AEO改性二氧化铅电极在降解甲基橙过程中的电化学行为

采用阳极氧化法在不锈钢基体上制备了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO)改性PbO2电极。通过SEM图像和XRD图谱分别考察了电极的表面形貌和物相组成,采用稳态极化法和循环伏安法分析了电极在甲基橙模拟废液中的电化学特性,并对质量浓度为10mg·L-1的甲基橙模拟废水进行了电催化降解实验。结果表明,与未改性PbO2电极相比,改性PbO2电极表面平整致密,具有较高的析氧电位和较高的氧化峰电流,有利于有机物的降解。降解实验结果表明改性电极的电催化活性高于未改性电极和石墨电极。     

电化学阳极氧化条件对多孔硅及其光催化性能的影响研究

在HF/乙醇电解液中,采用恒电压电化学阳极氧化法,将P型硅片制备成了多孔硅催化剂。以甲基橙模拟废水为目标物,分析了电化学阳极氧化条件对多孔硅光催化甲基橙脱色率的影响。结果表明:随着HF浓度、阳极氧化时间、电流密度和光照时间的增加,甲基橙的脱色率逐渐增大。当V(HF)∶V(乙醇)=1∶1、阳极氧化时间为30min、电流密度为10mA/cm2以及光照时间为60min时,对甲基橙废水的脱色率较好。用十二烷基苯磺酸钠修饰的多孔硅对甲基橙废水有更高的脱色率。同直接催化相比,光催化甲基橙废水的脱色率提高到45.32%。同时对多孔硅表面形貌进行了表征。     

活性炭在三维电极法处理染料废水中的应用

采用活性炭作为自制三维电极反应器中的第三极，并用此电极反应器对甲基橙模拟染料废水的降解进行了实验研究。重点讨论了电压、电解质浓度以及溶液pH等因素对CODCr去除率和甲基橙去除率的影响。研究结果表明：活性炭作为第三极的三维电极反应器对甲基橙模拟染料废水进行降解，甲基橙浓度去除率到达90％，CODCR去除率达到80％。并由此展望了活性炭在三维电极处理染料废水的应用前景。     

不同基体PbO2镀层电极材料制备的研究现状及展望

PbO2具有良好的电化学性能和耐腐蚀性能,是一种优良的电极材料。综述了近年来不同基体制备PbO2镀层用作电极材料的研究进展及其在降解苯酚、电催化氧化降解甲基橙、锌电积等领域的应用。指出了不同基体PbO2镀层电极材料制备存在的不足和解决问题的初步设想。     

超声波降解水中甲基橙的实验研究

为开发利用超声降解染料废水技术,建立了以甲基橙为模型化合物的超声降解模拟实验。考察了pH值、甲基橙初始浓度、氧化剂过氧化氢的投加浓度以及超声设备声能密度等实验条件对超声氧化降解甲基橙效果的影响。当甲基橙溶液初始浓度为2 mg.L-1、pH值为2时,按0.01 mL/100 mL浓度投加过氧化氢,在300 W声能密度条件下仅需20 min,甲基橙的降解率可达到91.79%。实验结果表明,超声降解染料废水技术操作简单、高效快速,具有广阔的应用前景。     

疏水性空心SiO2/TiO2光催化剂的制备及性能研究

选取TiO_2为原料,经过空心化、SiO_2包覆、疏水性改性,制备了疏水性空心SiO_2/TiO_2光催化剂,并利用TEM和FTIR对其进行表征,对比研究了改性前后的催化剂。TEM图像显示制备的催化剂具有核-壳空心结构,且其表面均匀包覆一层物质;FTIR图谱分析可知,其表面包覆层是SiO_2,且硅烷偶联剂KH-570与其成功产生化学键合;吸附实验时改性光催化剂漂浮在废水表面,提高了光照效率。以甲基橙模拟染料废水的降解率考察改性光催化剂的活性,初始甲基橙浓度为10mg/L、pH值为4时,对甲基橙的脱色率最佳,并且Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型均能较好地描述吸附过程。经动力学的一次拟合,说明该吸附是一个以化学吸附为主导作用的多因素控制过程。     

活性炭表面含氧官能团对TiO_2/AC的吸附和光催化活性的影响

通过硝酸氧化和热处理获得了表面含氧基团和织构显著变化的活性炭,考察了所得活性炭载纳米TiO_2光催化剂(TiO_2/AC)对亚甲蓝和甲基橙的吸附和光催化降解,研究了活性炭表面含氧基团对TiO_2/AC吸附和光催化活性的影响。结果表明,活性炭表面含氧基团的变化比织构显著,其表面含氧基团尤其是羧酸基团对TiO_2/AC的吸附和光催化活性有决定性的影响;同时,针对降解物的电荷性质不同,活性炭表面含氧基团的影响有差异,对阳离子亚甲蓝的吸附和光催化活性的影响比阴离子甲基橙的显著,250℃下脱除表面羧酸后的催化剂对亚甲蓝的光催化活性明显降低而对甲基橙的则稍有增加。     

金属网表面ZnO纳米棒的可控制备及其光催化性能

采用晶种诱导法,以硝酸锌为前驱体在金属网表面成功制备ZnO纳米棒光催化材料,用XRD、SEM等进行表征,并采用甲基橙溶液模拟废水,研究该材料的光催化降解性能。探讨了水浴合成ZnO纳米棒时,生长液浓度、反应温度等因素对光催化性能的影响。结果表明,80℃水浴反应4h,生长溶液浓度为100mmol/L,制备得到的ZnO纳米棒光催化活性较佳,光催化反应2h甲基橙溶液的降解率可达99%。     

TiO2纳米管阵列薄膜光电催化降解甲基橙染料废水

采用电化学阳极氧化法在纯钛表面制备出TiO2纳米管阵列,应用FE-SEM和XRD表征其形貌。以该纳米管陈列薄膜为光阳极,比较了光解、光催化和光电催化对甲基橙溶液降解效率的差异,研究了pH值和外加偏压对甲基橙降解效率的影响,并建立了光电催化氧化反应的一级动力学模型来描述产生这种效果的主要因素。结果表明,在光电催化氧化体系中,TiO2纳米管阵列薄膜对甲基橙具有显著的降解作用;溶液中的电解质、溶液的pH值和外加偏压是影响光电催化效果的关键因素;最佳的降解条件为电解质存在下、pH值为3、外加偏压为1.5V,在该条件下紫外灯照射80min后降解率可达100%。     

纳米四针状氧化锌晶须光催化降解甲基橙

以纳米四针状氧化锌晶须(T-ZnOw)为光催化剂,以甲基橙为染料模型化合物,研究了T-ZnOw的光催化氧化降解性能.考察了甲基橙溶液的初始浓度、催化剂用量和粒径等因素对光催化氧化降解反应的影响.研究结果表明,纳米T-ZnOw光催化氧化降解甲基橙的反应遵循一级反应动力学规律;光催化剂纳米T-ZnOw的最佳用量为2g/L,此时经60min光催化降解后,甲基橙溶液的色度剩余率仅为8%;T-ZnOw粒子直径越小,光催化活性越高,效果越好.对比实验和重复实验结果表明,纳米T-ZnOw的光催化氧化降解效果比纳米TiO2和普通球形纳米ZnO粉体更好,是一种高效、长寿的光催化剂材料.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...