超临界CO2萃取大豆油的工艺研究

以大豆为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取法,针对影响超临界CO2萃取大豆油的主要因素(温度、压力、萃取时间、颗粒度)进行了研究,并对实验条件进行优化设计。通过单因实验和正交实验,得到超临界萃取工艺的最优条件:温度45℃、压力25MPa、颗粒度50目、萃取时间60min。大豆中油的萃取率可高达21.48%;各因素影响大豆油萃取率的主次顺序为:颗粒度>压力>萃取时间>温度。     

响应面法优化万寿菊中类胡萝卜素的提取工艺

采用响应面法对万寿菊中类胡萝卜素提取工艺进行优化。在单因素实验基础上,选择乙酸乙酯为浸提溶剂,固液比、提取时间、提取温度为自变量,以类胡萝卜素特定波长下吸光度值作为响应值,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合方法进行三因素三水平的实验设计,并做响应面分析,建立数学回归模型。结果表明:曲面回归方程拟合性好,类胡萝卜素适宜提取工艺条件为浸提时间4.5h,提取温度45℃,固液比为1:25(g/mL),最优条件下测得万寿菊中类胡萝卜素提取液的吸光度平均值为0.824,说明该工艺稳定、可行。     

超临界CO2萃取黄粉虫油脂的工艺研究

以黄粉虫幼虫为原料进行采用超临界CO2技术对黄粉虫油脂的提取工艺进行研究。通过单因素实验探讨了萃取压力、温度、时间3个参数对黄粉虫油脂得率的影响,然后通过正交实验确定了黄粉虫油脂的最佳提取条件。实验结果表明,萃取时间对黄粉虫油得率影响最大,其次是萃取压力和萃取温度。黄粉虫油脂超临界CO2萃取最佳条件为：萃取时间60min、萃取压力35MPa、萃取温度60℃。     

超临界CO2提取细叶韭花香精油的工艺研究

以细叶韭花为原料,研究超临界CO2流体提取其油的最佳工艺条件。采用单因素实验和正交实验,并以细叶韭花香精油的重量为衡量指标,探讨萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间、原料颗粒度、原料含水率等因素对提取细叶韭花香精油重量的影响。结果确定了最佳的提取条件:自然干燥的细叶韭花过20目筛,萃取压力15MPa,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间2.5h。在最佳提取条件下,每100g细叶韭花所得的细叶韭花香精油的质量为3.73g。     

SFE-CO_2技术提取沙棘油的工艺研究

以沙棘籽为原料对超临界CO2萃取技术提取沙棘油的工艺条件进行了研究。分析了萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间、颗粒度以及物料填充量对沙棘油提取率的影响,通过单因素实验和正交试验得萃取沙棘油的最佳工艺参数为:萃取压力35MPa,温度40℃,时间2.5h,颗粒度为40目。萃取出的沙棘油出油率为7.68%。     

超临界CO2流体技术萃取花生油的工艺优化

采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术提取花生油.通过单因素实验及正交实验研究了萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量和萃取时间等因素对油脂萃取率的影响,确定了超临界CO2流体萃取技术提取花生油的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,在实验范围内各影响因素对花生油萃取率作用的大小顺序依次为:萃取压力>萃取温度>CO2流量>萃取时间.超临界CO2流体萃取技术提取花生油的最佳工艺参数为:萃取压力25MPa,萃取温度45℃,CO2流量18kg/h,萃取时间150min,在该工艺条件下花生油萃取率达到49.87%.     

亚临界流体萃取富集金盏花中叶黄素工艺优化

本试验以金盏花颗粒为研究对象,在单因素实验和Plackett-Burman试验设计的基础上,探讨金盏花颗粒尺寸、萃取时间、萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取次数对叶黄素萃取工艺的影响,并采用Box-Behnken中心试验设计优化亚临界流体(R134a)萃取富集叶黄素工艺。结果表明:单因素条件下,金盏花颗粒尺寸、萃取时间、萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取次数均对叶黄素含量富集有一定影响;通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出萃取时间、萃取温度、萃取次数三个因素对叶黄素含量富集作用极显著的因素(P<0.01);并对筛选出的三因素进行亚临界流体萃取富集金盏花中叶黄素响应面工艺优化,其最优工艺为:金盏花颗粒尺寸10 mm、萃取时间44 min、萃取压力1.2 MPa、萃取温度39 ℃、萃取次数4次。在此条件下,亚临界萃取物中叶黄素富集含量可达到32.28%,与预测值相差0.44%,同时亚临界流体萃取叶黄素效果明显高于有机溶剂萃取法和超临界CO₂萃取法。本研究可为金盏花中叶黄素的产业化研究提供理论参考。     

响应面法优化超临界CO2萃取杨梅籽油工艺条件的研究

采用超临界CO2萃取技术,考察了杨梅籽仁颗粒度、萃取压力、静态萃取时间、动态萃取时间以及萃取温度对杨梅籽油萃取率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上进行响应面分析优化萃取工艺条件。结果表明,适宜的工艺条件为杨梅籽仁的颗粒度40目、萃取压力36.53 MPa、静态萃取时间30 min、动态萃取时间2.62 h、萃取温度40.03℃,在该工艺条件下杨梅籽油的萃取率可达89.73%。为杨梅籽的开发利用、变废为宝奠定了理论基础。     

响应面法优化超临界CO2萃取红树莓籽精油的工艺

研究了萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间等因素对红树莓籽精油萃取率的影响,以提取率为主要标准,采用响应面法对超临界CO_2萃取红树莓籽精油的工艺进行优化,确定最佳工艺条件为萃取温度45℃、萃取压力30 MPa、萃取时间60 min。     

响应面法优化超临界萃取大蒜油工艺

利用响应面法对超临界萃取大蒜油的工艺进行优化,在单因素实验的基础上,根据中心组合设计原理,采用三因素三水平的响应面分析法,依据回归分析确定最优提取工艺条件。选取超临界萃取压力,温度和时间作为随机因子。结果表明,大蒜油的超临界萃取的最佳工艺条件为:萃取为压力为15MPa,萃取温度37℃,萃取时间为2.5h。采用该工艺条件,大蒜油的萃取率可达到0.384%,验证值为0.378%,与理论值相对误差为0.02%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.