X70管线钢不同温度下断裂韧性实验研究

以三维弹塑性断裂理论为基础，对有限厚度板裂纹端部应力场、三维应力约束进行了分析，通过对不同厚度、不同初始裂纹长度在不同温度下三点弯曲试件的断裂韧性测试断口观测和理论分析获得如下结果：离面约束对裂尖应力场及断裂韧性有强烈的影响；断口均产生分层裂纹，其位置、大小和数量与试样厚度、温度和裂纹初始长度有关；温度较低时，分层裂纹距主裂纹根部一定距离，分层裂纹宽度较小，对厚度效应影响较小；温度较高时，分层裂纹首先出现在主裂纹根部，分层裂纹宽度较大且充分张开，降低了试样的有效厚度，对X70管线钢进行性能评价时必须考虑管道壁厚、层裂和环境温度的耦合作用。     

X70管线钢冲击韧性实验研究

通过不同实验温度下的不同厚度、不同缺口取向含V型缺口试样夏比冲击实验和宏观断口分析，研究X70高韧性管线钢的冲击韧性的厚度、缺口取向和温度与分层裂纹耦合效应。结果表明：X70管线钢具有严重的各向异性现象，其在平行钢板表面方向和沿钢板厚度方向力学性能差异较大。分层裂纹主要是试样中材料固有的片状缺陷所致，有确定的方向性，同时与温度又有密切的关系，但分层裂纹的产生对X70管线钢的冲击韧性都是有益的。当裂纹扩展方向与厚度方向的相对方位改变时，分层裂纹效应亦将改变，实际的冲击韧性也改变。因此，应用单一试样厚度、单一缺口方向和单一的实验温度的表观冲击韧性数据进行管道结构的安全评定可靠性较差，必须考虑管道的温度、管壁厚度和缺陷方向的耦合效应。     

X60管线钢非穿透裂纹体的断裂研究

对X60管线钢进行了不同形状的表面裂纹、单边和双边角裂纹等非穿透裂纹形式的断裂实验,结合断理解理论分析和断口宏微观分析,探讨了穿透裂纹的断裂实验数据用于一般三维形态裂纹体断裂的可行性,结果发现,裂纹在起裂后并不连续扩展,而是严重钝化,发生明显预缩后才失稳扩展;各种非穿透裂纹体断裂过程中,由于裂纹在起始和不同扩展阶段与厚度方向的相对方位不同,导致三维约束效应与分层裂纹的耦合效应不同;各理解纹形式下的起裂临界应力强度因子值比穿透理解纹的平均值低9．6％－45％,导致三维约束效与分层裂纹的耦合效应不同;各裂纹形式下的起裂临界应力强度因子值比穿透理裂纹的平均值低9．6％－45％,研究表明基于穿透裂纹实验数据得到的名义断裂韧性不是客观的断裂评定指标,而是随几何形状、尺寸、理解纹取向等变量而变化,因而不能作为管道断裂评定的控制参量。     

Propagating of Unloaded Indentation Crack in PZT—5H Ferroelectric Ceramics Under Single or Combined Mechanical and Electric Loadings

研究了不同极化状态下PZT-5H铁电陶瓷压痕裂纹在应力和电场单独作用以及耦合作用下的扩展行为结果表明, 压痕裂纹残余应力引起的应力场强度因子近似等于断裂韧性.对沿长度方向极化的试样,正、负电场均能引起压痕裂纹的扩展,但正电场的作用更大.电场和应力的耦合作用表现为对应力的线性叠加.电场引起的内应力σin=(?)YE/[1.16(1-v2)Ec],式中(?)=(2.75=5.71)×10-4,与PZT的极化状态有关.     

时效时间对Al-Cu-Li-Zr-Ce合金断裂机制影响的半定量研究

以Al-Cu-Li-Zr-Ce合金为研究对象,采用半定量分析统计方法,研究其断裂韧性机制,重点讨论时效时间和裂尖应力状态对合金分层开裂机制的影响。结果表明:随时效时间延长,起始区分层开裂特征所占比例越大,韧窝比例越小,甚至出现准解理特征;稳态扩展区,分层开裂为主要开裂机制;近失稳扩展区,分层比例下降,准解理逐渐成为主要断裂特征。随时效时间延长和裂纹扩展,分层厚度减小。分层裂纹的产生及扩展与主裂纹扩展及合金的时效时间有密切的关系。断裂韧性试样断口上分层比例较高时,合金可以获得较高的强度,同时保持相对较高的韧性。     

应力腐蚀开裂过程中的表面形变

应力腐蚀开裂是一种比较复杂的现象,不仅与裂纹尖端的力学状态有关,而且与裂纹尖端附近的腐蚀介质条件及受应力腐蚀的材料的性质和状态有关。按照断裂力学的观点,即使对于厚度满足平面应变条件的试样,在受载后,试样表面层也并不处于平面应变状态,而是处于平面应力状态.对于这种试样进行应力腐蚀试验,单从力学因素来说,裂纹应优先在试样厚度中心部位(处于三轴应力状态)处扩展,在试样表面层,由     

紧凑拉伸Be试样应力和断裂行为研究

利用X射线应力分析仪和在线加载装置测试了紧凑拉伸(compacttension,CT)Be试样缺口前端的应力分布,利用万能拉伸试验机、引伸计和扫描电镜研究了紧凑拉伸Be试样的断裂行为.研究表明:样品加工缺陷如缺口在载荷作用下形成应力集中,样品首先在此开裂,获得了紧凑拉伸铍试样的载荷-裂纹张开曲线和平面应变断裂韧性为15.4MPa√m.扫描电镜观察表明Be断口呈现解理特征,紧凑拉伸试样断口呈现出3个特征区.裂纹尖端扩展观察表明沿基滑移面形成解理微裂纹,这些微裂纹长大后受主应力控制.利用断裂韧性评估了Be材存在微裂纹时的断裂强度.     

涂层厚度对再制造零件失效形式的影响

目的研究不同厚度涂层的再制造零件在弯曲疲劳情况下的失效形式。方法利用电弧喷涂对零件进行再制造处理,并进行四点弯曲疲劳实验,利用扫描电镜对不同厚度涂层的再制造零件断口形貌进行观察,研究不同厚度涂层的疲劳裂纹萌生、扩展以及断裂方式。结果疲劳裂纹萌生形式主要为多源疲劳失效,在疲劳裂纹的扩展过程中,不同平面内扩展的裂纹相交,形成了台阶形貌。当涂层厚度为100、200μm时,裂纹主要萌生于四点弯曲实验中应力最集中的部位,萌生于涂层和基体之间,并逐渐地向涂层和基体扩展,直至试样断裂。而涂层厚度为300、400μm时,裂纹萌生部位主要集中于四点弯曲疲劳试验中应力最大部位的两侧,并呈对称式分布,裂纹在界面处连接,使得涂层和基体产生分层现象,之后分层部位处裂纹沿着基体方向扩展,直至试样断裂。结论涂层厚度不同,整个系统的失效模式也不同。对于较薄的涂层,裂纹模式主要为垂直于涂层-基体界面的裂纹,此时拉伸失效占主导。对于较厚的涂层,界面裂纹为主要的裂纹模式,此时剪切失效占主导。     

TA15(ELI)钛合金厚板损伤容限性能研究

研究了两相区双重退火工艺对β相区加工的TA15(ELI)(Extra Low Interstitial,低间隙元素含量)钛合金厚试样的断裂韧性和裂纹扩展速率的影响.结果表明,β相区加工、两相区双重退火的钛合金试样具有很高的断裂韧性和较低的裂纹扩展速率.这主要是由于在该加工和热处理工艺下获得了片层状组织.随着退火温度升高,α片层厚度的增加,疲劳裂纹扩展速率降低,断裂韧性升高.对疲劳裂纹扩展试样断口分析表明,在预裂区和疲劳裂纹稳态扩展区,裂纹以准解理方式扩展.     

SURFACE DEFORMATION IN THE COURSE OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING

<正> 应力腐蚀开裂是一种比较复杂的现象,不仅与裂纹尖端的力学状态有关,而且与裂纹尖端附近的腐蚀介质条件及受应力腐蚀的材料的性质和状态有关。按照断裂力学的观点,即使对于厚度满足平面应变条件的试样,在受载后,试样表面层也并不处于平面应变状态,而是处于平面应力状态.对于这种试样进行应力腐蚀试验,单从力学因素来说,裂纹应优先在试样厚度中心部位(处于三轴应力状态)处扩展,在试样表面层,由     

Out-of-Plane Constraint Effect on the Fracture Toughness of Single Edge Notch Tension SpecimensEI北大核心CSCD

The crack-tip stress and strain fields of single edge notch tension (SENT) specimen are similar to those of the full-scale pipe containing surface cracks under longitudinal tension and/or internal pressure. It is well known that material's fracture toughness is not constant, and the specimen size has a significant influence on fracture toughness. It is thus essential to consider the transferability from fracture specimens in laboratory testing to practical structures, i.e., size effects or constraint effects. However, the specimen dimensions for SENT specimens recommended by current design procedures have not validated the out-of-plane constraint effect on the fracture toughness. In this work, the effect of specimen thickness on the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) of SENT specimen was investigated using an API X90 grade steel. Full-field deformation measurement by digital image correlation (DIC) technique and stretching zone width (SZW) examination were performed to analyze the size effects on fracture toughness. The results show that the critical crack initiation toughness is highly sensitive to specimen thickness, and decreases significantly as specimen thickness increases until the thickness-to-width ratio (B/W) equals to 4, beyond which the effect of specimen thickness becomes relatively weak. As the specimen thickness increases, the maximum longitudinal strain and stretching zone width decrease sharply, and the location of high-strain zones changes significantly; when B/W >= 3, strain is initiated from the area oppo-site the cracked side rather than from the crack tip, indicating a strong loss of plasticity for thicker specimens. A dimension size is recommended for the fracture toughness testing to take the out-of-plane constraint into account for SENT specimen.     

Laminated particulate-reinforced aluminum composites with improved toughness

An architectural approach for toughening discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA) alloys is described. It is based upon exploiting the higher apparent toughness of thin DRA lamina to obtain a laminate of higher thickness and toughness. The laminated composite consisted of alternate layers of a 7093/SiC/15p DRA, and an unreinforced aluminum–manganese alloy, 3003. Fracture toughness tests in the crack divider configuration showed a toughness improvement of 79% in an underaged condition and an improvement of 53% in the peak-aged condition compared to the monolithic DRA. Fractographic observations of the primary void size, and its close correspondence with the fracture surface of thin specimens, provided evidence that the individual DRA lamina indeed experienced sufficient loss of constraint in the thickness direction. This was further confirmed by observations of delamination in the fast fracture domain. However, the bond strength was quite good, as evidenced by very little delamination in the fatigue crack growth region, and by a lack of such damage in tension specimens. In essence, the laminate behaved as a smart structure, being resistant to failure under normal conditions, but allowing full loss of constraint in the severe stress–strain field ahead of a loaded crack. Modeling efforts were consistent with a reduction of hydrostatic stress, through the loss of out-of-plane constraint for the laminas, although the predicted level of toughness improvement was lower than observed. Overall, this study clearly demonstrates that the fracture toughness of laminated composites can be engineered based on the understanding of constraint effects associated with specimen thickness in the DRA composite.     

基于拘束的X80钢裂纹扩展阻力曲线构建

对于管道中的裂纹,由于其裂纹尖端拘束水平低,使用单边缺口弯曲试样、紧凑拉伸试样所测得的裂纹扩展阻力曲线对管道进行断裂评估,得到的结果趋于保守. 文中采用裂纹深度不同的单边缺口拉伸试样,探讨了裂纹深度对裂纹扩展阻力曲线的影响. 采用有限元分析,计算了裂纹深度不同的单边缺口试样的裂纹尖端拘束水平. 最后,基于裂纹尖端的拘束水平,所构建的裂纹扩展阻力曲线能更加准确地表征管道中裂纹的扩展阻力曲线.     

试样尺寸对铁路车轮钢断裂韧度测试结果影响

使用不同尺寸的CT试样测试ER6铁路车轮钢的断裂韧度，并通过有限元方法分析试验过程中试样平面应变层厚度和裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸随CT试样尺寸的变化规律。研究发现，使用厚度为30～50 mm的CT试样测试ER6车轮钢的平面应变断裂韧度，均无法满足平面应变和小范围屈服条件；增加试样厚度可增大平面应变层区域，减小小范围屈服区，从而有效缓解P-V曲线弹性段的弯曲，使测试结果更接近ER6车轮钢的真实断裂韧度水平。     

微裂纹缺陷对CVD金刚石涂层微刀具损伤失效的影响研究

目的 研究微裂纹缺陷在CVD金刚石涂层中的扩展规律,揭示CVD金刚石涂层微刀具的涂层脱落机理.方法 基于ABAQUS开展预置涂层内部竖直微裂纹和涂层基底界面水平微裂纹的CVD金刚石涂层单向拉伸有限元仿真,分析单裂纹和多裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端的应力分布和应力强度因子变化规律.开展CVD金刚石涂层刀具微铣削Ti6Al4V实...     

NONLOCAL THEORY STUDY ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

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