不同泌乳期人乳与牛乳中游离氨基酸的对比

利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量技术结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术对不同泌乳期人乳与牛乳中游离氨基酸的种类及含量进行检测及对比分析。结果表明,人乳中游离氨基酸种类较牛乳更为丰富,含量也高于牛乳,且随着泌乳时间的延长其总量呈下降趋势。牛初乳、牛常乳、人初乳和人常乳中游离氨基酸总量分别为0.32、0.16、0.63?g/L和0.37?g/L。实验测定的42?种游离氨基酸中,人常乳中检出35?种,牛常乳中测得31?种,其中人常乳中有25?种游离氨基酸的含量高于牛常乳,人乳中组氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸等含量显著高于牛乳（P＜0.05）,游离谷氨酸在人初乳、人常乳、牛常乳中含量均为最高,而牛初乳中游离牛磺酸含量最高。本研究分析了人乳、牛乳中游离氨基酸种类和含量的差异,可为详细的研究母乳氨基酸功能和氨基酸代谢组学提供了一定的理论依据,也可为生产婴幼儿奶粉和功能性乳制品提供参考。     

两种乳中脂肪球粒径、脂肪酶活性以及游离脂肪酸的比较分析

以萨能奶山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳为研究对象,用罗兹哥特法和激光动态散射仪分别测定了两种乳的脂肪含量、脂肪球粒径大小以及分布;用脂肪酶活性的临床分析方法测定了脂蛋白脂肪酶在乳脂肪和脱脂乳中的分布;采用硅胶-氧化铝柱层析分离脂肪酸,用气相色谱质谱测定了两种乳中游离脂肪酸的种类及含量。结果表明:萨能奶山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳中的脂肪含量分别为4.04、3.55 g/100 m L;平均脂肪粒径为3.46、3.16μm;脂肪球粒径与脂肪含量之间存在线性正相关关系。萨能奶山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳脂蛋白脂肪酶的活性分别为229.62±9.31、(366.81±24.33)U/L,其中乳脂肪中脂蛋白脂肪酶的含量分别为51.35%、27.09%,脱脂乳中含量分别为48.65%、72.91%;萨能奶山羊乳和荷斯坦牛乳中总的游离脂肪酸分别为211.38、717.02 mg/kg;短链游离脂肪酸含量分别为205.51、20.05 mg/kg;其中辛酸和癸酸是影响萨能奶山羊乳风味的主效成分。     

不同泌乳期羊乳和牛乳的高通量定量乳清蛋白质组学

利用高分辨质谱技术获取牛初乳、牛常乳、羊初乳和羊常乳的乳清蛋白组轮廓,基于其非标记定量强度建立偏最小二乘判别分析模型。结果发现牛初乳和牛常乳在蛋白质组成方面较羊初乳和羊常乳更相似,同时筛选出羊乳中丰度较高的9 种蛋白用作标志物区分这4 组乳样。生物信息学分析发现羊乳中的高丰度蛋白大部分与免疫应答和代谢过程有关,说明羊乳更有助于新生儿建立抗微生物感染的免疫系统。该研究可加深对羊乳蛋白的认识,对牛乳及其制品的营养改良和母乳替代品的生产具有重要意义。     

免疫初乳及过渡乳中类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ含量测定及其变化

研究了免疫初乳及过渡乳中类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)含量的变化.在制备并收集免疫乳后,用放射免疫法对不同时期收集的免疫乳中IGF-Ⅰ的含量进行测定.结果表明:免疫牛初乳及过渡乳中IGF-Ⅰ含量随产后泌乳的进行急剧下降.泌乳前5d,免疫初乳中的IGF-Ⅰ以游离形态为主,游离IGF-Ⅰ比例由第1d的71.28%下降到第14d的41.44%;5d之后,过渡乳中的IGF-Ⅰ以结合形态为主,结合IGF-Ⅰ比例由第1d的28.72%上升到58.56%,达到常乳水平.     

牦牛乳Halloumi奶酪工艺优化及理化特性研究

以牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳为原料，通过牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳比例、氯化钙添加量、凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度、热烫温度做单因素试验，以产率为评价指标进行四因素三水平正交试验，即牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳比例、氯化钙添加量、凝乳酶添加量、热烫温度，得到Halloumi奶酪最佳生产工艺为牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳比例4∶1、氯化钙添加量0.04 g/100 m L、凝乳酶添加量0.003 g/100 m L、热烫温度65℃。选取圆柱探头TA3/100，夹具TA-RT-KIT,测试速度为0.5 mm/s,返回速度为0.5 mm/s,形变量为50%的参数下测得单因素试验与正交试验产品的质构。制得的Halloumi奶酪水分含量26.04%，脂肪含量38.81%,pH 7.40，蛋白质含量30.16%。     

牛初乳和牛常乳乳清N-糖蛋白质的差异分析

为阐明牛乳蛋白质N-糖基化,采用糖蛋白质组学技术,在牛初乳和牛常乳乳清中共鉴定到154 个N-糖蛋白和246 个糖基化位点,其中,牛初乳鉴定到117 个N-糖蛋白和183 个糖基化位点;牛常乳鉴定到109 个N-糖蛋白和145 个糖基化位点。初乳中丛生蛋白（P17697）糖基化位点N-283表达量最高,常乳中α-乳白蛋白糖基化位点N-93表达量最高。考虑定量差异及有无差异,在牛初乳和牛常乳乳清中共鉴定到129 个糖蛋白的190 个差异表达糖基化位点。基因本体论功能注释表明,差异表达糖蛋白参与的生物学过程是生物调节、刺激性反应、多细胞生物过程、定位、免疫系统过程等;主要分布为细胞外区域和细胞器;主要的分子功能是结合作用、催化活性和分子功能调节。差异表达糖蛋白参与的代谢通路主要是补体与凝血级联、金黄色葡萄球菌感染和溶酶体等。此外,通过蛋白互作分析,找到一些具有高连接度的重要糖蛋白。本研究丰富了牛乳N-糖蛋白质组成及其糖基化位点信息,阐明了牛乳乳清N-糖基化的功能,为评价和改善牛乳品质、研发婴幼儿配方乳中糖蛋白质的改良及功能食品的生产提供了理论依据。     

人常乳与牛常乳中全谱游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸的对比

以产后30～40 d的人常乳和牛常乳为原料,采用同位素标记相对和绝对定量结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术对人常乳和牛常乳中全谱游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸的种类及含量进行对比分析。结果表明,人常乳和牛常乳中游离氨基酸质量浓度分别为0.37 g/L和0.16 g/L,水解氨基酸质量浓度分别为2.5 g/L和3.3 g/L。在全谱游离氨基酸中,人常乳和牛常乳均检测到9 种必需氨基酸以及15 种非蛋白质编码氨基酸,分别检测到11 种和7 种非必需氨基酸,其中人常乳9 种必需氨基酸、10 种非必需氨基酸以及7 种非蛋白质编码氨基酸质量浓度显著高于牛常乳（P＜0.05）;在全谱水解氨基酸中,人常乳和牛常乳均检测到8 种必需氨基酸、10 种非必需氨基酸以及12 种非蛋白质编码氨基酸,其中人常乳γ-氨基丁酸、牛磺酸、α-氨基正丁酸和β-丙氨酸质量浓度显著高于牛常乳（P＜0.05）。本研究对比分析人常乳与牛常乳中全谱游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸的种类和含量差异,为配方乳制品以及功能性食品的发展提供一定的参考。     

不同乳源新鲜干酪中脂肪酸组成和含量的对比

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)的测定方法,分别对由牦牛乳和荷斯坦牛乳制得的新鲜干酪中脂肪酸的组成和含量进行测定。结果表明:新鲜牦牛乳硬质干酪中检出的脂肪酸种类和总相对含量均少于新鲜荷斯坦牛乳硬质干酪,荷斯坦牛乳硬质干酪中总脂肪酸相对含量是牦牛乳硬质干酪中的1.00倍。两种干酪中,最主要的脂肪酸均为棕榈酸(C16∶0)、9-十八碳烯酸(C18∶1)和硬脂酸(C18∶0),这三种脂肪酸的总和占两种干酪的71%以上。牦牛乳干酪中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)种类比荷斯坦乳干酪多1种,但是相对含量低了1.68%;不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)种类比荷斯坦牛乳干酪少2种,但是相对含量是其1.05倍;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的种类和相对含量均低于荷斯坦牛乳干酪;多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的种类比荷斯坦牛乳干酪少1种,但相对含量是其2.85倍;短链(SCFA)和长链脂肪酸(LCFA)相对含量分别是荷斯坦牛乳干酪的1.10和1.23倍。综上所述,放牧季节和牧草营养成分影响了乳脂肪酸的组成和含量,从而进一步影响了干酪中的脂肪酸组成和含量。     

牛乳及婴儿粉蛋白质原料中核酸类物质含量的研究

利用核酸检测技术,通过对牛乳初乳、成熟乳以及婴儿配方奶粉蛋白原料中核酸类物质进行检测,以分析不同泌乳期牛乳核酸类物质含量的变化,以及不同蛋白原料中核酸类物质的含量,为开发添加核苷酸的婴儿配方粉提供基础数据。结果表明,牛乳初乳和成熟乳核酸类物质含量差异较大(初乳为1.933 mg/g粉,成熟乳为0.840 mg/g粉),且牛初乳中含量较高的核苷酸为尿苷酸(UMP),牛成熟乳中含量较高的为鸟苷酸(GMP)。同时,婴儿粉中的蛋白质原料中核苷酸与母乳中核苷酸相比,含量非常低,因此有必要在婴儿粉中添加接近母乳的核苷酸。     

高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用法检测荷斯坦和水牛原料乳中磺胺类药物残留

目的分析目前我国南方地区荷斯坦原料乳和水牛原料乳中磺胺类药物的残留情况。方法采集浙江和广西地区荷斯坦牛牧场和水牛牧场的120份原料乳,采用高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用法检测其中的磺胺类药物残留。结果方法的检出限和回收率分别为0.05~0.10μg/L和73.2%~108.3%。水牛乳中磺胺类药物的残留量低于6.67μg/L,荷斯坦牛乳中磺胺类药物的残留量低于7.88μg/L。结论高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用法检测牛乳中磺胺类药物残留的结果准确可靠,我国南方地区的荷斯坦原料乳和水牛原料乳总体上处于安全范围。     

牛初乳促生长与保健作用研究进展

天然牛初乳含有丰富的营养及生物活性成分,有很强的营养保健功能。口服牛初乳具有调节肠道菌群、改善胃肠道功能、促进生长发育、增强智力等功能。作为功能性食品重要原料,牛初乳具有广阔的开发利用前景。     

口服牛初乳及其组分的保健功能

综述了口服牛初乳的动物、人体功能性实验结果。基于牛初乳内各种生长因子、乳铁蛋白与乳过氧化物酶体系，口服牛初乳具有抗感染、强化机体免疫力、促进生长发育、改善运动性能、促进胃肠组织创伤愈合等功能。     

Short communication: Comparative estimation of colostrum quality by Brix refractometry in bovine,caprine, and ovine colostrum

Newborn ungulates depend on the timely supply of colostrum containing sufficient immunoglobulins to obtain passive immunity against disease. Brix refractometry enables a rapid on-farm estimation of colostrum quality and has been intensively studied in bovines. However, the suitability of Brix refractometers for assessing colostrum quality in goats and ewes has been scarcely evaluated. The present study compared bovine, caprine, and ovine colostrum quality estimation using an optical Brix refractometer. In addition, between-species variations in the relationships between Brix values and colostrum constituents (IgG, fat, protein, and lactose) and the accuracy of Brix refractometry at different cutoff values were evaluated by a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We measured the Brix value and contents of IgG, fat, protein, and lactose in 324 colostrum samples (108 cows, 116 does, and 100 ewes). Thresholds for classification of good colostrum quality (as determined by ELISA) were set at 50 mg IgG/mL in cows and 20 mg/mL in does and ewes. Bovine colostrum showed the greatest IgG concentrations compared with caprine and ovine colostrum. Fat and protein content was higher in sheep colostrum compared with the other species, whereas the highest lactose concentrations were detected in goat colostrum. Brix values ranged from 11.4 to 34.6% (22.1 ± 4.2%; mean ± standard deviation), 15.4 to 40.0% (28.5 ± 6.8%), and 8.8 to 39.8% (21.6 ± 5.3%) in bovine, ovine, and caprine colostrum, respectively. In all 3 species, Brix was highly correlated with IgG and protein concentrations (cows, r = 0.83 and 0.98; goats, r = 0.83 and 0.89; sheep, r = 0.75 and 0.87). Optimal cutoff points for greatest accuracy of Brix measurements were 19.3% Brix in cows [with 87.1% sensitivity (Se) and 100% specificity (Sp)], 20.7% Brix in does (with 53.5% Se and 100% Sp), and 26.5% Brix in ewes (with 75% Se and 91.3% Sp). In conclusion, Brix refractometry is an acceptable tool for on-farm estimations of colostrum quality in does and ewes despite distinct between-species variations in colostrum composition.     

牛初乳营养成分与其免疫球蛋白活性保持技术研究进展

牛初乳由高浓度的生物活性成分组成,具有调节肠道菌群、促进机体生长发育、增强人体免疫力的作用,是一种十分重要的功能性食品原料。免疫球蛋白是牛初乳中最重要的活性成分,但其在加工过程中损失较大。免疫球蛋白活性保持技术能够保护其免于热、酸和碱等不良环境的影响,进而提升牛初乳综合利用价值。文章综述了牛初乳的营养成分和牛初乳中免疫球蛋白主要活性保持技术的研究进展,并对其未来研究前景进行了展望。     

牛初乳的营养保健与产品质量控制

阐述了牛初乳的营养保健功能特点．并对牛初乳产品加工的影响因素、质量控制，特别是免疫球蛋白的检测方法进行了综述．     

牛初乳制品功能性成分的分析

利用牛初乳中的免疫球蛋白活性因子，开发具有独特生理功能的乳制品成为牛初乳利用的热点。本研究利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺电泳法和酶联免疫吸附法对市售的牛初孔制品的质量进行了分析与评价。结果表明，目前牛初乳制品的蛋白含量与组成有很大的差异，并且活性免疫球蛋白含量较低。目前牛初乳制品存在的问题亟待解决，市场亟待规范。     

The concentrations of some hormones and growth factors in bovine and human colostrums: Short communication

This study compared different levels of certain hormones and growth factors between bovine and human colostrums. Colostrums were collected from seven Holstein cows and seven healthy humans. Prolactin, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) had higher levels in human colostrums over the 3 days. A higher level of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) was found in bovine colostrums on day three; estradiol had higher levels on day three in both human and bovine colostrums. To minimise the differences of active components’ concentrations between these two types of colostrums, prolactin, EGF and NGF should be considered for addition into bovine colostrum products.     

Concentrations of sialyloligosaccharides in bovine colostrum and milk during the prepartum and early lactation

Sialyloligosaccharides and sialylglycoconjugates in colostrum and milk are regarded to be important biological components with respect to be source of brain gangliosides in infant and to be antiinfectional components for the attack by the pathogenic bacteria and virus. Several acidic oligosaccharides have been characterised in both bovine and human milk or colostrum. The sialyloligosaccharide content of human colostrum and milk has been extensively studied, whereas that of cows milk and colostrum has received less attention. In this study, the concentrations of three sialyloligosaccharides of bovine colostrum and milk were determined at various stages during the prepartum and the first 7 d postpartum. The concentration of 3'SL (Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc) reached a maximum value of 0.85 mg/ml immediately following parturition while the concentrations of 6'SL (Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal(beta1-4)Glc) and 6'SLN (Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc) of 0.14 and 0.12 mg/ml, respectively, were much lower at this initial stage, although these concentration were maximum immediately following parturition. Bovine colostrum, especially that collected immediately after parturition, may be suitable as a source of 3'SL and other sialyloligosaccharides for use as additives by the food or pharmaceutical industries.     

牛初乳冻干粉改善小鼠睡眠状况的实验研究

研究了牛初乳冻干粉对睡眠的影响。通过直接睡眠试验、延长戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间、戊巴比妥钠阈下催眠剂量试验和缩短巴比妥钠睡眠潜伏期试验，发现牛初乳冻干粉高剂量（1050mg/kg）分别对睡眠发生率和潜伏期均有显著的作用。结果表明，牛初乳冻干粉对睡眠状况具有一定的改善作用。     

Preventing bacterial contamination and proliferation during the harvest, storage, and feeding of fresh bovine colostrum

The objectives of this study were to identify control points for bacterial contamination of bovine colostrum during the harvesting and feeding processes, and to describe the effects of refrigeration and use of potassium sorbate preservative on bacteria counts in stored fresh colostrum. For objective 1, first-milking colostrum samples were collected aseptically directly from the mammary glands of 39 cows, from the milking bucket, and from the esophageal feeder tube. For objective 2, 15-mL aliquots of colostrum were collected from the milking bucket and allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 1) refrigeration, 2) ambient temperature, 3) refrigeration with potassium sorbate preservative, and 4) ambient temperature with potassium sorbate preservative. Subsamples from each treatment group were collected after 24, 48, and 96 h of storage. All samples underwent bacteriological culture for total plate count and coliform count. Bacteria counts were generally low or zero in colostrum collected directly from the gland [mean (SD) log₁₀ cfu/mL_udder = 1.44 (1.45)]. However, significant bacterial contamination occurred during the harvest process [mean (SD) log₁₀ cfu/mL_bucket = 4.99 (1.95)]. No additional bacterial contamination occurred between the bucket and the esophageal feeder tube. Storing colostrum at warm ambient temperatures resulted in the most rapid increase in bacteria counts, followed by intermediate rates of growth in nonpre-served refrigerated samples or preserved samples stored at ambient temperature. The most effective treatment studied was the use of potassium sorbate preservative in refrigerated samples, for which total plate count and total coliform counts dropped significantly and then remained constant during the 96-h storage period.