使用吸附式制冷机实现大型低温系统氦压缩机节能的研究

采用喷油氦螺杆压缩机高压级润滑油废热驱动硅胶一水吸附式制冷机制取冷量.同时利用液氮槽排出的低温氮气冷却高压级压缩机吸、排气的方法可以显著降低压缩机的功耗.以EAST超导托卡马克可控核聚变装置低温系统为例,理论计算证明润滑油的废热完全可以驱动吸附式制冷机正常工作;采用吸附式制冷机+低温氮气冷却吸、排气后氦压缩机能耗可以减少9.7%.     

基于DCS的EAST低温系统预冷过程自动控制

为避免热应力对EAST托卡马克装置的损坏,超导磁体与冷屏的300-80 K预冷过程需要严格控制降温温差;同时低温系统还需提供合适的流量与压降,以保证各冷质部件同步快速降温.通过低温控制流程分析,明确了预冷控制回路与控制需求,设计了预冷操作模式及其顺序控制流程.针对预冷过程中温差-压降耦合问题,设计了分阶段的解耦控制方案...     

超流氦低温系统发展及涡轮冷压缩机的应用

2 K下大型氦低温系统已采用离心式涡轮冷压缩机在低温低压下对饱和液氦槽减压操作,以获得超流氦或过冷氦.介绍了2K温度级超流氦制冷机发展情况和涡轮冷压缩机在氦制冷系统中的应用,以及中国科学院等离子体物理研究所EAST超导托卡马克氦低温制冷机中过冷氦的制取过程.     

氦低温系统螺杆压缩机组运行分析及节能优化

主要分析了EAST全超导托卡马克可控核聚变装置低温系统的喷油螺杆压缩机组,对其运行状况做了一些分析研究,并分析导致压机等温效率偏低的原因;最后提出一些节能优化措施,改善螺杆压缩机组的运行状况.     

EAST低温系统超临界氦循环泵的自动控制

为确保EAST超导磁体安全、稳定地进行降温,通过分析超导磁体氦迫流冷却回路并结合低温系统降温操作流程,在低温控制系统中设计并实现了氦循环泵的自动启动和失超处理等顺序控制流程;采用选择性控制结构和改进的增量式PID控制算法,实现了氦循环泵入口压力的自动控制.经过降温实验验证,氦循环泵的自动控制策略满足低温系统的运行要求,在一定程度上提高了系统的自动化程度.     

北京正负电子对撞机重大改造项目(BEPCII)超导腔低温系统制冷压缩机的控制

在BEPCII超导腔低温系统中，压缩机控制的优劣直接关系到制冷机制冷性能的高低、压缩机耗能的多少以及超导腔能否稳定运行。通过分析LINDE制冷机控制的PLC源代码，深入研究制冷压缩机的控制方式，并在BEPCII超导腔低温系统的实际运行过程中改变控制目标，研究控制目标的改变对压缩机控制的影响。实验表明，压缩机控制的PID参数设置合理，性能可靠，完全满足BEPCII超导腔低温系统的要求。     

EAST高频氘弹丸注入系统及其工程调试

先进实验超导托卡马克(EAST)作为国际上具有类似国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)等离子体位型的全超导托卡马克之一,最近发展和建成了一套挤压成冰气动加速高频弹丸注入系统(PI-50),主要在EAST上用于等离子体边界局域模控制和芯部加料。PI-50弹丸注入器含有两个弹丸注入模块,并且配备了完善的供气系统。整个弹丸注入器的主要设计参数:发射弹丸频率为1~50 Hz可调,弹丸的尺寸为Φ1.5 mm×1.8 mm、Φ1.5 mm×1.5 mm和Φ1.5 mm×1.2 mm,弹丸发射速度为150~250 m/s。最近该系统已经完成了台面测试,获得了初步的测试结果。目前,PI-50系统的辅助真空抽气系统、低温系统、弹丸传输管道以及该系统本身已经全部安装到EAST实验现场。相关的联机调试将会在2017年EAST下半年的物理实验中进行。     

深冷文献消息(国内部分)

^3He低温热力学性质实验数据综述;液氧密度标准计量装置的研制;液氮温区重力辅助深冷回路热管的实验研究;液氢管路绝热设计与效果分析;液化天然气冷能利用发电技术浅析;行波热声发动机驱动的脉管制冷机研究;EAST超导托卡马克热负荷波动对低温系统液氦槽的影响     

EAST装置大型低温杜瓦中内外冷屏系统的检漏

针对EAST装置大型低温杜瓦中内外冷屏系统存在的泄漏及对外真空室真空度的影响,采用氦质谱负压真空、正压真空及吸枪法相结合的方法,确定了多处泄漏点并分析了泄漏原因,通过修复使EAST外真空室低温运行时的压强﹤1×10~(-4)Pa,满足了EAST外真空室运行的需要。EAST内外冷屏系统的检漏方法和经验可以运用到大型、复杂的和具有狭小活动空间的真空系统检漏,尤其是对多管道、复杂材料的检漏具有一定的参考价值。     

双压缩机小型中央空调机组的系统控制

从一个实际开发的产品，分析了采用双压缩机系统组成小型中央空调机组的电器回路组成和控制电路功能，叙述双压缩机系统运行的控制特点。     

跟踪系统中多闭环控制模式的分析和实现

实现高精度跟踪,尤其在外界干扰力矩下,必须增加系统刚度来提高系统的扰动抑制能力.提出将加速度反馈引入常规的跟踪系统控制方式中,实现了由电流环、加速度环、速度环、位置环构成的四闭环控制模式.高增益的加速度反馈为系统提供一个响应更快、带宽更宽的内环,克服了单纯速度反馈带宽窄的特性.首先从理论上分析和证明了该方法的意义,多闭环控制模式可以提高系统的刚度,从而增强系统的抗扰动能力;同时,在加速度反馈的基础上研制前馈控制器,能够进一步提高大速度目标的跟踪性能.在某一实际的系统中对多闭环控制模式进行了实验验证,结果表明:同以往的控制方法相比扰动抑制带宽由15 Hz 提高到30 Hz ;并且在10 Hz 以下频率获得了-30 dB 抑制能力.     

Design of POLCA material control systems

POLCA is a material control system designed for make-to-order or engineer-to-order companies. These firms have to cope with a high variety of customised products, and strong pressure to provide short throughput times. POLCA constrains the amount of work in progress on the shop floor in order to achieve a short average shop floor throughput time. Earlier work has shown that the POLCA system has the capability to reduce both the average shop floor throughput time and the average total throughput time, but it is only effective if the POLCA system has been appropriately designed. The design of the POLCA system is therefore being investigated and discussed in this paper. We give an extensive literature review and give attention to the authorisation mechanisms of POLCA, the design of control loops, the route-specific capacity signals (POLCA cards), and specific facilities needed to use the POLCA system in practice. Finally, we report on the design of a POLCA system in practice, the first complete implementation of POLCA in The Netherlands, and present the quick scan that was used in the design of the POLCA system for this SME.     

综合性换热器热动力特性试验台的研制

研制了多系统综合性换热器热动力特性试验台.该试验台包括大、小两个风路、高温空气路、冷却液路、机油路5个循环回路.在windows平台下实现试验台高精度的自动控制和数据的采集、分析和计算.采用VC 6.0开发的控制软件具有良好的使用界面和数据监控、保存及打印输出功能.试验证明,该试验台的系统误差在0.3%～2.7%之间,具有很高的采集和调节精度.     

On structured fault tree construction by modularizing control loops

The objectives of this article are: (1) to develop the fault trees for control loops in a way that they all appear in a proper form and as modules in the fault tree for the whole system; and also (2) to modularize each control loop in a system properly to establish its unit model. These two methods are essentially equivalent. Either of them can be applied to facilitate constructing fault trees for the whole system. To accomplish such equivalent or parallel objectives, we will first take the feedback and feedforward control loops in the heat exchanger system as examples and then: (1) construct the fault trees of deviations in controlled variable for the two control loops in the way that all of their non-basic terminal events should be deviations in variables on those streams that connect to the loop from their outside in the system; and (2) establish the unit model for each of such two loops. One of the purposes of (2), which will not be addressed here, is to regard each control loop as a dummy unit and hence reduce the system to facilitate system input and fault tree construction eventually for complete automation purpose.     

航空相机光学系统热控设计

为保证航空相机光学系统的有效性和较高的成像质量,根据相机的热环境和结构特点进行了热控设计。采用热隔离等被动热控措施延长系统的热时间常数,降低光学系统对外部热环境变化的灵敏度。建立了镜头和窗口组件的传热模型和热阻网络模型,并对其在极端工况下的最大漏热率进行了分析计算,得到保持光学系统恒温所需的加热功率,根据计算结果设计了加热回路和分配加热功率。针对热控设计和航空相机的工况进行了稳态和瞬态仿真分析,对加热功率进行了优化。镜头和窗口的稳态温度分布均在(20±1)℃范围内,表明漏热补偿效果较好;瞬态分析结果表明,在飞行拍摄的过程中,温控系统将光学系统的温度控制在17.5℃～20.5℃范围内,满足热控指标要求,为提高光学系统的可靠性和热控设计优化提供了理论依据。     

Effect of various pulse wave forms for pulse-type magnetic flux pump

The excitation current of magnetic pole windings in magnetic flux pump needs to be generated by a control system. In this paper, the control system of pulse-type high temperature superconducting magnetic flux pump is discussed in detail. The control system consists of a control circuit and a drive circuit. A direct current power supply is the unique power supply of the drive circuit. The control circuit is powered by a computer through a USB interface of the computer. The control circuit receives commands from the computer and controls the drive circuit to generate different pulse waves. Each pulse wave generates a unique pulse-type traveling magnetic field and will pump magnetic flux into the superconducting loop. Experiments have been performed to examine the pumping effect of different pulse waves on both MgB₂ and Bi-2223 superconducting loops using the proposed control system, and the best pulse wave has been found. The experimental results show that the magnetic flux pump can compensate current decay up to 32.5 A for MgB₂ loop and 129 A for Bi-2223 loop. It indicates that the control system of the pulse-type magnetic flux pump is effective and feasible.     

高精度位置随动系统的误差源分析

以经典三闭环控制系统为研究对象,对其误差源做了较为详尽的分析,将系统误差分为通过算法可调节的误差和通过算法无法调节的误差两大类.文中对舍入误差、传感器量测误差、采样率误差和带宽引入的误差这四种主要的误差源做了定量分析,并从物理运动学角度按由内环到外环的顺序分析了这几种误差在环间的传递与叠加.通过这种对误差的定量分析,可以直观的观察各类误差在总误差中所占的比重,为有针对性的设计系统提供了重要的理论依据.最后以某光电量测设备为控制对象进行了实验,实验结果表明该误差源分析理论是可行的.     

Distinct noise-controlling roles of multiple negative feedback mechanisms in a prokaryotic operon system

Molecular fluctuations are known to affect dynamics of cellular systems in important ways. Studies aimed at understanding how molecular systems of certain regulatory architectures control noise therefore become essential. The interplay between feedback regulation and noise has been previously explored for cellular networks governed by a single negative feedback loop. However, similar issues within networks consisting of more complex regulatory structures remain elusive. The authors investigate how negative feedback loops manage noise within a biochemical cascade concurrently governed by multiple negative feedback loops, using the prokaryotic tryptophan (trp) operon system in Escherechia coli as the model system. To the authors knowledge, this is the first study of noise in the trp operon system. They show that the loops in the trp operon system possess distinct, even opposing, noise-controlling effects despite their seemingly analogous feedback structures. The enzyme inhibition loop, although controlling the last reaction of the cascade, was found to suppress noise not only for the tryptophan output but also for other upstream components. In contrast, the Repression (Rep) loop enhances noise for all systems components. Attenuation (Att) poses intermediate effects by attenuating noise for the upstream components but promoting noise for components downstream of its target. Regarding noise at the output tryptophan, Rep and Att can be categorised as noise-enhancing loops whereas Enzyme Inhibition as a noise-reducing loop. These findings suggest novel implications in how cellular systems with multiple feedback mechanisms control noise. [Includes supplementary material].     

惯性平台稳定回路多闭环串级控制

针对惯性平台稳定回路中采用速率陀螺构成单速度环伺服控制系统的不足,本文提出采用直流测速机为电机转速测量反馈元件构成数字速度内环,采用陀螺为载体转速测量元件构成数字稳定外环组成双速度闭环串级控制结构.在常规的跟踪系统PI控制方式中,实现了由电流环,速度环,稳定环构成的三闭环控制模式,并和电流环,单速度稳定环构成的双闭环控制方式进行比较.实验结果表明:在扰动频率较高环境下,采用单速度环即可获得较好的稳定精度.而采用双速度环提高了系统对低频的抑制能力,并且对摩擦等非线性因素有更好的抑制作用.