中国北方典型盆地降水与地下水氢氧同位素组成特征

在系统收集整理中国北方六大典型盆地降水与地下水氢氧同位素资料基础上,依据同位素形成演化相似性原理,对比分析同位素组成及其关系方程得出:受大陆效应的影响,从东部河北平原到西部塔里木盆地其大气降水方程的斜率和截距大多逐渐增大;河北平原等六大盆地平原浅层地下水的蒸发强度逐渐增大;与全球大气降水方程(δD=8.2δ18O 10.8)相比,六大盆地平原的大气降水方程斜率、截距均偏小或斜率偏小,反映出这几大盆地和平原为干旱、半干旱地区降水量小、蒸发强的特点。     

晋陕峡谷地区岩溶地下水的同位素及水化学分析

本文研究采用同位素和水化学分析的方法对本地区 2个泉域即天桥和柳林泉域的地下水系统进行分析。研究发现 :(1)天桥泉域北部大部分地区岩溶地下水主要接受了大气降水的补给 ,同时在局部地区也接受了地表水的补给 ;天桥泉域南部岩溶地下水接受了不同高程的大气降水的补给 ,迳流较为活跃。 (2 )柳林泉域岩溶水系统存在浅部和深部 2个子系统 ,来自这 2个系统的地下水互相混合 ,形成了排泄区较为复杂的地下水化学类型     

云南鹤庆西山岩溶地下水同位素及水化学分析

本文采用同位素和水化学分析的方法对鹤庆西山地区岩溶地下水循环特征进行了分析。根据区内水文地质边界条件,将研究区划分为5个岩溶水系统。利用氢氧同位素的分析结果,建立地表水与地下水的δD-δ18O关系曲线,分析地下水与地表水体的相互关系,并结合水化学分析方法对岩溶地下水水化学特征与地层岩性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,研究区地表水与地下水联系紧密,大气降水通过鹤庆西山地区地表岩溶洼地等补给地下水,区内地下水化学组分以Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO-3为主,水化学类型多为HCO3-Ca·Mg,少数水样水化学类型为HCO3-Ca,与岩溶水系统划分及地层岩性分布是一致的。     

滇东黔西地下水氢氧同位素特征

通过大气降雨氢氧同位素进行分析,得出了滇东黔西的大气降水线为δ(D)=7.848δ(⁽¹⁸⁾O)+11.00,地下水氢氧同位素组成落在滇东黔西大气降雨线附近,说明研究区地下水是由大气降雨补给。从贵州中部向西云南昆明,地下水中越来越贫重同位素,显示夏季滇东黔西地区大气自东向西运移的特点。研究区自东向西地下水中氧漂移越来越明显,说明自黔西到滇东水岩作用越来越强烈。研究区氘过量系数d为9.9,显示了滇东黔西地区不平衡蒸发强烈。滇东黔西地区地下水出露高程和δ(18)O)+11.00,地下水氢氧同位素组成落在滇东黔西大气降雨线附近,说明研究区地下水是由大气降雨补给。从贵州中部向西云南昆明,地下水中越来越贫重同位素,显示夏季滇东黔西地区大气自东向西运移的特点。研究区自东向西地下水中氧漂移越来越明显,说明自黔西到滇东水岩作用越来越强烈。研究区氘过量系数d为9.9,显示了滇东黔西地区不平衡蒸发强烈。滇东黔西地区地下水出露高程和δ⁽¹⁸⁾O值的关系为δ(18)O值的关系为δ⁽¹⁸⁾O(‰)=-0.00259H-5.657,地下水出露高程与δD值得关系为δD(‰)=-0.0236H-31.08。即在滇东黔西地区海拔每上升100m,地下水中δ(18)O(‰)=-0.00259H-5.657,地下水出露高程与δD值得关系为δD(‰)=-0.0236H-31.08。即在滇东黔西地区海拔每上升100m,地下水中δ⁽¹⁸⁾O值下降0.259‰,δD值下降2.36‰。     

内蒙古正蓝旗大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征分析

在分析内蒙古正蓝旗2014年1-10月当地68次大气降水中同位素数据的基础上,结合研究区的气象资料,对当地大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素的季节变化特点、影响因素及水汽来源等进行研究。结果表明:正蓝旗地区大气降水中δ~(18) O具有夏高冬低的变化特征,而d值具有冬高夏低的特征;正蓝旗当地大气降水方程线为δD=7.52δ~(18) O+2.57,该方程斜率小于8,表明正蓝旗地区蒸发程度较强;当地大气降水中δ~(18) O体现出较弱的温度效应,但是不存在降雨量效应;从全年月尺度来看,正蓝旗大气降水夏季水汽来源于东南湿润地区,冬季则来源于西北干燥地区。     

豫北平原地下水14C同位素特征

地下水中14C的年代与PMC(与大气中现代碳的百分含量之比)值的大小反映了地下水的补给、迳流、排泄的状况与循环条件。豫北平原地下水中的14C的年代与PMC值反映出:引黄灌区主干渠、山前冲洪积扇、近黄河地带为地下水强补给与迳流带,地下水14C年龄较小,地下水循环交替快;在交接洼地、微咸水区、地下水位下降漏斗区,地下水迳流滞缓,地下水14C年龄较大,地下水循环交替慢。其它资料也验证了此规律。     

黄河滩地浅层地下水开发利用研究

黄河滩地和河床下蕴藏着较丰富的浅层淡水资源 ,这个淡水资源来源于黄河渗透水 ,经过试验研究 ,初步探明了黄河滩地及河床浅层地下淡水资源的分布规律 ,揭示了这一淡水资源主要接受黄河渗透激发补给 ,评价分析了地下水资源量 ,提出了合理开发利用的取水方式和建议。     

河南汝阳老代仗沟铅锌矿床成因研究

本文结合前人的研究成果,利用地质年代学、同位素及流体包裹体特征分析方法,总结了老代仗沟铅锌矿床的硫、铅、氢、氧、碳同位素地球化学特征。老代仗沟铅锌矿床的铅同位素显示铅来自地幔;δ~(34)S变化范围6.2‰～12.2‰,平均8.61‰,具有多源性;石英中的δD值为-91.9‰～-81‰,δ~(18)OH_2O值为-7.5‰～9.3‰,说明岩浆水和大气降水同时参与了该矿床的成矿过程;方解石碳同位素δ~(13)CPDB值为-4.5‰,δ~(18)OSMOW值为8.4‰,显示了地幔来源的特征。结合铷锶同位素等时线年龄(126±13) Ma及该矿床的流体包裹体显示的中-高温、低盐度的含CO_2的K~+-Na~+-Ca~(2+)-Cl~--SO_4~(2-)体系特征,笔者认为老代仗沟铅锌矿床为燕山晚期成矿的中-高温岩浆热液充填交代型铅锌矿床。该研究对汝阳南部地区同类型铅锌矿床的寻找具参考价值。     

河北省地下水动态类型特征

根据河北省近年来地下水水位实际监测数据,结合降水量、蒸发量等影响控制因素,分析了河北省不同区域不同含水层系统内16种主要的地下水动态类型。得出河北省坝上高原及河北平原浅层地下水、岩溶泉域地下水以及基岩裂隙水补给源以降水入渗补给为主,坝上高原深层地下水、山间盆地地下水补给源以侧向补给为主,河北平原深层地下水补给源为径流、越流补给。排泄方式以开采为主,蒸发、泉群排泄次之。     

华北地区地热资源更新能力研究

依据华北地区500到3500米深地热井中地下水的化学组分和同位素组分,对华北地区地下热水D、18O、14C、分布特征进行了测定与分析,确定地下水的补给来源是古大气降水。运用放射性同位素14C测定年龄,分析华北地区热储层年龄是比较接近的,大致在15000—30000a范围。运用稳定同位素D计算补给高程,确定华北地区地热资源更新能力,属于弱可更新或不可更新的静消耗性开采,对今后地热资源的开发利用具有一定的参考价值。     

Erratum to “Effects of intensive urbanization on the intrusion of shallow groundwater into deep groundwater: Examples from Bangkok and Jakarta”

Asian megacities have severe pollution problems in both coastal and urban areas. In addition, the groundwater potential has decreased and land subsidence has occurred because of intensive groundwater pumping in urban areas. To prevent the adverse effects of urbanization on groundwater quality, it is necessary to confirm the changes in groundwater flow and contaminant transport caused by urbanization. We examined the effects of urbanization on contaminant transport in groundwater. The research areas were located around Bangkok, Thailand, and akarta, Indonesia, cities with populations of approximately 8 and 12 million, respectively. Each metropolitan city is located on a river delta and is adjacent to a bay. We measured the water level and collected water samples at boreholes at multiple depths (100 to 200 m) in 2004 and 2006 in Bangkok and Jakarta, respectively. The current hydraulic potential is below sea level in both cities because of prior excess abstraction of groundwater. As a result, the direction of groundwater flow is now downward in the coastal area. The Cl⁻ concentration and δ¹⁸O distributions in groundwater suggest that the decline in hydraulic potential has caused the intrusion of seawater and shallow groundwater into deep groundwater. Concentrations of Mn and NO3⁻-N in groundwater suggest the intrusion of these contaminants from shallow to deep aquifers with downward groundwater flow and implies an accumulation of contaminants in deep aquifers. Therefore, it is important to recognize the possibility of future contaminant transport with the discharge of deep groundwater into the sea after the recovery of groundwater potential in the coastal areas.     

上海某枢纽基坑工程浅层承压水回灌试验分析

随着上海城市建设进程的不断推进,深大基坑大量涌现,同时因城市立体空间设施的密集化,使得基坑周边环境趋于复杂,在此背景下因浅层承压水降水而引起的工程性地面沉降事故不断发生,给社会带来了巨大的经济损失。地下水人工回灌是控制因降水引起的工程性地面沉降的方法之一,目前地下水人工回灌系统主要应用于深层承压水的回灌。本文通过上海某地第一承压含水层的回灌试验,研究分析了浅层承压含水层回灌井的结构、回灌过程中地下水的流态变化规律、水土应力变化及对控制地面沉降作用的效率,证明了浅层承压水回灌在基坑环境保护中的可行性。试验研究对基坑建设中的地下水浅层承压水回灌系统的设计和施工有重要的指导意义。     

黄河下游悬河段傍河开采地下水的试验研究——以郑州市区黄河滩地为例

黄河下游频频出现的断流现象给沿岸城市的供水造成严重威胁 ,本文根据近年在郑州市北郊黄河滩地供水水文地质勘探中 ,几组大型抽水试验所获得的地质信息 ,论证了傍河地带的地下水资源潜力 ;细颗粒含水地层中的成井技术 ;傍河开采地下水可能诱发的水环境和地质环境问题。文章的结论是 :黄河下游沿岸地带 ,地下水资源十分丰富 ,大规模开采傍河地带的地下水所诱发的环境负效应十分有限 ,具有建立傍河地下水源地的优越条件。     

黄河三角洲地区多水源联合调度及其环境效应研究

黄河三角洲地区南部广饶县处于淄河冲洪积平原与三角洲海积冲积平原交接部位,因形成以花园和稻庄为中心的地下水降落漏斗而造成北部咸水以3.0km~2/a的速度向南入侵。建立该区地下水、地表水和引黄河水多水源联合调度优化模型,其目标函数是使各时段研究区地下水位降深之和最小,其约束条件包括供水量、开采井取水量、引黄河水量、节水量、水位等。预测结果表明,每个区采取包括节水、减少地下水开采量、拦蓄地表水或引黄河水补给地下水、井灌区改为渠灌等不同措施,到2010年,花园和稻庄漏斗中心水位将分别由过去的低于-20.00m上升为-14.00m和-12.66m; 2003年后,能够在稻庄北部形成反漏斗(淡水帷幕),阻止北部咸水入侵。环境效应显著。     

Application of environmental isotope to groundwater study of the Qinling Railway tunnel

A comparison of isotopic data of groundwater with those of surface water and rainfall indicates that groundwater in the Qinling Railway tunnel, which is the longest single-track tunnel under construction in China, originates from precipitation. However, measurements of deuterium and oxygen-18 in the fissure water in the adjacent drift have shown that these two isotopes are obviously depleted relative to the spring water in the area. This permits the groundwater being classified into two types: shallow weathering fissure water and deep structural fissure water, both with different features of circulation, and makes it possible to determine mixing ratios of the water inflows into the drift. The reason for the deep water depletion in the two heavy isotopes with respect to the shallow water is believed to be the difference of their recharge elevations, above 2200 m and below 1800 m for the deep and shallow water, respectively. Unlike the deep water, with slow motion and a circulation depth of over 1000 m, the shallow water is in an active circulation zone and moves usually in a depth of 40–50m. Calculation of isotope mass balance indicates that the relative contribution of the shallow water to the inflow at main locations or in sections of the drift ranges between 25.1% and 67.3%, indicating that the shallow water is also a significant component of the water inflow.     

Räumlich hochauflösende Modellierung der Grundwasserneubildung im Neckartal bei Tübingen

In the region of Tübingen, the shallow quaternary gravel aquifer of the Neckar river valley is intensively used for public water supply. At the same time, all kinds of potential hazards like industrial sites, agricultural landuse, gravel pits and others exist in that region. Although thoroughly investigated, the results of numerical groundwater models indicate that the estimation of groundwater recharge is insufficient until now. Therefore, daily rates of ground water recharge were calculated using daily climatic data. These calculations considered land use and soil type including field capacity and were carried out using an already existing GIS-tool. As a result, calculated rates of groundwater recharge were much smaller than those obtained from former investigations. Groundwater recharge occurs mainly in the time period from January till June and it is not restricted to the winter months. With the help of the results of the GIS-tool, maps with regional distributions of groundwater recharge at different time scales can be constructed within the GIS and subsequently used as input data for numeric groundwater modeling.     

Effects of intensive urbanization on the intrusion of shallow groundwater into deep groundwater: examples from Bangkok and Jakarta

Asian megacities have severe pollution problems in both coastal and urban areas. In addition, the groundwater potential has decreased and land subsidence has occurred because of intensive groundwater pumping in urban areas. To prevent the adverse effects of urbanization on groundwater quality, it is necessary to confirm the changes in groundwater flow and contaminant transport caused by urbanization. We examined the effects of urbanization on contaminant transport in groundwater. The research areas were located around Bangkok, Thailand, and Jakarta, Indonesia, cities with populations of approximately 8 and 12 million, respectively. Each metropolitan city is located on a river delta and is adjacent to a bay. We measured the water level and collected water samples at boreholes at multiple depths (100 to 200 m) in 2004 and 2006 in Bangkok and Jakarta, respectively. The current hydraulic potential is below sea level in both cities because of prior excess abstraction of groundwater. As a result, the direction of groundwater flow is now downward in the coastal area. The Cl(-) concentration and delta(18)O distributions in groundwater suggest that the decline in hydraulic potential has caused the intrusion of seawater and shallow groundwater into deep groundwater. Concentrations of Mn and NO3(-)-N in groundwater suggest the intrusion of these contaminants from shallow to deep aquifers with downward groundwater flow and implies an accumulation of contaminants in deep aquifers. Therefore, it is important to recognize the possibility of future contaminant transport with the discharge of deep groundwater into the sea after the recovery of groundwater potential in the coastal areas.     

子牙河—海河流域浅层地下水矿化度分布及成因

对天津地区子牙河—海河干流流域浅层地下水矿化度及水化学类型分布进行了调查,发现地下水矿化度由低到高、从微咸水到咸水再到盐卤水渐变特征明显,对其形成原因进行了分析,认为地下水补给不足以及深层地下水开采形成降落漏斗和渤海湾风暴潮等引起的海水入侵是导致该分布特征的主要原因。