补气方式对水轮机稳定运行的影响

效率、空蚀和稳定性是水轮机水力性能的三大主要指标,补气对水轮机消除振动和稳定运行、改善空蚀性能和提高效率都有直接影响。本文通过不同水轮机采用不同的补气方式及使用效果进行了详细的分析,供类似型式水轮机的电厂借鉴和参考。     

某大型抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机转轮强度及模态分析

抽水蓄能电站中由于机组工况转换频繁、正反转运行,因此对于水泵水轮机转轮结构强度及性能具有较常规机组更高的要求。本文以国内某大型抽水蓄能电站转轮为研究对象,建立了水轮机全流道三维模型,并基于ANSYS Workbench平台对不同工况下的水泵水轮机转轮进行了单向流固耦合计算,得到水轮机工况及水泵工况下转轮的静应力分布及分布情况,并展开两种运行工况下转轮的模态分析。计算结果表明：机组在相同水头的水轮机工况下运行时,随着导叶开度的增大,转轮的最大静应力及位移均呈现减小趋势;但水轮机工况与水泵工况下,叶片的最大静应力普遍发生于叶片外缘,可采取适当加厚、检查圆滑过渡等措施予以预防和避免应力集中。通过模态分析,发现转轮流固耦合第一阶振动固有频率与导叶出口的不均匀流脉动频率接近,需调整转轮固有频率以避免共振现象的发生。     

多能互补发电系统中杨家湾水电站水轮机压力脉动特性的数值研究

在多能互补联合发电系统中,水电作为调节系统,为了平衡系统中出力的波动,需要频繁地改变运行工况.而在偏工况下运行时,水轮机就会出现压力脉动、水力振动等稳定性问题.本文针对多能互补联合发电系统中的杨家湾水电站混流式水轮机,开展了压力脉动特性数值研究,对杨家湾水电站额定水头下不同导叶开度工况进行非定常数值计算,设置了一系列各过流部件监测点,通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)对水轮机内部压力脉动进行频谱分析,找出了各过流部件产生压力脉动的原因,研究了不同工况下水轮机压力脉动特性.     

水轮机阻抗对长有压输水系统水力振动特性的影响

为了解水轮机不同运行工况点的水力特性对水力-机械系统自由振动分析的影响,结合长输水系统水电站,基于两种不同的水轮机选型方案,考虑同一水轮机在不同运行工况点以及不同水轮机在相近工况点的系统自由振动分析,揭示了水轮机阻抗特性对系统振动特性的影响。分析结果表明,自由振动分析的角频率反映了系统的固有频率特性,不同运行工况下水轮机阻抗的变化对角频率的影响较小;不同的水轮机特性及运行工况点对系统振动稳定性存在不同程度的影响,在一些工况点水轮机阻抗可能为负值,自由振动分析中会出现衰减因子为正的自振频率,系统不稳定;不同水轮机相近工况点的系统振动特性基本一致。     

九子溪电站水轮机增容改造

介绍了为九子溪电站水轮机增容研制的新型转轮。实际运行结果表明,在电站工况不变和未采取其他措施情况下,新转轮使原机组功率增容相对幅值达１５．３％。机组在不利的小负荷工况下运行近４０００ｈ,未见磨蚀痕迹,抗空蚀、抗磨蚀性能成于原转轮,新转轮完全可替代老的ＨＬ７０２型号水轮机转轮。     

不同工况下水泵水轮机尾水管压力脉动特性与改善措施研究

不稳定水流诱发的压力脉动是引起水力机械振动进而影响水泵水轮机安全运行的重要原因.为研究不同流量下水泵水轮机尾水管涡带形态的演变,分析空化系数对涡带形态的影响,基于FBM湍流模型,针对水泵水轮机五种典型运行工况进行非定常数值模拟,重点比较了不同流量与空化系数对尾水管涡带形态的影响.结果表明,当机组运行在0.5倍和1.1倍...     

长短叶片水轮机转轮气液两相流的数值模拟

为降低水轮机运行过程中的空化现象并提高经济效率,以长短叶片混流式水轮机HLA351 LJ 170原型机为研究对象,采用完整的空化流模型和商用CFD软件FLUENT中的Mixture多相流无滑移模型,在大流量工况下对长短叶片混流式水轮机进行了气液两相流数值模拟。计算结果表明,该工况下长短叶片水轮机转轮流速、压力分布合理,水力性能较好。由此预测了长短叶片水轮机空化发生的部位和程度,对水轮机优化设计或改型等具有重要的指导意义。     

基于综合运行特性模型的某抽水蓄能机组发电工况运行区域划分

为科学划分某抽水蓄能机组在发电工况下的运行区域,考虑水轮机效率、机组稳定性及噪声等工况特征指标建立了机组运行综合特性模型,分别在低(310m)、中(320m)、高(330m)特征静水头下进行现场水轮机效率、机组稳定性和噪声试验,每个水头下的试验工况包括了发电工况下从空载到额定负荷间阶梯式选取的13个负荷工况。以水轮机效率、机组稳定性及噪声等测试数据为基础,依据主机合同技术规范中的相关要求将试验机组在不同试验水头下发电工况的运行区域划分为《水力发电厂和蓄能泵站机组机械振动的评定》中推荐划分的A区(高效稳定区)、B区(过渡限运区)、C区(强振禁运区)。研究成果为电网调度中心合理制订该机组在发电工况的负荷计划提供了依据。     

水轮机主轴补气阀漏水原因分析及处理

针对水轮机主轴补气阀漏水问题,通过改变补气阀安装形式、改变密封结构等方法,避免了密封老化及离心力对补气阀动作的影响,最终解决了补气阀漏水缺陷,保证了机组安全稳定运行。     

大型混流式水轮机低水头运行振动特性研究

基于机组安稳运行和调度的需要,有必要研究大型混流式水轮机在低水头运行区的振动、空蚀及疲劳等特性,从而在保证调度需求的同时,通过采用合理控制方式避开不利于机组长期运行的区域。以猴子岩水电站#2机组为例,根据电站机组形式及调度运行需求,采用多种测量方法综合分析其在低水头工况下的全负荷区的振动原因及特征,并提出了大型混流式水轮机低水头运行的一般振动特征。研究成果可用于指导工程实践。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.