上海市15岁及以上居民膳食反式脂肪酸摄入量及其风险评估

目的 了解上海市常见市售食品中反式脂肪酸（TFAs）含量,评估上海15岁及以上居民膳食TFAs的摄入水平及其潜在健康风险。方法 在本市超市、农贸市场、餐饮店等采样点采集11大类664份食品样品,采用《食品安全国家标准 食品中反式脂肪酸的测定》（GB 5009.257—2016）检测TFAs含量。结合“2013年上海市居民膳食与健康状况监测”消费量数据,采用简单分布模型（确定性评估）方法,计算每个个体每日TFAs摄入量及其供能比。结果 在各类食品中,植物油中TFAs平均含量最高,达0.7 g/100 g,乳及乳制品中TFAs平均含量次之,为0.67 g/100 g,牛羊肉及其制品中的TFAs平均含量也较高,为0.51 g/100 g。上海市15岁及以上人群TFAs平均摄入量为0.34 g/d,平均供能比为0.18%,远低于WHO的建议水平（1%）。从个体TFAs供能比在人群中的分布来看,大部分居民供能比在0.1%~0.3%范围内,最大值为0.68%。从不同类食品对TFAs摄入的贡献率来看,加工食品占总摄入水平的75.16%,其中植物油贡献率最高,约占51.58%。结论 植物油是上海市15岁及以上居民膳食TFAs的最主要来源;上海市15岁及以上人群膳食摄入TFAs的健康风险很低。     

膳食反式脂肪酸的风险评估研究进展

反式脂肪酸是一类包含一个或多个反式构型双键的不饱和脂类分子。膳食中的反式脂肪酸有2类:微量的天然反式脂肪酸和可观的人造反式脂肪酸。过去的研究认为反式脂肪酸的摄入仅仅是一个营养问题,但越来越多的毒理学和暴露评估的研究结果表明反式脂肪酸对人体健康有诸多不良影响。因此,反式脂肪酸的摄入已成为一个食品安全问题。目前,许多国家已经对反式脂肪酸的摄入量做了规定。本文主要围绕膳食反式脂肪酸的来源、对人体产生的生理效应和病理影响、产生这些效应的细胞或分子机制,以及如何有效控制反式脂肪酸的摄入等进行综述,并讨论了反式脂肪酸的风险评估现状和未来展望。     

反式脂肪酸危害人体健康

反式脂肪酸危害人体健康世界卫生组织／粮农组织的联合专家委员会指出，反式脂肪酸对人体健康会产生副作用，比如危害心脏，对胎儿也可能构成危害。哈佛大学的Ｗｉｌｌｅｔｔ教授在他最近的论文中指出，反式脂肪酸（ＴＦＡ）在美国每年可能导致３００００人死亡。英国皇家...     

脂肪酸的膳食平衡研究进展

必需脂肪酸的概念一经提出,与其他营养成分一样,人们开始制订它的ＲＤＡＳ（每日膳食营养素供给量标准）标准。随着脂肪酸在临床营养上的重要性被广为接受,以及现代社会流行病与脂肪酸关系的大量研究结果的发表,人们相信,制订科学合理的脂肪酸摄入种类、数量及比例,对维持组织的良好功能,保障持久健康是极为必要的。当前,人们关心的倒不是最低摄入水平,而是最佳摄入值与比例。因为,除罕见病例外,现代社会的必需脂肪酸缺乏基本不存在。 在制订ＲＤＡＳ时,不可能有一个适于所有个体的统一标准,现在大体划分成２岁以上儿童、青少…     

反式脂肪酸研究进展

一些油脂及其食品中的反式脂肪酸成分具有诸多负面影响,文章阐述了反式脂肪酸的定义、结构性质、膳食来源和安全性评价,并提出了降低其形成量的控制措施。     

反式脂肪酸研究进展

一些油脂及其食品中的反式脂肪酸成分具有诸多负面影响,文章阐述了反式脂肪酸的定义、结构性质、膳食来源和安全性评价,并提出了降低其形成量的控制措施。     

反式脂肪酸的膳食分布和安全评价 (2)安全评价

反式脂肪酸危害人类健康已为大量的代谢和流行病学研究所证实,为此美国食品和药品管理局计划要求在产品标签中标示食品的反式脂肪酸(TFA)含量。为了提供信息以帮助消费者保持健康的膳食习惯,本文介绍并讨论了反式脂肪酸的膳食分布、来源、吸收、代谢和营养安全评价。     

反式脂肪酸的安全问题与管理现状

关于反式脂肪酸在膳食中的作用已经争论了许多年,对人体有益、无益还是有害一直是学术界和政府团体关注的焦点。近几年,随着国际组织对减少膳食反式脂肪的提议以及美国等国家在营养标签上对反式脂肪强制标示等政府措施的出台,关于反式脂肪酸的争论似乎终于有了一个结论:反式脂肪酸有害健康,在膳食中应尽量避免摄入过多的反式脂肪酸。本文就反式脂肪酸的来源、安全问题与国际管理现状等方面进行阐述。     

反式脂肪酸生成机理的研究

反式脂肪酸的危害越来越被人们所熟知。反式脂肪酸的形成机理也各不相同。食品中的反式脂肪酸主要来自于反刍动物代谢过程中生成与食品加工过程中形成的反式结构的脂肪酸。反刍动物体内的反式脂肪酸是由氢化细菌-丁酸弧菌酶促氢化作用下形成。植物油氢化工艺中,在金属催化剂参与下产生反式异构体。在高温烹调条件下,发现反式脂肪酸含量不断增加,通过量子化学密度泛函理论推导(能量计算)与试验验证相结合,发现在150°或更高的温度下油酸发生异构化生成反式油酸。     

反式脂肪酸的安全问题及最新研究进展

反式脂肪酸（TFAs）的安全问题近年来得到越来越多国家的密切关注，各国对TFAs严厉措施的出台将促进油脂食品工业的发展和科技水平的提高。本文综述了这方面研究的最新进展和研究动态。     

膳食中多不饱和脂肪酸对心血管疾病防治研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸对心血管疾病(CVD)的防治作用,近年来受到了广泛关注。综述了多不饱和脂肪酸(主要是ω-3和ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸)的代谢、对CVD危险因素(血压、血脂、炎症)的影响、对心血管疾病的影响、膳食来源及摄入量,以期对CVD的膳食防治提供理论依据。     

不饱和脂肪酸自动氧化形成反式脂肪酸机理研究进展

食用油热加工过程中由其不饱和脂肪酸异构化产生的反式脂肪酸 (TFAs) 对人体健康存在风险,有效控制TFAs的形成,对提升食品安全水平具有重要意义。以前研究者们重点关注的是油脂不完全氢化形成TFAs机理研究,而无需催化剂条件下油脂中不饱和脂肪酸热致异构化机理和氢化机理完全不同。而近年来油脂热处理过程中关注最多的顺反异构主要集中在C=C上的异构现象,因此,本文将着重总结不饱和脂肪酸自动氧化形成反式脂肪酸机理,旨在为为高脂食品中反式脂肪酸形成抑制作用研究提供理论基础和科学依据。     

Nutrients and Chemical Pollutants in Fish and Shellfish. Balancing Health Benefits and Risks of Regular Fish Consumption

Dietary patterns and lifestyle factors are clearly associated with at least five of the ten leading causes of death, including coronary heart disease, certain types of cancer, stroke, non-insulin insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. Concerning specifically fish and seafood consumption, its beneficial health effects in humans are clearly supported by an important number of studies performed in the last 30 years. These studies have repeatedly linked fish consumption, especially those species whose contents in omega-3 fatty acids are high, with healthier hearts in the aging population. The nutritional benefits of fish and seafood are also due to the content of high-quality protein, vitamins, as well as other essential nutrients. However, a number of studies, particularly investigations performed in recent years, have shown that the unavoidable presence of environmental contaminants in fish and shellfish can also mean a certain risk for the health of some consumers. While prestigious international associations as the American Heart Association have recommended eating fish at least two times (two servings a week), based on our own experimental results, as well as in results from other laboratories, we cannot be in total agreement with that recommendation. Although a regular consumption of most fish and shellfish species should not mean adverse health effects for the consumers, the specific fish and shellfish species consumed, the frequency of consumption, as well as the meal size, are essential issues for adequately balancing the health benefits and risks of regular fish consumption.     

植物油脂中反式脂肪酸含量及人体摄入量初估

采用气相色谱法对我国常见植物油脂中的反式脂肪酸含量和分布进行了分析,初步估算了我国居民反式脂肪酸的人均日摄入量。精炼植物油脂中反式脂肪酸含量为：大豆油0．89％～3．48％,菜籽油1．97％～4．76％,玉米油1．75％～6．19％,葵花籽油1．48％～2．36％,花生油0．10％～0．47％,棕榈油0．12％～0．28％,其存在形式以反式多不饱和脂肪酸（t—C18：2、t—C18：3）为主;专用油脂中反式脂肪酸含量为：替可可脂（CBR）和植脂末用油40％～50％,代可可脂（CBS）、烘焙和夹心用油中3％～5％,其存在形式以反式单不饱和脂肪酸（t—C18：1）为主。我国居民反式脂肪酸人均日摄入量为1．06g,其中城市1．44g,农村0．92g,分别占日摄入总能量的0．42％、0．61％和0．36％。     

Dry matter intake is decreased more by abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids than by unsaturated triglycerides

Previous experiments from our group have demonstrated that abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids (FFA) markedly decreases dry matter intake (DMI) in dairy cows. In contrast, experiments from other groups have noted smaller decreases in DMI when unsaturated triglycerides (TG) were infused postruminally. Our hypothesis was that unsaturated FFA would be more potent inhibitors of DMI than an equivalent amount of unsaturated TG. Four Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a single reversal design. Cows were fed a total mixed ration containing (DM basis) 23% alfalfa silage, 23% corn silage, 40.3% ground shelled corn, and 10.5% soybean meal. Two cows received soy FFA (UFA; 0, 200, 400, 600 g/d) and 2 received soy oil (TG) in the same amounts; cows then were switched to the other lipid source. Cows were abomasally infused with each amount for 5-d periods. The daily amount of lipid was pulse-dosed in 4 equal portions at 0600, 1000, 1700, and 2200 h; no emulsifiers were used and there was no sign of digestive disturbance. Both lipid sources linearly decreased DMI, with a significant interaction between lipid source and amount. Slope-ratio analysis indicated that UFA were about 2 times more potent in decreasing DMI than were TG. Decreased DMI led to decreased milk production. Milk fat content was increased linearly by lipid infusion. Milk fat yield decreased markedly for UFA infusion but was relatively unaffected by infusion of TG. Contents of short- and medium-chain fatty acids in milk fat decreased as the amount of either infusate increased. Contents of C(18:2) and C(18:3) in milk fat were increased linearly by abomasal infusion of either fat source; cis-9 C(18:1) was unaffected. Transfer of infused C(18:2) to milk fat was 35.6, 42.5, and 27.8% for 200, 400, and 600 g/d of UFA, and 34.3, 39.6, and 34.0% for respective amounts of TG. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) concentration in plasma significantly increased as DMI decreased with increasing infusion amount of UFA or TG. Plasma concentration of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) was unaffected by lipid infusion. These results indicate that unsaturated FFA reaching the duodenum are more potent inhibitors of DMI than are unsaturated TG; the effect may be at least partially mediated by GLP-1.     

我国居民油脂摄入现状及对健康的影响

综述了膳食中脂肪的来源、种类、生理功能,论述了膳食脂肪摄入的质与量对人的健康的影响,得出在日常膳食中必须科学合理地均衡摄入脂肪。     

食品中反式脂肪酸的分析方法

反式脂肪酸是一种具有反式构型的不饱和脂肪酸,其分析方法的研究已经成为当今食品科学界研究的新热点。对反式脂肪酸各种分析检测方法进行介绍,以期为我国尽快建立食品中分析测定反式脂肪酸的国家标准方法,并以指导企业生产、保障居民健康提供该方面的研究参考。