大气湍流对激光通信系统的影响分析

大气湍流是影响大气激光通信系统性能的主要因素之一。在忽略光通信系统中的其它噪声且仅考虑 由大气湍流引起的系统误码率的情况下,对激光信号在大气湍流中斜程传输时的通信系统误码率(BER)、信噪比(SNR)与 对数振幅起伏之间的关系进行了研究;依据ITU--R公布的随高度变化的大气结构常数模型,用FORTRAN对信噪比和误码率在 不同波长与不同天顶角的条件下随高度的变化情况进行了数值模拟。结果表明,当传输高度相同时,用长波激光和较小的天顶角 进行斜程传输,可以有效地减小系统的误码率和增加系统的信噪比,从而提高激光的通信质量。     

大气湍流对红外探测器光电性能影响的研究

基于大气湍流受限的调制传递函数模型,研究了调制传递函数(MTF)和点扩展函数(PSF)对短波红外探测器(SWIR)、中波红外探测器(MWIR)及长波红外探测器(LWIR)光电性能的影响,并对其进行了数值模拟。结果表明：大气湍流强度对红外探测器的空间分辨率有明显影响。弱湍流对中波和长波红外探测器的光电性能影响较大,湍流受限的MIF超过衍射受限的MTF而占主要地位;探测器的空间分辨率随着其孔径及波长的增加而降低。     

湍流尺度和相干参数对传输光强的影响

文章利用交叉谱密度函数得到了部分相干光的光强表达式,利用该表达式分析了斜程大气传输中湍流内外尺度、光源相干参数、天顶角对接收光强的影响.结果表明:斜程大气传输过程中,光源相干参数ζs越大,接收光强受湍流内外尺度变化的影响越小.在传输距离小于4 km时,湍流内外尺度变化对接收光强的影响可以忽略不计.相干参数对小天顶角时的...     

准球面模式下三种激光波长冰云大气反射率特性

冰云由冰晶粒子组成,是大气的重要组成部分,研究冰云条件下大气辐射传输特性有助于理解冰云对大气探测、地空链路激光通信等方面的作用。采用最新的C语言版本离散纵标法(CDISORT),比较了太阳天顶角不同时平面平行模式和准球面模式下冰云大气激光传输的反射率差异;数值计算准球面模式下三种激光波长(065μm,106μm,155μm)入射时冰云大气反射率随冰水含量、有效半径、光学厚度、云底高度、相对方位角等因素的变化情况。结果表明:当太阳天顶角小于70°时,两种模式下冰云大气激光传输的反射率相对误差很小;当太阳天顶角大于70°时,两种模式下冰云大气激光传输的反射率相对误差明显增大。冰云大气激光传输的反射率随有效半径的增大而减小,随光学厚度或冰水含量的增大而增大。三种不同的激光波长入射时,冰云大气的平均反照率差异较大,但均值大于08。本文结果为星地激光通信、卫星遥感等工程应用提供理论支撑。     

大气湍流影响星地相干激光通信的数值仿真

由于解析法在研究相干光通信的相位补偿等问题中存在困难,采用多层相位屏分步传输的数值仿真方法研究大气湍流对星地相干光通信下行传输的影响。首先建立了卫星地面之间的大气湍流中激光传输的仿真模型,可以实现不同天顶角和不同湍流条件下的光传输仿真计算。然后用其进行地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星下行光通信的数值仿真分析,并通过与理论值的对比来检验算法的可靠性。最后结合二进制相移键控(binary phase shift keying, BPSK)相干激光通信系统的误码率（bit error rate, BER）模型,计算分析了下行激光通信信号的衰落系数和BER。     

湍流作用下地基激光清除空间碎片的影响规律

在大气湍流作用下的基础上建立了地基激光辐照小尺度空间碎片在大气中的传输模型。利用该模型对高能脉冲激光远场激光参数与天顶角的关系作了仿真分析,论述了不同束散角下大气湍流对远场激光参数的影响规律;在此基础上,建立了高能脉冲激光在靶表面的冲量耦合模型,对铝靶在激光辐照下的冲量耦合系数与天顶角的关系进行了模拟分析,并讨论了受大气湍流影响的冲量耦合系数变化量与激光脉宽的关系。     

不同天顶角的星地信道光链路误码率分析

把复杂的大气衰减和湍流效应分别等效为链路的功率损耗和接收机噪声,建立了星地级联信道光链路模型,分析了不同天顶角下大气衰减和湍流对链路误码率的影响.数值仿真结果表明:大气衰减和湍流均造成链路误码率的增大,小天顸角情况下,链路误码率对大气湍流更为敏感;而大天顶角情况下,大气衰减是造成链路误码率急剧增大的主要原因.     

单光子斜程量子信道纠缠角动量的大气湍流效应

分析了von Karman型湍流大气对量子光信道中传输的由参量下转换源生成纠缠轨道角动量态的影响。运用Rytov近似、波相位结构函数的平方近似和修正von Karman折射率起伏谱,研究了完整包含大气湍流引入振幅与位相起伏效应的斜程湍流大气通信信道中单光子纠缠轨道角动量态的测量概率模型,建立了长曝光与短曝光两种曝光条件下斜程湍流大气传输单光子纠缠轨道角动量态的测量概率理论关系。数值研究了天顶角分别为θ=π/6和θ=π/3时的长短或曝光情况下,轨道角动量态纠缠光子对联合概率随着传输距离的变化。数值结果表明：在z〈500m的传输距离内,纠缠光子对的联合检测概率随传输距离增加而快速下降,但传输距离达z〉1000m后联合检测概率几乎不再下降;结果也发现,携带轨道角动量小的纠缠光子对的联合测量概率减少率比携带轨道角动量大的纠缠光子对的联合测量概率的要小;光束传输天顶角越大,联合概率下降幅度越大。     

基于海空模型的红外热成像系统成像影响分析北大核心CSCD

基于海空红外图像提出了海空大气模型,分析并研究了大气环境对红外热成像系统成像的对比传递函数。以红外热成像系统为例,对海空大气模型中斜程路径的大气对比传递函数进行了计算,分析了观测距离、大气密度、目标海拔高度、大气程辐射、路径天顶角对大气对比传递函数的影响。实验结果表明,大气传输路径的观测距离、大气密度、大气程辐射、天顶角与大气对比传递函数成反比。该结果可以用于预估实际应用时大气对红外热成像系统的影响,为提高红外热成像系统的成像性能提供基础。     

用HJ-1B卫星数据反演地表温度的修正单通道算法

目前用于地表温度反演的单通道算法主要针对窄视场传感器建立.HJ-1B卫星红外相机为宽视场传感器,其热红外通道(IRS4)观测天顶角可达±33°以上,在地表温度反演时必须剔除传感器观测角度的影响.以大气辐射传输模拟为基础,建立了基于传感器观测天顶角-大气函数系数的修正单通道算法.针对HJ-1B卫星与Terra卫星过境时间...     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks