基于ABAQUS非饱和膨胀土边坡降雨入渗分析

降雨是诱发边坡失稳的主要原因之一,研究降雨引发滑坡机理分析具有重大现实意义。文章基于ABAQUS有限元软件模拟非饱和土边坡降雨入渗分析,结合滤纸法试验推导出适用于贵州省某区域非饱和膨胀土的土水特征曲线拟合公式;结合流固耦合理论和强度折减理论探究了降雨入渗下非饱和土边坡渗流场、位移场及稳定性的变化规律。结果表明:非饱和土基质吸力与含水率呈负相关;降雨入渗过程边坡地下水位差异抬升产生水平渗流力作用以及土体吸力减小强度降低是引发边坡失稳的主要原因。     

膨胀土路堑边坡降雨入渗稳定性分析

膨胀土遇水发生软化,导致土体强度降低,降雨入渗对膨胀土路堑边坡影响较大。依据岩土饱和/非饱和渗流理论,利用有限元数值模拟分析软件,通过降雨入渗模型分析,建立膨胀土路堑边坡饱和/非饱和降雨入渗模型,模拟了降雨过程中边坡地下水含水率、压力水头变化规律,分析研究降雨入渗对路堑边坡渗流场及稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:降雨入渗对膨胀土边坡渗透影响仅发生在浅部区域,坡面低渗透性影响雨水入渗效果,裂隙性坡面则入渗稍快;对于低透水性、高基质吸力,短期降雨不至于导致边坡大面积滑塌破坏,边坡滑面只出现在表层,表现为浅层滑动,对深部土体影响不大。为以后膨胀土路堑边坡施工与防护提供一定的理论依据和数据参考。     

基于GEOSTUDIO分析吸力对非饱和土边坡稳定的影响

基于非饱和土渗流和抗剪强度理论,分析了降雨条件下土体基质吸力对边坡稳定性的影响,探讨了考虑吸力和不考虑吸力条件下边坡的稳定安全系数,指出非饱和土坡稳定性与基质吸力有密切关系,基质吸力随含水量增大而减小,引起土体强度下降,土坡趋于不稳定。     

膨胀土边坡渗流数值模拟及稳定性分析

采用有限元软件(Seep/W和Slope/W)开展一系列瞬态渗流和极限平衡分析,研究不同降雨强度与历时对膨胀土边坡渗流场的影响,分析降雨强度及历时、不同坡比和坡高等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,分析其浅层破坏的原因。结果表明:必须考虑风化裂隙导致浅表层土体渗透系数增大对膨胀土边坡渗流场的影响;降雨强度及历时对边坡土体孔隙水压力分布影响显著,相同降雨强度条件下,历时越长,影响深度越深、范围越大,孔隙水压力变化越大;相同历时条件下,持续降雨强度越小,影响深度越浅、范围越小,孔隙水压力变化越小;安全系数随降雨强度的增大,其下降速率越快,达到破坏所需的时间越短;边坡浅层达到饱和时,坡高及设置平台对边坡安全系数影响不大,均发生浅层破坏;安全系数随坡率的增大而增大,但对某些膨胀土边坡而言,采用放缓坡率的做法并不可取。     

不同气候条件下红黏土边坡稳定性分析

以红黏土边坡为研究对象,通过GeoStudio软件中的VADOSE/W和SEEP/W模块对其在不同气候条件作用下的渗流和边坡稳定性进行了计算。分析了不同降雨强度、不同蒸发强度、不同持时及循环作用对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明,降雨、蒸发均是影响边坡稳定性的重要因素。当降雨强度小于土体渗透系数时,边坡安全系数随着降雨强度的增大而减小;边坡安全系数随着土体蒸发量的增大而增大;当边坡经干湿循环作用后,其安全系数呈现出降低的趋势。     

降雨条件下坡积土边坡暂态饱和区形成机理及分布规律

降雨是引起坡积土边坡失稳的最常见外部因素之一.雨水的入渗在引起土体抗剪强度参数降低的同时,还将导致土体重度的增加、基质吸力的降低,最终造成边坡的失稳.开展雨水在边坡内部的渗流过程研究已成为分析边坡在降雨条件下稳定性的前提.基于有限元数值模拟方法,进行了雨水在土体中渗流过程的模拟,着眼于降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区的形成、分布及消散特征,描述了该过程中边坡内部含水率、基质吸力、水力梯度的变化规律.结果表明:暂态饱和区形成的主要原因是土体中向湿润锋下方渗出的雨水量小于降雨入渗补给量,从而使得土体中的含水率累积升高;暂态饱和区的形成与降雨强度、降雨时间具有十分密切的关系,暂态饱和区形成时间、雨水入渗深度、土体表面体积含水率大小分别与降雨强度存在函数关系;清晰描述了暂态饱和区形成-发展-消散-地下水位升高的全过程,从该过程看,边坡排水措施的设计值得思考.     

基于三场耦合的膨胀土边坡浅层坍滑数值分析

为研究膨胀土边坡浅层坍滑的原因,利用有限差分软件FLAC^2D,借鉴已有多场耦合数值计算思路,通过二相流与热模块模拟了降雨条件下坡体内的非饱和渗流过程及膨胀土的吸湿膨胀;并依据膨胀土饱和度与温度及热膨胀系数的转换关系,利用FISH软件编制了程序调用两模块的信息,实时模拟了土的吸湿膨胀效应,实现了考虑地下水位和渗透系数变化、强度衰减三因素下的膨胀土坡渗流场-位移场-应力场的三场耦合。并基于此,建立了考虑和未考虑膨胀变形的数值模型,分别模拟了降雨条件下计及和未计吸湿膨胀的边坡非饱和渗流过程及其稳定性,对比分析同降雨强度但不同历时、是否计及吸湿膨胀边坡的渗流场及稳定性的差异,揭示膨胀土吸湿膨胀是引起边坡浅层坍滑的重要原因;据此进一步研究不同降雨强度、降雨历时下膨胀土边坡的稳定性,同时对比分析边坡渗流场和应力场的变化及其分布规律,得到不同降雨条件对边坡浅层坍滑的影响。     

考虑蒸发影响的非饱和土坡渗流分析

运用分形模型理论预测了粘土、粉土与砂土的土-水特征曲线与导水系数曲线。讨论了大气降雨-蒸发作用对非饱和渗流场的变化规律。在大气蒸发作用下,粘土边坡表层土体的负孔压逐渐增大。随着降雨入渗,粘土边坡坡脚处的土体首先达到饱和状态,并出现正孔隙水压。在降雨过程中,粉土边坡与砂土边坡的坡脚处,难以形成正孔隙水压。粘土边坡的实际降雨入渗量较小,且与土体的初始含水量、降雨类型、土体的导水系数等因素有关。非饱和土的实际蒸发量不等于其饱和状态时的土体蒸发能力。当土体达到饱和状态时,两值相等。实际蒸发量与潜在蒸发量的比值是土体表层基质吸力的函数。     

降雨入渗条件下抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性分析

采用有限差分软件FLAC~(3D)内置FISH语言编制相关程序,将边坡非饱和区渗透系数和基质吸力随饱和度的变化关系嵌入到数值计算中,实现了降雨入渗条件下边坡非饱和渗流过程的模拟,结合基于Fredlund双应力状态变量理论的强度折减法,进一步实现了非饱和边坡的稳定性分析。基于某典型抗滑桩加固边坡算例建立数值计算模型,研究了降雨入渗对边坡孔隙水压力分布及边坡稳定性的影响,并对降雨强度、基质吸力及桩顶约束形式对边坡稳定性的影响进行了参数分析。研究结果表明:降雨入渗条件下,随降雨历时增加,湿润锋线不断向坡体内部推进,基质吸力明显减小,边坡安全系数显著降低;边坡安全系数随降雨强度增大而减小,当降雨强度超过土体饱和渗透系数后,边坡安全系数随降雨强度变化不大,并趋于稳定;基质吸力对边坡稳定影响显著,考虑基质吸力时边坡安全系数明显提高;在桩顶设置预应力锚索可使桩身位移明显减小,边坡安全系数提高。     

降雨入渗条件下土质边坡的稳定性分析

降雨对边坡的稳定性具有重要影响。在降雨作用下,土坡中的饱和度及含水率增加,基质吸力减小,而水、气压力的变化又影响着土体骨架的变形。文章基于饱和–非饱和渗流分析及强度折减法,对降雨作用下的土质边坡进行了固体和流体的耦合分析及不耦合分析,研究了饱和渗透系数及降雨强度对边坡安全系数及滑面位置的影响,并分析了安全系数及滑面位置与时间的关系。研究表明:土体的饱和渗透系数对边坡的稳定性影响很大;对于渗透性较好的土体,降雨强度越大,在降雨作用下边坡的安全系数变化程度也越大,安全系数降低及恢复的速度也越快;对于渗透性较差的土体,降雨强度对边坡稳定性的影响有限;在相同的计算条件下,不耦合分析对应的安全系数小于耦合分析的相应值;在不同强度的降雨作用下,滑面位置变化的范围有所不同,不耦合分析的滑面位置变化范围主要出现在坡肩,而耦合分析的滑面位置变化范围主要出现在坡脚。     

降雨诱发膨胀土边坡渐进破坏研究

膨胀变形是膨胀土边坡失稳破坏的重要因素之一,研究分析降雨诱发膨胀土边坡渐进破坏过程具有重要的实践意义。基于膨胀应变与基质吸力增量的线性关系,将膨胀性引入非饱和流固耦合模型当中,建立一种适用于膨胀土工程的非饱和渗流场–应力场–膨胀应变场多场耦合数值计算方法。结合应变软化模型,分析单次降雨诱发下膨胀土边坡入渗过程以及边坡渐进破坏全过程。结果表明,非饱和膨胀土边坡在单次降雨诱发后,坡体发生以坡脚为起始逐渐向坡顶扩展的破坏,具有明显的时间延后性、多层逐级后退式的特点。膨胀土的膨胀性、强度参数对坡体破坏形式具有显著的影响,膨胀土边坡破坏既保留了一般黏性土的共性也呈现出干缩湿胀的特殊性。     

Geo- and Hydro-Mechanical Evaluation of Slope Failure Induced by Torrential Rains in Northern-Kyushu Area,July 2009

Torrential rainfall in mid-July 2009 triggered numerous geodisasters such as slope failure and debris flow in Chugoku and Northern Kyushu areas of Japan. A number of slope failures and debris flows occurred in Yamaguchi and Fukuoka prefectures resulting in extensive damage to human life and infrastructure. One of the most serious geodisasters included a slope failure followed by debris flow at Sasaguri-machi and Fukuchi-machi, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan. This paper summarizes the results of geotechnical investigations on the geodisaster sites in Fukuoka prefecture. The geotechnical investigation included determining a series of grain size distributions, consistency limits and conducting direct box shear tests for collapsed soils collected at six disaster sites. The generation mechanisms of slope failure followed by debris flow were also investigated by analyzing the precipitation, topography, geology, and strength properties of the collapsed soils. Moreover, slope deformation and stability analyses were coupled with an unsaturated-saturated seepage analysis to investigate the slope failure mechanism. The main findings from the study are summarized as: The physical properties, such as the grain size distribution, the plastic limit and liquid limit of collapsed soils, are summarized and compared with the results of other failure slopes in the literature. The collapsed soil was characterized as being a well grained soil (the uniformity coefficient >50) and highly weathered (the ignition loss >5%), however, with regard to the liquid limit and plastic index, there were no remarkable findings. The original shear strength for collapsed soils with natural water content is relatively large and slope failure doesn't occur because the cohesion in the shear strength is induced by a suction force between the soil particles under unsaturated condition. However, water seepage into the soil induces a drastic decrease in the shear strength, which is mainly caused by a decrease in cohesion (losing suction) resulting from soil saturation. In addition, the drained/undrained condition in the shear process is also sensitive to shear strength. For example, both water seepage and the shear process with constant volume cause an approximate 30% reduction in shear strength for Fukuchi-machi and Sasaguri-machi soil samples. Therefore, the reduction of cohesive strength due to water seepage and the low permeability of the slope are the parameters which trigger geodisaster. Based on the results of slope deformation and a stability analyses which took the change in water pressure and cohesive strength into account, the geodisaster at Fukuchi-machi was simulated, it is reasonable to assume that the shallow failure near the top of slope occurred due to torrential precipitation of about 100 mm per hour which triggered a debris flow.     

Stability analysis of layered slopes in unsaturated soils

This study presents stability analyses of layered soil slopes in unsaturated conditions and uses a limit equilibrium method to determine the factor of safety involving suction stress of unsaturated soil. One-dimensional steady infiltration and evaporation conditions are considered in the stability analyses. An example of a two-layered slope in clay and silt is selected to verify the used method by comparing with the results of other methods. Parametric analyses are conducted to explore the influences of the matric suction on the stability of layered soil slopes. The obtained results show that larger suction stress provided in unsaturated clay dominates the stability of the layered slopes. Therefore, the location and thickness of the clay layer have significant influences on slope stability. As the water level decreases, the factor of safety reduces and then increases gradually in most cases. Infiltration/evaporation can obviously affect the stability of unsaturated layered slopes, but their influences depend on the soil property and thickness of the lower soil layer.     

非饱和土的性状及膨胀土边坡稳定问题

主要叙述非饱和膨胀土及其边坡稳定研究方面的新进展。首先讨论了非饱和土研究中与土坡稳定性有关的若干重要特性,指出非饱和土的气 水形态问题是非饱和土研究的一个基本问题。并提出随含水率由小变大,非饱和土存在四种气 水形态,不同气 水形态的土具有不尽相同的性状。然后,对非饱和土的吸力和土水特征曲线以及不同气 水形态下的强度作了讨论,并对非饱和土的本构关系作了简要的介绍。接着以南水北调中线膨胀土渠道工程为背景,以吸力问题为中心,对非饱和膨胀土边坡滑动的各种内在的和外界的因素进行了分析,尤其对新近研究的降雨入渗和裂隙影响的研究进行了定量的分析,改变了以往对这方面只进行定性研究的情况。在此基础上对边坡失稳的机理和考虑裂隙及雨水入渗的稳定分析方法进行了研究。     

用非饱和土渗透理论分析降雨对边坡稳定的影响

对非饱和土渗流及强度理论进行了简要介绍,结合工程实例分析了降雨对边坡的影响机理,模拟出了边坡孔隙水压力瞬时分布,将基质吸力引入稳定性计算中,提供了一种评价降雨对边坡稳定性影响的定量分析方法。     

降雨蒸发条件下膨胀土边坡的变形特征研究

在典型膨胀土广泛分布的广西南宁地区建立缓坡、陡坡与坡面种草3种类型膨胀土边坡的原位监测系统,采用6参数小型气象站、测斜管和沉降板,跟踪测试边坡变形随气候变化的演化规律,揭示在降雨蒸发下膨胀土边坡的变形特征。认为降雨是导致膨胀土边坡变形最直接的气候因素,而蒸发效应是边坡变形破坏的重要前提之一;蒸发效应所产生的土体裂隙,使得吸湿条件下原位双环渗透试验获得的膨胀土水力特性具有与传统的非饱和土力学中的定义有相反的趋势,这也是膨胀土边坡在降雨入渗时发生变形乃至破坏的内在机制之一;通过对现场试验数据的拟合,建立了符合膨胀土边坡变形的经验性预测模型,其中边坡变形与土表净入渗量呈二次函数关系。     

Surficial stability analysis of soil slope under seepage based on a novel failure mode

Normally, the edge effects of surficial landslides are not considered in the infinite slope method for surficial stability analysis of soil slopes. In this study, the limit stress state and discrimination equation of an infinite slope under saturated seepage flow were analyzed based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion. Therefore, a novel failure mode involving three sliding zones (upper tension zone, middle shear sliding zone, and lower compression zone) was proposed. Accordingly, based on the limit equilibrium analysis, a semi-analytical framework considering the edge effect for the surficial stability of a soil slope under downslope seepage was established. Subsequently, the new failure mode was verified via a numerical finite element analysis based on the reduced strength theory with ABAQUS and some simplified methods using SLIDE software. The results obtained by the new failure mode agree well with those obtained by the numerical analysis and traditional simplified methods, and can be efficiently used to assess the surficial stability of soil slopes under rainwater seepage. Finally, an evaluation of the infinite slope method was performed using the semi-analytical method proposed in this study. The results show that the infinite slope tends to be conservative because the edge effect is neglected, particularly when the ratio of surficial slope length to depth is relatively small.     

A Case Study on the in-situ Matrix Suction Monitoring and Undisturbed-Sample Laboratory Test for the Unsaturated Colluvium Slope

Huafan University is located on the slope of the Ta-Lun Mountain area. The slope surface in this area is a colluvium soil cover layer with loose non-uniform particles, with high permeability. Because it is situated above a rapidly changing water table, the pore water pressure varies dynamically, depending on the weather conditions. In the dry season, most of the topsoil behaves in the unsaturated condition such that the matrix suction in the soil increases its shearing strength. In contrast, when heavy rainfall occurs, the seepage by precipitation tends to destroy the existing matrix suction. This reduction in soil strength frequently results in slope failure. This study, focuses on the variation of matrix suction of the colluvium soil in different precipitation conditions with varying vegetation at the campus of Huafan University. The analysis of the in-situ monitoring results and the laboratory test results for the undisturbed specimens taken from the field, with shearing strength and matrix suction taken into account. It is expected the results to be a useful reference for disaster protection on slopes.     

应用ABAQUS程序进行渗流作用下边坡稳定分析

 为进行渗流作用下的边坡稳定性分析,需考虑渗流场与应力场之间的相互耦合作用。ABAQUS有限元程序具有良好的渗流和变形耦合分析功能,能将渗流场和应力场直接进行耦合,故采用ABAQUS有限元程序结合强度折减技术进行稳定渗流作用下边坡稳定分析,得到边坡整体稳定安全系数,且利用该程序强大的后处理功能,可揭示坡体内渗流浸润面和最危险滑动面的形状和位置,为验证该方法的可靠性,与基于传统极限平衡理论的瑞典条分法和简化的Bishop法进行对比分析。实例计算结果表明,基于ABAQUS的有限元强度折减法克服传统极限平衡法的缺点,计算结果更为合理可靠,是进行渗流作用下边坡稳定这一复杂问题分析的有效方法,可为工程实践提供参考依据。同时,就土体渗透性强弱对渗流浸润面位置及边坡稳定性的影响进行大量的分析和比较,并通过计算表明有限元模型边界的选取对渗流浸润面位置及边坡稳定性都会产生影响,因此有限元建模应合理地选取计算边界。     

降雨入渗条件下的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

考虑膨胀土的开裂性,研究了雨水入渗条件下的膨胀土边坡的渗流规律,进行了相对应的稳定性分析。通过考虑和不考虑裂隙时的膨胀土边坡稳定性的比较,表明二者具有很大的差异性。通过与现场实际情况相比较说明,在研究降雨入渗条件下的膨胀土边坡稳定性时,考虑土体的开裂性是十分必要的。