Discrete 3D model as complimentary numerical testing for anisotropic damage

It is proposed to use a discrete particle model as a complimentary “numerical testing machine” to identify the hydrostatic elasticity-damage coupling and the corresponding sensitivity to hydrostatic stresses parameter. Experimental tri-axial tensile testing is difficult to perform on concrete material, and numerical testing proves then its efficiency. The discrete model used for this purpose is based on a Voronoi assembly that naturally takes into account heterogeneity. Tri-tension tests on a cube specimen, based on a damage growth control, are presented. A successful identification of the hydrostatic sensitivity function of a phenomenological anisotropic damage model is obtained.     

A 3D numerical model for computing non-breaking wave forces on slender piles

In this paper a numerical model for water-wave-body interaction is validated by comparing the numerical results with laboratory data. The numerical model is based on Euler’s equation without considering the effects of energy dissipation. The Euler equations are solved by a two-step projection finite-volume scheme and the free-surface displacements are tracked by the volume-of-fluid method. The numerical model is used to simulate solitary waves as well as periodic waves and their interaction with a vertical slender pile. A very good agreement between the experimental data and numerical results is observed for the time history of free-surface displacement, fluid-particle velocity, and dynamic pressure on the pile.     

三维连通网络陶瓷电磁参数的改性

以水玻璃为溶胶、以SiO2气溶胶粉末和磁性γ-Fe2O3粉末为填料,通过浸渍挂浆、凝胶、无机化等步骤,对三维连通网络陶瓷的介电常数和磁导率进行了改性．结果表明,填加SiO2气溶胶粉末可以有效降低网络陶瓷的介电常数,控制SiO2气溶胶的填加量可以实现网络陶瓷介电常数的连续可调．填加磁性材料亦可以在一定范围内改变网络陶瓷的磁导率．在水玻璃溶胶浆料中加入不高于10％(质量分数)的SiO2气溶胶粉末,可使网络陶瓷的抗压性能显著提高;SiO2气溶胶粉末的填加量大于10％后,溶胶在网络陶瓷骨架表面及Si02颗粒之间难以形成连续结合而使网络陶瓷的抗压强度下降．     

Development of numerical phantoms by MRI for RF electromagnetic dosimetry: a female model

Numerical human models for electromagnetic dosimetry are commonly obtained by segmentation of CT or MRI images and complex permittivity values are ascribed to each issue according to literature values. The aim of this study is to provide an alternative semi-automatic method by which non-segmented images, obtained by a MRI tomographer, can be automatically related to the complex permittivity values through two frequency dependent transfer functions. In this way permittivity and conductivity vary with continuity--even in the same tissue--reflecting the intrinsic realistic spatial dispersion of such parameters. A female human model impinged by a plane wave is tested using finite-difference time-domain algorithm and the results of the total body and layer-averaged specific absorption rate are reported.     

Comparison between 3D, 2D finite element methods and analyticalcalculations for electromagnetic problems

A study is carried out to determine when 2D modeling is sufficient for a 3D problem. Numerical and analytical errors are identified for different solved problems and the effect of disregarding the length of the system is studied (i.e. regarding it as infinite). A minimum length is determined for which the 2D results are better than the 3D results     

Study on numerical approaches for the evaluation of J-Integral Results in 3D problems

For numerical analyses of fracture mechanics problems often a combination of the finite element method with a post processor program for the evaluation of J-integral values is used. Instead of calculating a line integral as originally proposed by RICE it is reasonable to evaluate surface or volume integrals (for two or three dimensional calculations, respectively) in this case. In this paper 3D-formulations proposed by DE LORENZI and ATLURI are considered and several possibilities of the numerical realisation of these formulations are described. While the De Lorenzi proposal is contained as subroutines in the GRS-version of the standard finite element program ADINA, the Atluri formulation is used in separate post-processing programs developed by GRS. As a first application three-dimensional calculations of a compact-tension-shear specimen are considered.     

U型电磁超声换能器三维仿真研究

针对U型电磁超声表面波换能器(electromagnetic acoustic transducer,EMAT)换能效率低的问题,提出一种基于三维仿真的研究方法。首先,在Maxwell软件中建立U型电磁超声无损检测激发探头三维有限元模型并进行仿真分析,研究电磁超声换能器中线圈间距、截面积以及提离距离和磁铁类型及几何参数对换能效率的影响。结果表明:在使用蛇形线圈和U型磁铁作为电磁超声表面波换能器的情况下,减小线圈的提离距离、线圈截面积,适当增大线圈间距可以提高EMAT换能效率;此外,正交方差分析法对U型永磁铁的几何参数研究表明,U型永磁铁的宽度对换能效率的影响显著。     

基于Maxwell 3D的汽车空调压缩机电磁离合器电磁力仿真研究

以SEBX15汽车空调压缩机为设计原型,应用Ansoft Maxwell对基于三维静磁场的汽车空调压缩机电磁离合器的电磁力进行仿真计算,旨在研究线圈安匝数、气隙、吸盘隔磁槽槽宽、间距和内圈半径等几个因素对电磁离合器所产生的电磁力的影响,为汽车空调压缩机电磁离合器的设计和选配工作提供理论依据。     

压电复合材料三维壳体简化数值建模研究

为有效分析三维压电复合材料壳体结构非线性、 单向耦合压电弹性问题, 基于变分渐近方法(VAM)建立了壳体结构在机械和电场作用下的简化模型。推导了基于旋转张量分解概念的压电复合材料三维壳体能量表达式; 利用变分渐近法将三维壳体严格拆分为二维壳体线性分析和沿法线方向的一维非线性分析; 进行了降维后近似能量推导及Reissner-Mindlin形式转换; 提供了三维场重构关系以得到沿厚度方向的准确应力分布。通过对由4层压电复合材料构成的壳体柱形弯曲算例分析表明: 基于该理论和重构过程开发的变分渐近程序VAPAS重构生成的三维应力场精确性较一阶剪切变形理论和古典层合理论更好, 与三维有限元精确解相吻合, 表明该压电复合材料壳体模型的有效性。      

3D lattice type fracture model for concrete

A 3D beam lattice model is used for simulating fracture processes in concrete, which is schematized as a three-phase material (aggregate, interfacial transition zone and matrix). Numerical experiments are conducted varying the particle density. The obtained results show that, with increasing particle density, the peak-load decreases and the response is more ductile. This appears to be related to the amount of de-bonding. As a matter of fact, when the strength of the interface transition zone is set equal to the strength of the matrix, neither the peak-load nor the ductility of the lattice response are influenced by the particle density.     

3D numerical model of snow deformation without failure and its application to cold room mechanical tests

A three-dimensional model developed for the slow deformation, without macroscopic failure, of a stratified snow cover has been used to simulate laboratory mechanical tests performed on sieved snow. The model is based on a non-linear visco-elastic constitutive law for snow whose parameters depend on the snow temperature and density. Snow densification is derived from the bulk viscous strain. The model has been implemented in the Flac3D finite-difference code. The experimental device is a convergent channel in which snow is forced at a constant velocity in the range 1–100 μm s^− 1. Although snow is compressed under plane strain conditions, the channel geometry allows obtaining a multi-axial stress-state. Since the testing conditions involve ranges of variation of both the snow density and the strain-rate wider than those encountered for a natural snowpack, the constitutive relations of the model had to be modified. In this paper we present the constitutive model for snow, some details about its implementation into the Flac3D code, and its application to the numerical simulation of the mechanical tests. The comparison of the model and experimental results shows a relatively good agreement, although snow microstructure is accounted for only through its density. However, the treatment of the non-linearity of the viscosity must be improved. This 3D numerical model can be regarded as an interesting tool for assessing a constitutive law for snow on the basis of cold-room experiments, as well as for studying natural snow covers.     

3D numerical model of snow deformation without failure and its application to cold room mechanical tests

A three-dimensional model developed for the slow deformation, without macroscopic failure, of a stratified snow cover has been used to simulate laboratory mechanical tests performed on sieved snow. The model is based on a non-linear visco-elastic constitutive law for snow whose parameters depend on the snow temperature and density. Snow densification is derived from the bulk viscous strain. The model has been implemented in the Flac3D finite-difference code. The experimental device is a convergent channel in which snow is forced at a constant velocity in the range 1–100 μm s^− 1. Although snow is compressed under plane strain conditions, the channel geometry allows obtaining a multi-axial stress-state. Since the testing conditions involve ranges of variation of both the snow density and the strain-rate wider than those encountered for a natural snowpack, the constitutive relations of the model had to be modified. In this paper we present the constitutive model for snow, some details about its implementation into the Flac3D code, and its application to the numerical simulation of the mechanical tests. The comparison of the model and experimental results shows a relatively good agreement, although snow microstructure is accounted for only through its density. However, the treatment of the non-linearity of the viscosity must be improved. This 3D numerical model can be regarded as an interesting tool for assessing a constitutive law for snow on the basis of cold-room experiments, as well as for studying natural snow covers.     

3D numerical simulations of thermodiffusion experiment for a ternary mixture on-board foton

The phenomenon of mass flux in a mixture due to a temperature gradient is known as the Soret effect. Accurate experimental and theoretical models are needed for a better understanding and effective characterisation of situations involving coupled transport processes as in hydrocarbon reservoirs. This requires precise knowledge of the transport coefficients particularly the Fick and Soret diffusion coefficients. We have investigated the effect of residual-g and (very) low-frequency g-jitters encountered on-board spacecraft FOTON on mass-thermo-fluid dynamics in the presence of Soret effect. Results revealed that the diffusion process is slightly affected by the g-jitter on board the FOTON platform, which indicates that FOTON is a good platform to conduct near perfect microgravity environment.     

An electromagnetic model for eddy-current imaging

In this paper, a model is presented for the interaction between an eddy-current probe system and a localized flaw in a test piece. The model is expressed in terms of the electromagnetic fields generated by the probe in the absence of the flaw, which are evaluated on an imaging surface near or on the surface of the test piece. Assuming that the quasistatic fields scattered by the flaw are proportional to immittance coefficients that are independent of the probe position, explicit expressions for the point-spread functions of the probe are derived. Knowledge of these functions permits one to optimize probe design and identify appropriate image-processing techniques. In contrast with optical image processing, it is shown that more than one point-spread function may be required to characterize a flaw image produced by an eddy-current probe.     

A numerical method for determining electromagnetic fields in cracked metals

We improve the numerical algorithm of the solution of a three-dimensional hypersingular integral equation of first kind based on the collocation method. The efficiency of the developed approach is shown. We also give some numerical results and their interpretation. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 85–93, March–April, 2007.     

Derivation of 3D masonry properties using numerical homogenization technique

Lots of research work has been conducted on homogenization technique, which derives global homogenized properties of masonry from the behaviour of the constitutive materials (brick and mortar). Such a technique mainly focused on two‐dimensional media in the previous studies with the out‐of‐plane properties of masonry material neglected. In this paper, homogenization technique and damage mechanics theory are used to model a three‐dimensional masonry basic cell to numerically derive the equivalent elastic properties, strength envelope, and failure characteristics of masonry material. The basic cell is modelled with distinctive consideration of non‐linear material properties of mortar and brick. Various displacement boundaries are applied on the basic cell surfaces in the numerical simulation. The detailed material properties of mortar and brick are modelled in a finite element program in the numerical analysis. The stress–strain relations of masonry material under various conditions are obtained from the simulation. The homogenized elastic properties and failure characteristics of masonry material are derived from the simulation results. The homogenized 3D model is then utilized to analyse the response of a masonry panel to airblast loads. The same panel is also analysed with distinctive material modelling. The efficiency and accuracy of the homogenized model are demonstrated. The homogenized material properties and failure model can be used to model large‐scale masonry structure response. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.