全氧燃烧玻璃窑炉火焰空间的数值模拟

利用CFD软件FLUENT,通过加载k-ε湍流模型、渦耗散反应模型与DO辐射模型,采用数值模拟的方法对一座全氧燃烧玻璃窑炉的火焰空间进行计算,从而获得了实际工况下火焰空间的温度场、速度场及压力场.分析表明,喷枪口的错排有利于火焰空间温度场的均匀分布,适当抬高火焰空间碹顶的高度可以降低烟气对碹顶的冲刷.同时,降低火焰空间水蒸气的浓度,可以有效延长窑炉的使用寿命.     

顶烧/侧烧燃烧方式对全氧燃烧玻纤窑炉温度场流场影响的数值模拟研究

为优化全氧玻纤窑炉燃烧系统,提高窑炉传热效率,本文采用数值模拟方法探究了全氧燃烧玻纤窑炉顶烧与侧烧两种燃烧方式对燃烧空间温度场、烟气流场、玻璃液温度场和传热效率的影响。结果表明：顶烧窑炉火焰聚集,燃烧空间温度差异明显,侧烧窑炉火焰在窑长方向上均匀分布,燃烧空间整体温度高于顶烧窑炉;侧烧方式对大碹和胸墙耐火材料高温侵蚀程度更高的可能性更大;侧烧窑炉高温烟气在燃烧空间中停留时间延长有利于烟气与燃烧空间内气流和耐火材料进行热交换,统计得到侧烧窑炉出口烟气平均温度更低;侧烧窑炉玻璃液沿窑宽方向上温度分布较均匀,顶烧玻璃液平均温度为1 531℃,高于侧烧玻璃液平均温度1 523℃;顶烧窑炉传热效率为52.3%,侧烧窑炉传热效率为51.9%,顶烧窑炉和侧烧窑炉采用相同天然气供应量、电助熔功率、玻璃液熔化量条件下,顶烧窑炉中喷枪火焰直接作用到玻璃液和配合料层,传热效率更高。     

高碹顶玻璃熔窑全氧燃烧火焰空间的三维数值模拟

以优化玻璃熔窑结构,提高全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑寿命为目的,建立了高碹顶玻璃熔窑全氧燃烧火焰空间中燃烧过程的三维数学模型。从模拟结果可以看出,与普通碹顶全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑相比,高碹顶熔窑改善了窑内气体流动与温度分布,碹顶温度低且分布均匀,窑内烟气环流多、在窑内停留时间长,热效率高,减少了碹顶水蒸气浓度,很好地保护了窑墙和碹顶耐火材料,延长了全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑的使用寿命;有利于促进全氧燃烧技术在玻璃工业上广泛应用。     

基于FLUENT平台的玻璃窑炉燃烧空间的数值模拟

玻璃熔窑主要由上部的火焰空间和下部的池窑空间两部分组成。选用国内年产3万t玻璃纤维窑炉燃烧空间为物理模型,根据相应尺寸建立几何模型,并据此建立单元玻璃窑炉的燃烧空间三维数学模型,进而在FLUENT平台上进行数值模拟研究。通过模拟得出了火焰空间的温度场、速度场分布压力分布及气体流动状况。从模拟结果可以看出,该数值模拟能够比较客观地反映单元玻璃窑炉内燃烧及气体流动的分布规律,对窑炉生产过程的指导和优化设计有一定的实用价值。     

E-玻璃窑炉纯氧燃烧火焰空间的数值模拟研究

阐述了国内外玻璃池窑数值模拟研究方法的发展。建立了具有实用意义的E-玻璃纤维窑炉纯氧燃烧火焰空间的三维数学模型,求解出玻璃熔窑火焰空间温度场、速度场分布,并与实际窑炉运行数据进行对比分析。模拟结果与实际运行数据基本吻合,表明模拟结果有效。     

单元玻璃窑炉富氧燃烧空间的数值模拟研究

本文建立了单元玻璃窑炉富氧燃烧空间三维数学模型,其中气相流动模型由质量守恒定律、动量守恒定律、能量守恒定律和标准k-ε湍流模型组成,化学反应模型使用有限速率/涡耗散模型,辐射传热模型使用离散坐标模型.以年产2万吨玻璃纤维的熔窑为对象,利用Fluent软件对富氧燃烧空间内气体的流动状况和温度分布进行数值模拟.通过模拟结果与现场实测数据进行比较可以看出,该数学模型能够比较客观地反映单元玻璃窑炉富氧燃烧空间的温度场和速度场的分布规律.在此基础上,对喷枪的布置加以调整和改进后得到了更佳的模拟效果,还说明该数学模型对窑炉富氧燃烧在生产过程的研究和应用也有一定的指导作用.     

CFD软件用于玻璃纤维窑炉数值模拟的研究

介绍了玻璃纤维窑炉空气助燃火焰空间三维数学模型的建立,其中气相流动模型由标准k-ε湍流模型组成,化学反应模型使用有限速率/涡耗散模型,辐射传热模型使用离散坐标模型。以某玻纤厂年产2,万,t玻璃纤维的熔窑为研究对象,用CFD软件模拟燃烧空间内气体的流动、温度分布和压力分布状况。通过模拟结果与现场实测数据进行比较,该数学模型能够比较客观地反映单元玻璃窑炉富氧燃烧空间的温度场、速度场和压力场的分布规律。     

窑炉纯氧顶部燃烧与电助熔技术在日用玻璃企业的应用

玻璃窑炉纯氧碹顶燃烧可有效控制火焰长度、刚度,避免平烧时火焰上扬造成的不稳定,从而避免对碹顶耐火材料的烧蚀,降低碹顶温度,延长窑炉使用寿命.纯氧顶部燃烧基于垂直、定向的直接加热原理,有效降低原料的挥发量,同时促进配合料的传热率,进而提高熔融速率.电助熔系统利用电加热效率高的特点进行高效辅助熔化,同时促进了玻璃液在熔池内有序流动,起到搅拌均化作用.纯氧顶部燃烧和电助熔系统技术,可提高熔化效率,降低氮氧化合物废气排放,延长窑炉寿命,在日用玻璃生产工艺中具有重要应用价值.     

平板玻璃大型熔窑碹顶结构受力仿真分析

利用仿真分析方法对大型玻璃熔窑碹顶结构进行模拟,探究碹顶结构的受力稳定性,并对不同尺寸的碹顶在冷态和热态工作环境下的变形和应力进行分析。结果表明,不同跨度的总变形量随跨度的增加最大变形量数值逐渐增大,而且中部变形量大的区域向两侧逐渐增加;碹顶最大应力值位置主要集中在碹顶中部碹厚的2/3和碹角位置,碹角位置应力集中情况严重,要合理选择碹角耐火材料;大跨度熔窑碹顶会因碹顶角部耐火材料性能和拉条拉力不足等情况出现风险,在合理的结构设计下对施工、硅砖质量以及熔化的燃烧制度等提出更高要求。     

浮法玻璃熔窑火焰空间石油焦部分替代重油燃烧的数值模拟

针对浮法玻璃熔窑火焰空间建立模型并进行了数值模拟,在保证热值相同的前提下,对比研究了重油燃烧及将石油焦部分替代重油燃烧时的流场分布特征。结果表明,石油焦部分代替重油燃烧后,两种燃料可很好地混合燃烧,窑炉内温度制度基本不受影响;石油焦着火时间比重油长,两种燃料混合燃烧时平均着火点滞后于仅使用重油时,且燃烧路径更长,燃烧时产生了大量CO,整个火焰空间及烟气出口处NOx的平均排放量与仅使用重油相比降低了30.02%,NOx减排效果明显。     

Numerical simulation on flow, combustion and heat transfer of ethylene cracking furnaces

With the study object of an 100kt/a SL-II ethylene cracking furnace, this paper used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to carry out coupled simulation studies on the flow, combustion, radiative heat transfer and thermal cracking reaction processes in the cracking furnace. The standard k–ε two-equation model was applied to turbulence simulation. The finite-rate/eddy-dissipation model was used for modeling of non-premixed combustion of the bottom burners and premixed combustion of the sidewall burners. The Discrete Ordinates (DO) model was applied to the simulation of radiative heat transfer of furnace. The simulation results show the detailed information about velocity, temperature and concentration fields in the furnace and heat flux distribution on the reactor tubes skin. This work will provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of the geometrical structure and operational parameters of the cracking furnace.     

催化燃烧蒸发器热态流场分布研究

为了改善催化燃烧蒸发器中反应和蒸发的耦合行为,提高蒸发器的热效率,文章对催化燃烧蒸发器进行了热态实验研究和数值模拟,确定燃料完全燃烧需要的过氧系数随着空速的增加而降低;同时,通过对催化燃烧蒸发器内初始浓度场和温度场的分析比较,说明当放热反应速率较快时,燃烧腔内温度场的空间分布主要受初始浓度场分布决定。实验和模拟结果的很好吻合,说明建立的多孔介质模型能够很好地预测燃烧腔内的流场分布。     

Computational modeling of a utility boiler tangentially-fired furnace retrofitted with swirl burners

The paper presents 3D numerical investigation of OP-380 boiler tangentially-fired furnace utilizing bituminous coal. The boiler was retrofitted by replacing traditional jet burners with RI-JET2 (Rapid Ignition — JET) swirl burners. This kind of solution is unique in power generation systems. The purpose of this work is to show how the flow, combustion performance and heat exchange in the furnace are affected by introducing rapid ignition phenomena in RI-JET2 burners instead of delayed ignition associated with the traditional jet burners. Results were compared to simulations of similarly designed boiler equipped with traditional jet burners. Furnace simulation was preceded with a single RI-JET2 burner simulation at the inlet to a virtual combustion chamber. The results have shown that pulverized coal (PC) concentrator separates the PC into two streams: concentric with fine particles and axial with coarse particles. Stable flame operation was noticed even without secondary and tertiary air swirl. 3D simulations of combustion chamber have shown that in a burner zone a visibly isolated, concentrated flame exists in the furnace axis. This kind of flame shape reduces corrosion risk and furnace walls slagging as a result of RI-JET2 burner's long range.     

Catalytic radiant burner for stationary and mobile applications

In present discussions on energy conversion processes aimed at producing both thermal and process heat, catalytic burners provide an alternative approach for future applications. Catalytic burners are advantageous in that they cause only low pollutant emissions during the process of converting chemical energy into heat. In addition, novel engineering concepts require the complete combustion of a variety of fuels and fuel mixtures. Against this background, a novel catalytic radiant burner was developed at the Research Centre Jülich. Under near-stoichiometric conditions, this catalytic burner burns both natural gas with hydrogen admixture in a heat recovery boiler for stationary heat production and methanol with hydrogen admixture in a reformer producing process heat to be used in a fuel cell drive system. The emission data of the catalytic heater were recorded at a nominal power of 11.5 kW, a nominal air/fuel ratio of 1.15 and different hydrogen ratios between 0% and 50% and were 7–3 mg/kW h for carbon monoxide and 3.3–3.9 mg/kW h for nitrogen oxides. The test runs for a catalytic burner to be used for heating a compact reformer in a fuel cell vehicle were carried out at a power density of 15–60 kW/m², a nominal air/fuel ratio of 1.1 and different hydrogen, carbon dioxide and water ratios. For nitrogen oxides emissions of less than 0.4 mg/kW h, the measured carbon monoxide amount ranges between 0 and 13 mg/kW h.     

Combustion of low-calorific waste liquids in high temperature air

Waste liquids with low-calorific values are not easy to burn. In this experiment, a furnace with a pair of burners for high-cycled alternate firing was utilized to burn the low-calorific value liquids. In a 1383 K furnace, 1173 K preheated air was achieved via these burners equipped with regenerators. It was observed that the alternate firing with highly preheated air was an effective way to ignite and burn the low-calorific value liquids. The preheated air temperature was higher than the auto-ignition temperature of the flammable mixture of the waste liquids. The combustion gas temperature in the furnace was quite uniform via the high-cycled alternate firing, resulting in a longer residence time of combustion in the furnace as compared to the conventional incinerator. The convective heat transfer in this furnace was higher than that of the conventional incinerator, and more useful energy was extracted from the waste liquids for end users. For the waste liquids with lower heating values of 15.0 MJ/kg (19 wt.% water) and 10.4 MJ/kg (42 wt.% water), it was found that 49% and 10% of the heating values of the waste liquids, respectively, could be used for utility energy. Furthermore, the waste liquid with a lower heating value of 7.1 MJ/kg (45 wt.% water) could burn itself in this furnace without the need of co-firing of any auxiliary fuels. NO_x and CO emissions were lower than 60 ppmv (6% O₂) and 50 ppmv (6% O₂), respectively, for all tests.     

O2/CO2气氛中水蒸气预混CH4燃烧特性与烟气余热梯级利用方案

对O2/CO2气氛中甲烷预混水蒸气燃烧特性及主要污染物生成进行了数值模拟研究,在加湿燃烧的基础上提出一种全新的清洁燃烧方式,即在保证甲烷流量一定时,通过改变入口处水蒸气的质量分数,研究水蒸气预混比Rf(0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4和0.5)对燃烧流场、燃烧组分和污染物浓度的影响。结果表明,随Rf增大,燃烧反应速率上升、燃烧效率提高且污染物排放量降低。模拟所得甲烷预混水蒸气的最优气氛为81%CH4/19%H2O,提出了一种高效节能的O2/CO2气氛下水蒸气预混CH4燃烧与烟气余热梯级利用方案。     

Experimental investigation on the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of biogas-biodiesel dual-fuel combustion in a CI engine

An experimental investigation was performed to study the influence of dual-fuel combustion characteristics on the exhaust emissions and combustion performance in a diesel engine fueled with biogas-biodiesel dual-fuel. In this work, the combustion pressure and the rate of heat release were evaluated under various conditions in order to analyze the combustion and emission characteristics for single-fuel (diesel and biodiesel) and dual-fuel (biogas-diesel and biogas-biodiesel) combustion modes in a diesel engine. In addition, to compare the engine performances and exhaust emission characteristics with combustion mode, fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, efficiency, and exhaust emissions were also investigated under various test conditions. For the dual-fuel system, the intake system of the test engine was modified to convert into biogas and biodiesel of a dual-fueled combustion engine. Biogas was injected during the intake process by two electronically controlled gas injectors, which were installed in the intake pipe.The results of this study showed that the combustion characteristics of single-fuel combustion for biodiesel and diesel indicated the similar patterns at various engine loads. In dual-fuel mode, the peak pressure and heat release for biogas-biodiesel were slightly lower compared to biogas-diesel at low load. At 60% load, biogas-biodiesel combustion exhibited the slightly higher peak pressure, rate of heat release (ROHR) and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) than those of diesel. Also, the ignition delay for biogas-biodiesel indicated shortened trends compared to ULSD dual-fueling due to the higher cetane number (CN) of biodiesel. Significantly lower NO_x emissions were emitted under dual-fuel operation for both cases of pilot fuels compared to single-fuel mode at all engine load conditions. Also, biogas-biodiesel provided superior performance in reductions of soot emissions due to the absence of aromatics, the low sulfur, and oxygen contents for biodiesel.     

空气冷却式煤粉燃烧室数值模拟研究

双锥煤粉燃烧室在小容量工业锅炉中广泛采用水冷却方式,但随着市场对高容量锅炉需求的增加,双锥燃烧室体积增大、数量增多,如仍采用水冷却的方式将导致安装困难、水系统复杂等问题,亟需开发新的冷却方式。空气冷却形式具有结构简单、预热后的空气可以增加煤粉的着火稳定性等优点,需要考察其首次应用于双锥煤粉燃烧室中的效果。为了确定空气冷却式燃烧室燃烧和壁面冷却情况,采用数值模拟技术对14 MW工业锅炉燃烧室和炉膛进行三维建模,得到50%和100%两种负荷下不同内外二次风配风比例下燃烧室内部燃烧情况、金属壁面温度、出口火焰形状和炉膛充满度。结果表明:控制总空气过量系数不变,随着内二次风比例的逐渐增加,燃烧室内的平均温度逐渐降低;50%负荷下金属壁面温度随二次风比例的增加逐渐降低,100%负荷下金属壁面温度先降低后升高,这是内二次风助燃燃烧和外二次风的冷却共同作用的结果。随着内二次风比例的增加,金属壁面的高温区域逐渐后移,集中于后锥出口区域;在50%负荷下内二次风量占总空气量比例为0.4时,金属壁面具有最高温度930 K,100%负荷下内二次风量占总空气量比例为0.2时,壁面金属最高温度835K,2个最高温度均出现在后锥收缩段,据最高温度推荐壁面材料选取0Cr18Ni9,2种负荷下最高温度出现时燃烧室内的内二次风配风量为2 600 Nm3/h,应尽量使内二次风远离此配风量;50%负荷下燃烧室平均温度、金属壁面平均温度及最高温度均高于100%负荷,是空气冷却结构需要重点考察的工况。随着内二次风比例的逐渐增加,火焰长度先增加后减小,当内二次风过小时,出口气速较小,外二次风具有向中心的速度分量,火焰主要集中在炉膛前部。随着内二次风比例的增加,出口速度增大,火焰变长变细。但随着比例的继续增加,外二次风的轴向速度变小,出口火焰的旋流强度完全由二次风决定,出口旋流强度的增大导致了火焰的变短变粗,在2种负荷下,火焰长度较长时,内二次风比例为0.4~0.5。内外二次风比例为0.5∶0.5时,燃烧室内燃烧情况和壁面温度均匀稳定,火焰在炉膛内的充满度最好,是2个考察负荷下均较适合的运行参数。     

Numerical modelling and simulation of pulverized solid‐fuel combustion in swirl burners

A finite‐volume numerical model for computer simulation of pulverized solid‐fuel combustion in furnaces with axisymmetric‐geometry swirl burner is presented. The simulation model is based on the k ? ε single phase turbulence model, considering the presence of the dispersed solid phase via additional source terms in the gas phase equations. The dispersed phase is treated by the particle source in cell (PSIC) method. Solid fuel particle devolatilization, homogenous and heterogeneous chemical reaction processes are modelled via a global combustion model. The radiative heat transfer equation is also resolved using the finite volume method. The numerical simulation code is validated by comparing computational and experimental results of pulverized coal in an experimental furnace equipped with a swirl burner. It is shown that the developed numerical code can successfully predict the flow field and flame structure including swirl effects and can therefore be used for the design and optimization of pulverized solid‐fuel swirl burners.