乌鲁木齐市售面粉铅、镉含量分析及居民复合暴露风险评估

明确乌鲁木齐市市售主要品牌面粉的重金属铅、镉含量,评估居民膳食铅、镉复合暴露风险。以乌鲁木齐市市售的天山、金西域、帅奇、仓麦园四种品牌小麦面粉为研究对象,2013年共采集70份面粉样品,用微波消解-原子吸收法测定铅、镉元素含量;用目标危害系数(THQ)法评估其食用安全性,以及居民铅、镉复合暴露健康风险。四种品牌面粉铅、镉含量均未超过《食品安全国家标准-食品中污染物限量》规定的限量标准;由THQ法计算得到成人和儿童经小麦面粉摄入铅、镉复合暴露风险均小于1(THQ_成人=0.182,THQ_儿童=0.231)。从食用安全性来说,乌鲁木齐市市售面粉是安全的。乌鲁木齐市儿童铅、镉复合暴露风险略高于成人,成人和儿童经小麦面粉摄入铅、镉复合暴露风险均在可接受的水平。     

绍兴地区不同人群铅镉汞膳食暴露评估

目的了解绍兴地区不同人群膳食中铅、镉和总汞的摄入量,评估绍兴地区膳食中铅、镉和总汞的安全性。方法对绍兴地区食品中铅、镉和总汞含量进行监测,结合2008年绍兴市居民膳食消费量调查结果,对绍兴地区不同人群膳食中铅、镉和总汞的暴露水平进行评估。结果不同年龄和性别人群膳食中铅的每周平均暴露量为5.26~13.1μg/kg BW,占原PTWI的21.0%~52.4%,全人群膳食中铅的平均暴露限值(MOE)为1.02;镉的每月平均暴露量为16.0~39.4μg/kg BW,占PTMI的64.0%~157.6%,2~6岁和7~17岁年龄组男性、2~6岁年龄组女性膳食中镉暴露水平均超过了PTMI限值(25μg/kg BW);总汞的每周平均暴露量为0.67~2.02μg/kg BW,占PTWI的16.8%~50.5%。膳食中铅、镉和总汞的主要来源均为米及其制品和鱼虾类食品。结论绍兴地区居民膳食中总汞暴露水平是安全的,但膳食中铅和镉暴露水平较高,尤其是18岁以下人群,需加强相关食品中铅和镉的监测及膳食指导。     

2007~2014广东省膳食中铅、镉、砷、汞元素的 人群健康风险评估

目的采用中国总膳食研究方法,运用广东省重金属污染监测工作所采集的各类居民日常食品中的铅、镉、砷、汞检测数据,评估广东省居民膳食中铅、镉、砷、汞的人群健康暴露情况。方法测定广东22市各类食品中的铅、镉、砷、汞含量,计算居民铅的暴露边界比,镉的每月摄入量,砷、汞的每周摄入量并以此作为评价标准。结果各类食品中铅、镉、砷、汞的总体均值分别为0.140、0.118、0.320、0.018 mg/kg,18岁以下未成年人群,铅的暴露边界比(MOE)值为0.35~13.76;18岁以上成年人群,铅的MOE值为1.83~89.57,镉的每月摄入量为0.02~20.28μg/kg.bw,占镉暂定每月可耐受摄人量的0.08%~81.1%。各人群大米中镉的EMI值为11.47~20.28μg/kg·bw,占镉暂定每月可耐受摄入量的45.9%~81.1%;砷的EWI值为0.2~10.4μg/kg·bw,占PTWI的1.3%~69%;汞的EWI值为0.01~1.29μg/kg·bw,占PTWI的0.25%~32.2%。结论广东省居民膳食中铅、镉、砷、汞污染的暴露情况对于各年龄段人群来说总体处于安全水平,但其中大米的镉、蔬菜中的铅暴露却存在一定的风险。     

河南大枣铅镉污染及膳食暴露风险评估

为了探讨河南地区大枣中铅和镉的污染特征,分析居民潜在膳食暴露风险,对2012～2016年河南省3个大枣产区的大枣中铅和镉残留量的数据进行统计分析。结果显示,新鲜大枣中铅(0.005～0.095 mg/kg)和镉(0.001～0.010 mg/kg)的含量均低于国家限量标准,即所抽样品铅镉超标率均为0;不同产区间大枣铅残留量存在显著差异(P0.05);重金属单因子污染评估、综合评估、居民膳食暴露风险评估一致认为,河南大枣铅镉污染属于安全范围,且连续5年数据分析显示,大枣中铅、镉对居民健康暴露危害较小且未有增大趋势。河南省大枣中铅、镉含量较低,居民经食用途径所引入的健康风险甚微。     

杭州市居民主要膳食镉暴露评估

目的通过分析2011—2013年杭州市主要食品中镉污染水平及居民膳食消费量,评估杭州市居民镉暴露的安全性。方法对各类食品中镉含量进行检测,并结合2010年杭州市居民膳食营养调查中各类食物消费量数据,获得杭州市居民膳食中镉的实际摄入量,对居民由膳食摄入的镉进行安全性评估。结果 10大类食品1 010份食品样品中镉的总检出率为73.76%(745/1 010),总超标率为5.12%(41/801)。大米、小麦及猪内脏均检出镉,检出率为100%,乳制品检出率最低(29.03%,27/93),超标食品主要是大米、水产品、猪肾、蛋类、蔬菜及食用菌。按照食品消费量的均值估算,杭州市居民每月10大类主要食品的镉暴露量为22.61μg/kg BW,未超过每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)为25μg/kg BW,镉的安全限值MOS=1.11。贡献率最大的3类食品分别为大米(64.16%)、蔬菜(15.28%)及水产品(14.48%)。结论杭州市主要食品对居民膳食镉的平均贡献水平未超过PTMI值,MOS1,居民膳食镉暴露水平总体上安全,由于杭州市居民大米的消费量较大且大米对居民膳食镉贡献率最高,监管部门应对大米的镉污染问题予以重视。     

广西居民重金属镉膳食摄入水平及其健康风险评估

目的 分析食品中镉的污染水平,对广西居民主要膳食中镉的健康风险进行评估。方法 对2013—2018年39类食品中的镉含量进行统计分析,结合居民食物消费数据,参考镉的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI),采用简单分布评估法对广西居民主要膳食中镉的暴露进行评估。结果 39类食品中镉的平均含量为0.086 mg/kg,检出率和超标率分别为67.37%(17 025/25 271)和5.68%(1 435/25 271)。藻类食品中镉的平均含量最高,为0.769 mg/kg。大米是居民膳食中镉的主要来源,贡献率为52.57%。居民膳食中镉的月平均摄入量为30.62 μg/kg BW,为PTMI的122.48%。结论 广西居民膳食中镉的暴露水平较高,应引起重视。大米是南方地区的主粮且其对居民膳食中镉贡献率最高,应加强对大米镉污染从农田到餐桌全环节的研究,从源头控制污染。     

上海市闵行区部分食品镉污染暴露评估

目的 通过分析上海市闵行区居民膳食消费量及食品中镉污染物含量,了解我区居民通过膳食的镉暴露量,评估膳食的安全性.方法 采用食品类别选择性研究的方法,将2009年上海市居民食品消费量调查(闵行区)的数据和2007-2010年上海市闵行区8类食品污染物监测数据相结合,获得不同人群膳食镉暴露量,并对由膳食摄入的镉进行安全性评估.结果 (1)8类130件食品样品中镉的检出率为91.54％,超标率5.62％,超标食品主要是食用菌、猪肾及海水贝类;(2)平均每月镉的暴露量为0.441 1 mg/人,占每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的39.20％,每月暴露镉量的第90百分位值为1.096 4 mg/人,占PTMI的97.46％;(3)食用菌对镉暴露量的贡献率最高,为42.67％,其次是动物内脏,为20.39％,二类食品对镉暴露的贡献率占到63.06％;(4)各类人群所摄食品对镉暴露的贡献率有所不同,3岁以下儿童摄食的动物内脏对镉暴露的贡献率较高,而其他人群则为食用菌.结论 闵行区人群膳食总体处于安全状态;膳食中食用菌、猪肾、海水贝类对镉暴露的风险较大,应采取针对性措施,提高食品安全性.     

杭州市下城区居民主要膳食中镉暴露评估

目的了解下城区居民主要食品中镉含量及居民膳食中镉暴露的风险。方法随机采集下城区11类食品进行镉含量检测,结合2009年下城区居民食物消费量调查数据,计算下城区居民膳食中镉的摄入量和安全限值(MOS)并进行风险评估。结果 875份食品中镉的总检出率为79.43%(695/875),总超标率为6.91%(55/796)。11类食品中菌藻类的紫菜镉含量最高为4.510 0 mg/kg。下城区居民主要膳食中镉每月平均总暴露量为15.785 8μg/kg BW,未超过镉暂定每月允许摄入量(25μg/kg BW),MOS1,表明经膳食暴露镉的健康风险较低。膳食中镉暴露贡献率最高的3类食品分别为水产品(43.97%)、菌藻类(17.42%)、大米(16.48%)。虽然下城区居民水产品和菌藻类的消费量很低,但因其镉污染严重,所以贡献率较高,为镉暴露高风险食品。结论下城区居民主要膳食中镉暴露水平总体上安全,水产品和菌藻类为镉暴露高风险食品,需加强水产品和菌藻类食品可能污染的问题研究。     

济南市居民主要膳食镉含量监测及暴露评估

了解济南市居民主要膳食镉污染现状,评估镉暴露风险。方法 2011—2012年对济南市小麦、大米、水产品、畜禽、蔬菜、蛋和乳制品中的镉含量进行监测,应用点评估方法,以山东省居民食物标准人平均消费量数据和JECFA 2010年制定的镉的暂定每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)25 μg/kg BW为参数,对济南市居民膳食镉暴露水平进行评估。结果 共监测食品样品441份,镉平均含量为49.39 μg/kg,P50和P95镉含量分别为13.40和118.20 μg/kg,总检出率为90.02%,总超标率为0.91%。小麦、大米和蔬菜均检出镉,乳制品镉检出率最低;水产品镉含量最高,镉平均含量为206.43 μg/kg。济南市居民主要膳食镉毎月平均暴露量为8.83 μg/kg BW,占PTMI的35.32%。镉贡献率较高的食品为水产品、小麦和蔬菜,贡献率分别为46.43%、32.62%和9.51%,三类食品对居民膳食镉暴露贡献了80%以上。结论 济南市居民膳食镉暴露水平位于安全限值以内,通过膳食摄入镉没有明显风险,但对头足类、贝壳类水产品应引起重视。     

我国成人居民膳食中铅暴露风险评估

目的评估我国成人居民膳食中铅暴露量及其健康风险。方法利用2014年全国21类食物中铅含量数据、2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查和2013年中国居民饮料、饮料酒消费状况调查中的食物消费量数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,计算我国成人膳食中铅暴露水平及其分布情况,并利用暴露限值(MOE)方法对潜在健康风险进行评估。结果虽然我国成人膳食的铅暴露水平总体呈下降趋势,但是我国成人仍有0.61%的个体MOE值≤1。大米及其制品、面粉及其制品、蔬菜和畜肉是我国成人膳食中铅的主要来源,占膳食总暴露量70%以上。结论我国成人居民膳食中铅暴露导致的健康风险较低,但有0.61%的个体健康风险需要关注。     

Dietary exposure to cadmium of Shenzhen adult residents from a total diet study

Cadmium (Cd) contamination has become a public health concern in recent decades. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of dietary Cd exposure and its health risk among Shenzhen adult residents using the Total Diet Study (TDS) approach. Cd was determined in 13 food groups using 276 individual samples by ICP-MS. The major food contributors to Cd exposure of Shenzhen adult residents were ‘Vegetables’ (32.6% of the total exposure), ‘Rice and its products’ (19.2% of the total exposure) and ‘Fish, seafood and shellfish’ (18.5% of the total exposure). The mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposure to Cd of Shenzhen adults were 9.9 and 13 μg kg^?1 bw month^?1, respectively. The dietary exposures of all individual age-gender population subgroups were below the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI = 25 μg kg^?1 bw month^?1), so the health risk of Cd dietary exposure of Shenzhen adults is considered to be low, but still, cadmium pollution should be strictly controlled and monitored continuously due to an exceptionally long biological half-life of cadmium.     

韭菜中农药腐霉利残留的膳食暴露风险评估

目的评估上海市市售韭菜中农药腐霉利的残留情况及居民膳食暴露风险。方法通过2016～2018年间市售韭菜中腐霉利残留的监测数据,结合本市居民食物消费量调查结果,基于蒙特卡罗分析法,采用@Risk7.5软件和风险商值(%ADI)进行风险评估。结果根据GB 2763-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定,近3年市售韭菜中腐霉利超标率为23.2%,残留量均值和95%分位值(P_(95))分别为0.76 mg/kg和4.81 mg/kg。本市居民通过韭菜腐霉利暴露量均值为6.17×10~(-5) mg·(kg·bw)~(-1)·d~(-1),风险商为0.06%ADI;高端暴露量(P_(95))为1.68×10~(-3)mg·(kg·bw)~(-1)·d~(-1),风险商为1.68%ADI。本市全人群居民通过韭菜、番茄、茄子等8种食用农产品摄入的腐霉利暴露量均值为8.44×10~(-5) mg·(kg·bw)~(-1)·d~(-1)。结论近3年来上海市市售韭菜中腐霉利残留检出率和超标率呈现下降趋势,食品安全监管工作取得一定成效。本市居民通过韭菜摄入腐霉利的风险商值很小,健康风险不大。     

苏州市地产大米重金属污染状况及人群膳食暴露风险评估

目的 研究苏州地产大米中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属污染状况, 并评估4种重金属对苏州居民的膳食暴露风险。方法 2019年从苏州市属9个区县采集本地产大米93份, 采用国标方法检测其中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属的含量, 依据GB2762-2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》对样品中重金属超标情况进行判定; 采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法评价大米中4种重金属的污染程度; 采用简单分布模型(确定性评估)的方法评价大米中重金属对苏州居民造成的膳食暴露风险。结果 全部大米样品中铅、镉、总汞、总砷4种重金属均未超过国家限量标准, 铅、镉、总汞和总砷污染水平均值分别为0.0208、0.0419、0.0027和0.0701 mg/kg, 各区县大米中重金属含量水平之间无统计学差别。大米中4种重金属单项污染指数均小于0.7, 污染程度处于优良水平; 综合污染指数小于0.7, 污染程度处于安全水平。苏州地产大米中铅的污染对苏州本地居民95%的儿童及所有成人均不会产生健康危害, 但可能对5%的儿童(高食物消费暴露者)产生潜在健康影响; 镉、总汞、总砷污染对成人和儿童均不会产生健康危害。结论 苏州市地产大米中重金属污染水平较低; 大米中铅的污染可能对高食物消费暴露儿童存在潜在健康危害。     

北京市密云区居民膳食镉暴露风险评估

目的了解北京市密云区7类食品中的镉污染状况,对居民膳食镉暴露的健康风险进行初步评估。方法2014~2015年,在辖区内农贸市场、超市和食品店随机抽取7类,共368份样品,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测镉含量,按照GB 2762-2012进行评价;并结合密云区居民膳食消费量数据和FAO/WHO食物添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives,JECFA)2010年制定的镉暂定每月可耐受摄入量0.025 mg/kg·BW对密云区居民进行初步的膳食镉暴露评估。结果 7类食品样品中镉的总检出率为61.4%,其中动物内脏的镉检出率及含量最高,分别为100%和0.05152 mg/kg。密云区居民每月膳食镉总暴露量为0.002204 mg/kg·BW,未超过暂定每月可耐受摄入量0.025 mg/kg·BW,主要来源为蔬菜(55.3%)、大米(20.8%)、动物内脏(14.4%)和蛋及蛋制品(6.4%)。结论北京市密云区居民主要消费的7类食品受到的重金属镉污染在安全范围内,膳食中镉暴露水平低于暂定可耐受摄入量,通过膳食摄入的镉对人体不造成健康风险。     

广东省居民主要膳食镉暴露风险的初步评估

目的分析主要食物中镉含量水平,对广东省居民通过膳食途径暴露镉的健康风险进行初步的评估。方法 2009年在全省21地市采集15类食物共2 200份,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食物中镉的含量,结合居民膳食消费数据,比照镉的暂定每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)及安全限值(MOS)初步评估广东省居民主要食物的镉暴露风险。结果 15类食物中紫菜中镉含量最高,为1 830.0μg/kg。城乡居民通过大米、蔬菜类、鱼虾类、动物内脏类四类食物每月膳食镉暴露量分别为1 314.6和1 394.3μg。大米对城市和农村居民膳食镉的贡献率最高,分别为50.1%和64.9%,且以粤北地区最高。结论主要食品对居民膳食镉的平均贡献水平未超过PTMI值,MOS值大于1,居民膳食镉暴露水平总体上安全。由于我国南方地区居民大米的消费量大及其对居民膳食镉贡献率最高,有必要加强大米可能的镉污染问题研究,并从源头上预防污染。     

上海市居民面制品中铝暴露的概率评估

目的 了解上海市居民面制品中铝的暴露水平,评估上海市面制品铝污染的健康风险.方法 对上海市面制品铝含量进行监测,结合上海市居民面制品摄入量调查,采用世界卫生组织( WHO)/联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)的《食品中化学物风险评估的原则和方法》推荐的概率评估法,进行上海市居民面制品中铝的暴露评估.结果 上海市居民平均每周从面制品中摄入铝3.51 mg/kg BW,为暂定的每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的3.51倍;其中＜3岁的婴幼儿、3 ～17岁儿童青少年、≥18岁成人、孕妇平均每周从面制品中摄入铝分别为5.93、3.30、1.80、1.78 mg/kg BW,分别为PTWI的5.93、3.30、1.80、1.78倍.上海市居民每周从面制品中摄入铝P90为8.26 mg/kg BW,为PTWI的8.26倍;其中＜3岁的婴幼儿、3～17岁儿童青少年、≥18岁成人、孕妇每周从面制品中摄入铝P90分别为13.86、7.68、4.23、4.12 mg/kg BW,分别为PTWI的13.86、7.68、4.23、4.12倍.结论 上海市居民从面制品中摄入铝的量已大大超过PTWI,存在很大的风险,其中以婴幼儿风险最大、儿童青少年次之.     

Dietary exposure to aluminium from wheat flour and puffed products of residents in Shanghai,China

A dietary survey of 3431 residents was conducted by a 24-h dietary recall method in Shanghai, China, quarterly from September 2013 to September 2014. A total of 400 food samples were tested for aluminium concentration, including wheat flour and puffed products from 2011 to 2013. Probabilistic analysis was used to estimate the dietary exposure to aluminium from wheat and puffed products. The means of dietary aluminium exposure for children (2–6 years old), juveniles (7–17 years old), adults (18–65 years old) and seniors (over 65 years old) were 1.88, 0.94, 0.44 and 0.42 mg kg^?1 body weight (bw) week^?1 respectively, with a population average of 0.51 mg kg^?1 bw week^?1. The proportions of those who had aluminium exposure from wheat and puffed products lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) were 77%, 90%, 97%, and 97% respectively from children to seniors. We estimated that the proportions of people at risk would decrease by 13%, 6%, 2% and 2% respectively under the new China National Standards – GB 2760–2014 National Food Safety for Standards for using food additives. The results indicated that aluminium from wheat flour and puffed products is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the general population in Shanghai; however, children were at a higher risk of excess aluminium exposure. Significant improvements in reducing the dietary exposure to aluminium are expected in the population, especially for children after the implementation of GB 2760–2014.     

The effect of adding cadmium and lead alone or in combination to the diet of pigs on their growth,carcase composition and reproduction

Limits for cadmium and lead concentrations in food animal products have been established independently, whereas these two toxic metals often co‐exist in polluted regions. Weaned pigs (60) were allocated to ten treatments: control; low (0.5 mg kg^?1), medium (1 mg kg^?1) or high cadmium (2.5 mg kg^?1) in feed; low (5 mg kg^?1) medium (10 mg kg^?1) or high (25 mg kg^?1) lead in feed; and low, medium and high cadmium plus lead in feed. Growth rates and concentrations of cadmium and lead in body tissues (kidney, liver, spleen, lungs, heart, testicle, ribs, hair and teeth) were measured after 137 days. There was a similar reduction in weight gain for pigs in the cadmium and lead treatments, compared with the control, and a greater reduction for the pigs in the cadmium plus lead treatments. The reduction increased with the level of metal included. There was an increase in cadmium concentration of all tissues and blood with increasing feed cadmium concentration, which was usually less when lead was also included in the feed. There was also an increase in tissue lead concentration with increasing dietary lead, and this was in most cases increased when cadmium was also included in the feed. The most sensitive tissues for cadmium and lead exposure were the kidney, liver, hair and teeth, and regression equations were developed for the accumulation rates in these tissues. Tissue and blood cadmium concentrations increased gradually with increasing dietary lead, whereas tissue lead concentration was not sensitive to dietary cadmium, except in the ribs and heart. In a second experiment, 10 sows were allocated to a control diet or the same diet but with a supplement of cadmium and lead. The birth weight of piglets was decreased by the supplement and their mortality increased. Lead accumulated most in the ovary and oviduct of the sows, and there were increases in the lead and, to a lesser extent, cadmium concentrations of tissues of the piglets from these sows. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dietary exposure to aluminium of urban residents from cities in South China

A dietary survey was conducted over three consecutive days by using 24-hour dietary recall in the Pearl River Delta of South China to investigate the dietary consumption status. A total of 1702 food samples, 22 food groups, were collected, and aluminium concentrations of foods were determined by using ICP-MS. Weekly dietary exposure to aluminium of the average urban residents of South China was estimated to be 1.5 mg kg^?1 body weight, which amounted to 76% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake. Wheat-made products (53.5%) contributed most to the dietary exposure, followed by vegetables (12.2%). The high-level consumers’ weekly exposure to aluminium was 11.1 mg kg^?1 body weight, which amounted to 407% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake. The results indicated that the general urban residents in South China might be safe from aluminium exposure, but the high-level consumers might be at some risk of aluminium exposure. The foods contributing to aluminium exposure were processed food with aluminium-containing food additives. It is necessary to take effective measures to control the overuse of aluminium-containing food additives.