Multifunctional integrated photonic switches

Traditional optical-electronic-optical (o-e-o) conversion in today's optical networks requires cascading separately packaged electronic and optoelectronic chips and propagating high-speed electrical signals through and between these discrete modules. This increases the packaging and component costs, size, power consumption, and heat dissipation. As a remedy, we introduce a novel, chip-scale photonic switching architecture that operates by confining high-speed electrical signals in a compact optoelectronic chip and provides multiple network functions on such a single chip. This new technology features low optical and electrical power consumption, small installation space, high-speed operation, two-dimensional scalability, and remote electrical configurability. We present both theoretical and experimental discussion of our monolithically integrated photonic switches that incorporate quantum-well waveguide modulators directly driven by on-chip surface-illuminated photodetectors. These switches can be conveniently arrayed two-dimensionally on a single chip to realize a number of network functions. Of those, we have experimentally demonstrated arbitrary wavelength conversion across 45 nm and dual-wavelength broadcasting over 20 nm, both spanning the telecommunication center band (1530-1565 nm) at switching speeds up to 2.5 Gb/s. Our theoretical calculations predict the capability of achieving optical switching at rates in excess of 10 Gb/s using milliwatt-level optical and electrical switching powers.     

Electrical injury: mechanisms, manifestations, and therapy

Human contact with strong electrical power sources often results in complex injury patterns which have been difficult to explain and even more difficult for survivors to overcome. Fundamentally, there are two basic modes of tissue injury: direct effects of strong electric fields on proteins and cellular structures and indirect effects related to joule heating. Historically, tissue injury due to direct effects of electric forces have received no consideration with respect to understanding electrical injury. Recently, substantial progress has been made in understanding this aspect. The structural characteristics of nerve and skeletal muscle tissue renders them particularly vulnerable to injury by supraphysiological electric fields. How the injury manifests from the combination of thermal and electric effects depends on several variables including the tissue field strength, duration of exposure, frequency, and current path. This review describes the destructive changes to cellular structure resulting from exposure to commercial electrical power sources and the resulting manifestations at the organ system level. Finally, several important new therapeutic approaches to treat and possibly reverse the molecular alterations of electrical shock are discussed.     

特高压大跨越架空线路三维工频电场计算

1000kV特高压输电线路跨越江河时,线路的档距和弧垂均较大,为了解线路周围的电场确定线路最小对地高度,引入线性单元模拟电荷法,同时考虑铁塔的影响,根据悬链线方程建立了特高压大跨越线路的模型,采用三维电场的计算方法计算了线路周围的工频电场分布。三维电场方法与二维电场方法的计算和对比分析结果表明:对于特高压普通架空线路,采用二维电场方法与采用三维电场方法所得的计算结果基本相等,均可满足工程要求;对于特高压大跨越线路,采用三维电场方法计算可以更准确地反映大跨越线路的电场分布,提高工程的设计精度。     

真空中固体绝缘沿面闪络现象的研究进展

针对长期以来高电场下复合绝缘系统的耐电性能受绝缘材料的沿面闪络现象所限制,严重制约了很多电气电子系统的整体性能的现状,迫切需要深入研究真空中绝缘子沿面闪络现象,为此,综述了国内外相关研究现状和进展,认为此现象是一种发生在高电场下的复杂界面(电极与材料的交界面)和表面(材料的表面)的物理现象。闪络过程在本质上反映出高电场下的电荷行为,由体内(材料的表层内)和体外(材料的表面及表面以上)2过程支配。需综合考虑绝缘材料的介电常数、电阻率、二次电子发射特性、表面陷阱分布等影响因素,进而提出表征和改善真空中沿面闪络特性的综合评价体系,最终达到认识新的物理现象并将之有效调控的目的。     

Surface charges on alumina in vacuum with varying surface roughness and electric field distribution

We investigated the charging characteristics of alumina in vacuum with varying surface roughness, and the electric field distribution. The charging on the alumina surface in vacuum is, in general, strongly influenced by field electron emission (FEE) and secondary electron emission avalanche (SEEA). We varied the surface roughness and the electric field distribution on the alumina surface in order to control the FEE and the SEEA. Under these conditions, we measured the 2-dimensional distribution of surface charging potential on the alumina surface. From the measurement results, we quantitatively discussed charge polarity and charge density on the surface for various types of electric field distributions. Finally, we successfully propose a concept of a charging control technique on the alumina insulator in vacuum for the improvement of electrical insulation performance on the alumina surface.     

Space charge behavior in low density polyethylene at pre-breakdown

It has been known that the electrical breakdown of insulating materials is strongly affected by the formation of space charge in the bulk of the materials. Many researchers have attempted to study the relationship between the space charge and the breakdown; however, it has not been clarified yet. Although the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method has been widely used to observe space charge profiles, previous works have not shown clear evidence of the influence of the space charge on the breakdown. Therefore, we have developed a new PEA system with an interval of 0.5 ms to observe the space charge distribution continuously under the ultra-high electric field. Using this system, we observed the space charge dynamics in the low-density polyethylene (LDPE) at and around the breakdown. We also investigated the dependence of the applied electric field on space charge behavior. From the results, it is found that the injected charge packet moved faster and deeper under a relatively lower electric field rather than that under a higher electric field. Furthermore, we found that the maximum electric field in each specimen was almost the same when the breakdown happened in a specimen.     

Electrorheological properties of anisotropically filled elastomers

We report the results of numerical simulations for the change of both mechanical and electrical properties of elastomers with anisotropically filled polarizable particles under capacitively graded electric and mechanical fields. Such composites have potential applications in electromechanical control. We have used numerical techniques to study the effect of particle shape, permittivity/conductivity ratio, and spatial arrangement on the shear modulus as a function of the electric field. We also investigated the influence of the high field and nonlinear conductivity in the polymer matrix. The results indicate that electrostatic energy and changes therein, which result in electro-rheological effects, are concentrated between particles, and that the electrostatic interaction between the particles is concentrated in a very narrow regime at the tip of the particles, The interaction increases with the electric field intensity until the field between the particles is high enough to cause nonlinear electrical conduction in the polymer, resulting in a redistribution of the electric field and electrostatic energy     

描述高压直流电缆绝缘材料电导率的公式比较

以高压直流交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polymeric,XLPE)电缆为研究对象,研究讨论了现阶段描述直流电压下绝缘材料电导率公式对XLPE材料的适用情况。首先基于两种不同电导率公式推导了稳态下高压直流电缆中电场反转的临界温差、绝缘层温度分布、电场、电导率和距离电缆中心的乘积以及绝缘层电场分布,并通过比较有限元仿真结果和公式计算结果证明了所推公式的可靠性。然后通过对不同电导率公式计算值的比较,以及不同公式在相同条件下引起的绝缘材料热电特性,证明了公式互换的可能性。     

Dielectrophoretic manipulation of particles

We have demonstrated that, in general, the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force experienced by a particle has two components. The first depends upon inhomogeneities in the applied electrical field strength and upon the in-phase part of the resultant dipole moment induced in the particle and can be identified with the conventional dielectrophoretic (cDEP) force. The second relates to nonuniformities in the phase distribution of the applied field and to the out-of-phase part of the induced dipole moment. A nonuniform phase distribution corresponds to a field that travels through space. This second force component gives rise to traveling-wave dielectrophoresis (twDEP). In this paper, we describe several electrode configurations designed to produce electric fields capable of inducing cDEP and twDEP forces for the purpose of manipulating particles. Using DS19 Friend murine erythroleukemia cells as test particles having well-characterized dielectric properties, we investigated the electrokinetic behaviors for these electrodes as a function of frequency and electrode excitation mode. Several characteristic cell electrokinetic behaviors were identified, including trapping, linear motion, levitation, and circulation of the cells, depending on the excitation characteristics of the electrodes and the cell dielectric properties. We describe these findings and rationalize them in terms of the field distributions produced by the electrodes, the particle dielectric properties, and generalized dielectrophoresis theory. The biotechnological applications of dielectrophoretic manipulation are then discussed     

The effect of porosity on the electric strength of heat-resistantconcrete

In many applications where both high temperature and high electrical stress exist, little is known about the interaction of the electrical and thermal properties of the materials involved. This paper is a study of this interaction for a material which we call a concrete, and is a fine alumina powder mixed with a cement, i.e. calcium aluminate (CaOAl₂O₃) slurry, which cures in the same manner as a concrete. The porosity of the product depends upon the relative volume of the hydrated cement to the volume of the spaces between the alumina particles, and the shapes of the pores may be changed by choosing the mix of various particle sizes of alumina particles. In this study, specimens of this material were cast between uniform field electrodes in one case, and between nonuniform field electrodes in the other, cured and dried to remove residual moisture, and tested for electric strength. It is well known that the electric strength of porous materials is low and nearly the same as the electric strength of the gap between the same electrodes in air in the absence of the solid porous material. This paper shows that for this material and only at porosities <20%, as measured by a mercury porosimeter, does the electric strength become larger than that of air and become a significant function of the porosity and of the distribution of pore volume among pores of differing equivalent pore diameter. The uniformity of the field had no noticeable effect     

基于ANSYS的GIS隔离开关短路事故分析

笔者基于一起真实的GIS短路事故,对隔离开关动静触头不对中造成的屏蔽罩变形和弹簧断裂作了认真分析,并采用ANSYS软件对屏蔽罩变形情况进行了电场仿真计算。分析发现GIS内部绝缘强度对电场畸变非常敏感,任何外界因素改变GIS内部的电场均匀性,都会造成电场强度超过允许值,造成内部绝缘击穿。     

Network Analogs of Maxwell's Field Equations in One and Two Dimensions

Network analogs are developed representing Maxwell's equations in the time domain for one and two spatial dimensions. Maxwell's equations are first cast into matrix form. Then the connection between these matrices and the branch node incidence matrix of the equivalent network is made. Next, the relationship between the field variables (electric and magnetic fields) and the across and through variables (currents and voltages) of the network is demonstrated, resulting in Ohm's law for electromagnetic fields in the time domain. Although not required for the derivation, the connected graphs (electrical circuits) of the network analogs are shown. Finally, the appropriate network analog is applied to the practical problem of determining the transient response of a dipole antenna to an incident electromagnetic field.     

Evidence of strong correlation between space-charge buildup andbreakdown in cable insulation

Many processes have been considered over the years to explain the origin of breakdown in cable insulation. Such effects as space charge build-up, tree growth, charge injection, etc. have all been discussed. Various techniques are now available to measure, in a nondestructive way, space charge distributions in insulators. These techniques, for instance the pressure wave propagation (PWP) method, can be used under applied electric stress and thus make it possible to follow the development of space charge in selected regions of the insulators. In this paper we present new evidence linking space charge buildup, tree growth and breakdown in XLPE. We have used the PWP method to monitor the charge distribution as a function of time under dc stress in high insulating thickness cable. We show that for certain insulation systems the space charge buildup can increases the local field to a value which is more than 8× the applied electric field, leading to breakdown. Post-mortem analysis followed by optical microscopy shows the presence of electrical trees, the breakdown channel being centered on one of them. The study of space charge evolution in practical insulations permits an understanding of the role of space charge in dc breakdowns. This understanding enables the development of technologies to suppress this effect and hence realize practical dc XLPE transmission cables     

裂芯式磁阀电抗器的电抗特性研究

以500kVar／10kV裂芯式磁阀电抗器的设计参数为研究背景,分析了磁路与电路之间的参数耦合关系,推导了直流偏磁电流幅值与晶闸管控制角之间的关系,阐述了直流偏磁对电工钢片的磁阻与绕组电抗的影响。根据线性分段原理,对宝钢B30G120电工钢片作为铁芯的磁阀电抗器的绕组电流进行了仿真分析,同时与实际运行电流波形进行了对比分析,并得出了相关结论。     

特高压复合绝缘子电场计算及基于神经网络遗传算法的均压环结构优化设计

为了满足超/特高压大容量输电技术的发展需求,研究复合绝缘子的电场分布,寻找合理的电场优化措施已成为影响输电线路安全运行的关键因素。利用有限元法(FEM)建立了工程实际应用情况下特高压(UHV)交流输电线路复合绝缘子的单串、双串和V串电场计算模型,在考虑横担、分裂导线和均压环及其金具连接情况下,对复合绝缘子的电位和沿面电场分布进行了计算。针对特高压复合绝缘子电位分布极不均匀,且最大沿面电场强度大大超过电晕起始场强的情况,分析了不同的均压环配合方式对复合绝缘子沿面电场分布的影响。针对单串绝缘子下的计算结果,引入神经网络遗传算法(BP-GA),对均压环的结构参数进行了优化设计,利用BP神经网络的高度非线性映射能力直接计算遗传算法的适应度函数值,解决了穷举法计算时间冗长的问题。计算结果表明:加装均压环能够大大降低最大沿面电场强度,明显改善复合绝缘子沿面电位和电场的分布;通过遗传算法优化后的均压环结构参数,能使均压环表面场强和绝缘子沿面场强均小于电晕起始场强,为特高压绝缘子均压环的选取提供了一种可靠、实用的设计方法,可为我国特高压输电线路外绝缘优化设计提供新的参考。     

Charge behavior in flowing oil in oil/ pressboard insulation system by electro-optic field measurement

The electrical insulation structure of most power transformers is a combination of insulating oil and solid materials. One of the crucial problems we face in transformer operation is flow electrification, which occurs at a flowing oil/solid material interface. Thus, for the transformer insulation design, we need to clarify the now electrification phenomena. In this paper, we measured the electric field strength in an oil/pressboard composite insulation system using an electro-optic method of the Kerr effect. We obtained the time variation of electric field distribution in both flowing uncharged and charged oil. It is notable that we could quantitatively clarify the electric field distortion in flowing charged oil by flow electrification. Furthermore, we measured the leakage current from divided electrodes and derived a charge density distribution along the flow direction. Finally, we quantitatively discussed the electric field distribution and the charge behavior from the measurement results.     

Development of three-dimensional electric field analysis by segment arrangement based on a charge simulation method

This paper describes the development of three-dimensional electric field analysis by using the so-called segment method which enables the electric field to be calculated with high accuracy and with enhanced efficiency, for high-voltage apparatus. In the segment method, electrode configuration of high-voltage apparatus is simulated by small components which are called segments and by the arrangement of several kinds of such segments. In this calculation, the charge simulation method is used which is suitable for segment application. As basic segments, spherical, cylindrical and ring segments are used and in addition to these, as subsegments, disc and elbow segments are adopted for good simulation of the total electrode configuration. In this paper, the fundamental construction and arrangement parameter of segments were discussed. Moreover, the segment method was applied to an actual high-voltage apparatus and the calculation accuracy was discussed. It was clarified that the segment method has sufficient calculation accuracy and is a very efficient means for three-dimensional electric field analysis.     

Degradation Uniformity of RF-Power GaAs PHEMTs Under Electrical Stress

We have studied the electrical degradation of RF-power PHEMTs by means of in situ 2-D light-emission measurements. Electroluminescence originates in the recombination of holes that have been generated by impact ionization. The local light intensity, thus, maps the electric-field distribution at the drain side of the device. This allows us to probe the uniformity of electrical degradation due to electric-field-driven mechanisms. We find that electrical degradation proceeds in a highly nonuniform manner across the width of the device. In an initial phase, degradation takes place preferentially toward the center of the gate finger. In advanced stages of degradation, the edges of the device degrade at a preferential rate. We identify the origin of this behavior as a small systematic nonuniformity in the recess geometry that impacts the magnitude of the electric field on the drain of the device. Our research suggests that a close examination of the width distribution of electric field in RF-power PHEMTs (and FETs in general) is essential to enhance their long-term reliability.     

Analysis of Stress Control on 33-kV Non-ceramic Insulators Using Finite-element Method

In this article, analysis of electric field stress and electric potential distributions of a 33-kV composite insulator and factors that affect the electric field are discussed. Accordingly, the article is classified into two parts. In the first part, the designs of three different configurations of non-ceramic (composite) insulator based on their geometry modification in end fittings and water shed are discussed. The electrical performances are analyzed using electric field and electrical potential distribution. In the second part, a reduction of the electric field near the end fittings is done to control the electric field stress intended for long-term performance. For that, the grading material is placed between the core and housing materials by fitting the arcing horn near the end fittings. A 33-kV composite insulator is modeled in two dimensions by the finite-element method to investigate the electric field and electric potential distribution under normal and polluted conditions. The results reveal that an optimum installation of an arcing horn at the high-voltage end in the composite insulator with silicone rubber overlapping the edges of metal end fittings made a significant reduction in electric field stress on 33-kV non-ceramic insulators.     

局部放电UHF检测仪校准方法研究

针对GIS开展的UHF法局部放电检测是目前主流的带电检测方法之一,现阶段局部放电UHF检测仪偏重于对局部放电的定性判断,迫切需要建立量值溯源链并评价检测结果的可信度。本文参考IEEE推荐的电场强度校准方法,对局部放电UHF检测仪关键参量的量值溯源方法和平台进行了研究。对电气设备内部的电场信号采样,根据示值与场强的对应关系换算出被试品测得的电场强度。通过校准平台,将被试品与标准电场强度进行比对,得出被试品的测量误差为-3.74 d B~+2.98 d B。试验表明基于传递标准和稳态电场校准局部放电UHF检测仪主要参量的方法是可行的。