (R(L)) was used to determine the level of favorability of the adsorption type. In this work, activated carbons prepared by NaOH activation were evaluated in terms of their physical properties, chemical properties, and adsorption type; and activated carbon PKN2 was found to have most application potential.     

活性炭在气液串联放电反应器中的作用

对气液串联放电反应器中悬浮活性炭对降解有机污染物的影响及联合处理过程中活性炭的作用进行了研究。结果表明：46kV脉冲流光放电与5g／L水洗活性炭联合处理具有协同效应，甲基橙的降解率提高22％；与5g／L吸附饱和的活性炭联合处理，比单独脉冲放电处理降解率提高12．25％，说明活性炭在联合处理中不仅有吸附能力，而且还具有催化作用。在上述两种条件下分别加入5ml／L H2O2，对·OH的产生具有协同效应，不但提高了O3和UV的利用率，而且还有利于活性炭的再生。     

红薯基活性炭的制备及其电性能表征

以红薯为原料分别采用物理活化(CO2活化)和化学活化(KOH活化)法制备活性炭。研究了不同活化温度和时间所得活性炭的比表面积和孔结构特征,并结合扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、比表面积分析仪等对其进行测试和表征。结果表明,KOH活化法在碳碱比为1∶3、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为5h时比表面积最高,达到1590m2/g,介孔率为20.3%;CO2活化法在800℃、活化2h时比表面积较高,为1054m2/g,介孔率可达62.0%。将该两组活性炭用作超级电容器电极材料时,以6M KOH作电解质表现出了典型的双电层电容器的特征,在5A/g的电流密度下,两者的比电容量分别为143F/g和187F/g。     

Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics and desorption studies of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on oil palm empty fruit bunch-based activated carbon

The adsorption characteristics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) on activated carbon prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) were evaluated. The effects of TCP initial concentration, agitation time, solution pH and temperature on TCP adsorption were investigated. TCP adsorption uptake was found to increase with increase in initial concentration, agitation time and solution temperature whereas adsorption of TCP was more favourable at acidic pH. The adsorption equilibrium data were best represented by the Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The mechanism of the adsorption process was determined from the intraparticle diffusion model. Boyd plot revealed that the adsorption of TCP on the activated carbon was mainly governed by particle diffusion. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (DeltaH degrees ), standard entropy (DeltaS degrees ), standard free energy (DeltaG degrees ) and activation energy were determined. The regeneration efficiency of the spent activated carbon was high, with TCP desorption of 99.6%.     

Decolourisation of dye solutions by oxidation with H(2)O(2) in the presence of modified activated carbons

The decolourisation of dye solutions by oxidation with H(2)O(2), using activated carbon as catalyst, is studied. For this purpose, three different samples, mainly differing in the respective surface chemistries, were prepared and characterized. Moreover, this work involved three pH levels, corresponding to acid, neutral and alkaline solutions, and six dyes belonging to several classes. The catalytic decolourisation tests were performed in a laboratorial batch reactor. Adsorption on activated carbon and non-catalytic peroxidation kinetic experiments were also carried out in the same reactor, in order to compare the efficiencies of the three processes. The non-catalytic reaction is usually inefficient and, typically, adsorption presents a low level of decolourisation. In these cases, the combination of activated carbon with hydrogen peroxide may significantly enhance the process, since the activated carbon catalyses the decomposition of H(2)O(2) into hydroxyl radicals, which are very reactive. Based on the experiments with the different activated carbon samples, which have similar physical properties, it is proved that the surface chemistry of the catalyst plays a key role, being the basic sample the most active. This is discussed considering the involvement of the free electrons on the graphene basal planes of activated carbon as active centres for the catalytic reaction. Additionally, it is shown that the decolourisation is enhanced at high pH values, and a possible explanation for this observation, based on the proposed mechanism, is given.     

Persulfate regeneration of trichloroethylene spent activated carbon

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the regeneration of trichloroethylene (TCE) spent activated carbon using persulfate oxidation and iron activated persulfate (IAP) oxidation. Both processes resulted in decreases in the adsorbability of regenerated activated carbons. IAP was shown to rapidly degrade the aqueous TCE and causes a significant mineralization of the TCE. The release of chloride ions provided evidence of this. Persulfate oxidation mainly resulted in desorption of TCE from the activated carbon and only partial mineralization of the TCE through a carbon activated persulfate reaction mechanism. Concerning destruction of the TCE, in the regeneration test using persulfate, 30% of the original TCE was present in the solution and 9% remained on the activated carbon after the first regeneration cycle. In contrast, in the test that used IAP, it was observed that no TCE was present in the solution and only approximately 5% of the original TCE remained on the activated carbon after the first regeneration. Following the regeneration cycles, elemental analysis was carried out on the samples. BET surface area and EDS analysis showed some effects on the physico-chemical properties of the activated carbon such as a slight decrease in the surface area and the presence of iron precipitates on the carbon.     

聚酰亚胺基高比表面活性炭及其电化学性能研究

以聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜边角料为前驱体, 采用CO₂物理活化法制备高比表面活性炭。研究了活化工艺对PI活性炭孔结构性能的影响及其活化机理, 探讨了活性炭孔结构对其电化学性能的影响。结果表明, PI薄膜可以在相对较低的温度下经CO₂活化制备出具有无定型微晶质炭结构、孔隙结构发达的活性炭, 比表面积最高可达2809 m²/g, 总孔容积达1.423 cm³/g; 通过控制CO₂活化工艺, 可实现对PI活性炭的孔道尺度与分布的调控。作为超级电容器电极材料, PI活性炭在100 mA/g条件下, 比电容高达237 F/g, 电容保持率为86%。孔径集中于0.7~2 nm, 并存在适量介孔的活性炭具有极佳的电化学性能。     

Production of granular activated carbon from waste walnut shell and its adsorption characteristics for Cu(2+) ion

Production of granular activated carbon by chemical activation has been attempted employing walnut shells as the raw material. The thermal characteristics of walnut shell were investigated by TG/DTA and the adsorption capacity of the produced activated carbon was evaluated using the titration method. As the activation temperature increased, the iodine value increased. However, a temperature higher than 400 degrees C resulted in a thermal degradation, which was substantiated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and the adsorption capacity decreased. Activation longer than 1h at 375 degrees C resulted in the destruction of the microporous structure of activated carbon. The iodine value increased with the increase in the concentration of ZnCl2 solution. However, excessive ZnCl2 in the solution decreased the iodine value. The extent of activation by ZnCl2 was compared with that by CaCl2 activation. Enhanced activation was achieved when walnut shell was activated by ZnCl2. Applicability of the activated carbon as adsorbent was examined for synthetic copper wastewater. Adsorption of copper ion followed the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic aspects of adsorption have been discussed based on experimental results. The adsorption capacity of the produced activated carbon met the conditions for commercialization and was found to be superior to that made from coconut shell.     

酚醛树脂基球形炭活化特性的研究

通过常规的活化处理,成功制备出酚醛树脂基球形活性炭（ＰＨＳＡＣ）,研究了活化温度和活化时间对酚醛树脂基球形活性炭的烧失率、强度、孔结构特征的影响。结果表明,随着活化温度的升高和活化时间的延长,酚醛树脂基球形活性炭的烧失率、比表面积和孔容增大,强度下降。这种球形活性炭是以微孔为主的活性炭,其比表面积可达８００ ｍ ２／ｇ,孔容可达０．３５２ ｃｍ ３／ｇ。