双提升管工艺在重油催化裂化装置的应用

介绍了双提升管工艺在重油催化裂化（RFCC）装置上的工业应用。应用结果表明：双提升管工艺与装置改造前相比,液化气产率可提高6．73个百分点,总液收提高1．5个百分点以上。汽油的辛烷值（RON）由90．3提高到91,汽油的烯烃含量（荧光法）由50％降低到34．3％,并且可以灵活调整生产方案,具有明显的经济效益和社会效益。     

超滤系统在三聚氰胺生产应用中的优化处理

以常压渣油为原料，富产丙烯及高辛烷值汽油。为进一步提高丙烯收率及降低汽油中烯烃含量，采用了北京石油化工科学研究院的MGD技术，经过工业运转结果标明，装置加工量保持在原有水平时，丙烯收率提高了近1．7个百分点，液态烃＋柴油＋汽油产率达到了85．12％，汽油中烯烃含量下降了10个百分点，辛烷值略得到提高。     

MGD技术在催化裂解装置中的工业实践

以常压渣油为原料,富产丙烯及高辛烷值汽油。为进一步提高丙烯收率及降低汽油中烯烃含量,采用了北京石油化工科学研究院的MGD技术,经过工业运转结果标明,装置加工量保持在原有水平时,丙烯收率提高了近1.7个百分点,液态烃＋柴油＋汽油产率达到了85.12％,汽油中烯烃含量下降了10个百分点,辛烷值略得到提高。     

MGD降烯烃喷嘴工业应用

MGD降烯烃喷嘴是一种新型降烯烃喷嘴，该喷嘴具有降低汽油烯烃含量，改善产品分布的特点。中石油哈石化分公司ⅢFCC装置应用该喷嘴后，汽油烯烃含量降低了约5个百分点，并可明显提高液化汽及柴油产率，经济效益明显。     

DOCO降烯烃催化剂和MGD工艺的工业应用

大庆石油公司炼油厂1.40 Mt·a^－1重油催化裂化装置通过综合运用DOCO降烯烃催化剂和MGD工艺，汽油产品中烯烃体积分数下降15％，汽油辛烷值有所降低。产品分布较为理想，油浆产率略有降低，焦炭产率略有增加，汽油产率基本持平，柴油产率略有降低，液化气产率增加，催化剂单耗有所升高，综合经济效益明显。     

RGD-1催化剂在MGD工艺的应用

石油化工科学研究院研制的RGD-1催化剂在大庆某MGD装置上进行了工业应用。结果表明,在原料油性质及装置操作条件相近的条件下,与原来使用的催化剂DOCP相比,液化汽产率增加1.30％,柴油产率可提高15％,焦炭产率减少0．16％,汽油烯烃体积分数（荧光法）降低4.80％。     

催化裂解Ⅱ型装置首次应用MGD技术的工业试验

对催化裂解Ⅱ(DCC-Ⅱ)型装置进行多产液化气和柴油裂化技术(MGD)改造。根据装置特点,分别进行了提升管的预提升段和反应床层的稳定汽油回炼改造。改造前后进行了标定。标定结果显示,丙烯产率提高1.5～1.7个百分点,总轻烃液收增加1.0～1.2个百分点。汽油的烯烃体积分数降低6～10个百分点,芳烃体积分数增加4～5个百分点,辛烷值提高约1个单位。改造后的DCC装置可以根据不同季节、不同的市场需求和产品价格变化情况灵活生产。     

LRC-99催化剂在MGD技术中的应用

中国石油大连石化公司3．5Mt/a重油催化裂化装置，采用LRC-99催化剂，在不停工的条件下，投用了MGD技术，并实现一次投用成功。工业试验结果表明：在MGD技术中应用LRC-99催化剂，可以将汽油烯烃含量降至35．2％，辛烷值达到90，同时可以显著提高柴油和液化气收率，增加柴汽比。     

催化裂化催化剂LDS-6HRB的工业应用

针对哈尔滨石化分公司600 kt·a^(-1)重油催化裂化装置降低汽油烯烃含量及提高辛烷值的需求,兰州化工研究中心开发了新型LDS-6HRB催化剂,并进行了工业应用。结果表明,在原料油性质相似、操作相近的条件下,汽油+轻柴油+液态烃收率增加0.31个百分点,油浆产率降低0.39个百分点;汽油烯烃体积分数由29.28%降低至25.63%,降低3.65个百分点,汽油研究法辛烷值增加0.6个单位。LDS-6HRB催化剂在哈尔滨石化分公司的成功应用可以为其他炼厂降低汽油烯烃含量及提高辛烷值提供优质参考方案。     

国内催化裂化应用降低汽油烯烃技术进展

介绍了国内开发的几种利用催化裂化技术降低汽油烯烃含量的新工艺,各种工艺的特点以及工业应用情况。包括：辅助反应器改质降烯烃技术、灵活多效催化裂化工艺（FDFCC）、两反应区（MIP）工艺、两段提升管工艺、多产柴油和液化气（MGD）技术等。     

Expanding the genetic potential of the soybean

The primary center of genetic dispersion of the soybean probably is in northeastern China. The soybean plant traveled from its area of origin to Korea and Japan in ancient times and to Europe and America more recently. Although soybeans were confined to the Far East for many centuries, the western world now produces more than 80% of the total, and the United States and Brazil are the main producers. The increased expansion of soybeans in Latin America is largely a result of the advances of genetic and agronomic technology, which have permitted the development of adapted cultivars and improved management systems for the subtropical and tropical areas of this region. The USDA soybean germplasm collection—particularly the gene bank maintained in Mississippi—has been the most important genetic resource for the developing commercial cultivars in Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador and Peru. Germplasm from other countries, e.g., Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, the Philippines and some African countries, also has contributed to the enrichment of the soybean gene pools in Latin America, mainly through the International Soybean Program (INTSOY). The International Soybean Variety Evaluation Experiment (ISVEX) of INTSOY has been planted in more than 1,200 locations and in more than 107 countries since 1973. In Latin America in 1978, this experiment was planted in 29 locations of 11 countries. The experiment was designed to (a) test the adaptation of cultivars, (b) compare local and introduced cultivars, (c) provide new germplasm for local breeding programs, (d) identify potential areas for soybean production, and (e) evaluate cultivar performance in different environments.     

The stability characterization of the pyrotechnic system. The degradation of the nitrate oxidant in the presence of the magnesium under the accelerated aging conditions

The degradation of the nitrate oxidant was followed in the course of the aging process of tracer pyrotechnic mix containing 22.0 % Mg, 46.0 % Sr(NO₃)₂, 22.0 % KCIO₄, 9.0 % Al-Mg alloy and 4.0 % organic binder. The accelerated aging was conducted under the conditions of the increased humidity (98.5 %, 85.0 %, 78.5 %) at the increased temperature (75 °C). Nitrate content as a function of aging time was calculated by substracting nitrite nitrogen from total nitrogen content determined by Devarda's alloy reduction method. The degradation products of the nitrate (nitrite and carbonate) were determined by UV/VlS (Griess reaction) and IR spectroscopy, respectively. Nitrate proved to have a great instability in the presence of the metal, the extent of its conversion to nitrite and carbonate being rather great in comparision to the previously studied alkali metal nitrates in the presence of Mg as well. The loss of the nitrate and the formation of the nitrite and carbonate are governed by the same kinetic laws as fuel degradation to the hydroxide. The rate of the metal oxidation to the hydroxide was faster than the rate of the nitrate degradation process. The failure of the mix is connected to the rather small content of the nitrite (0.4 %) while the texture was significantly destroyed.     

Enhancing the permeability of reverse osmosis membrane by embedding the star-like rigid supports in the substrate

Thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes with high permeability have been prepared by interfacial polymerization based on tailoring the polysulfone (PSf) substrate structure by in situ embedded poly(p-phenylene terephthamide) (PPTA) star-like rigid supports. The star-like rigid supports were observed by the polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The surface properties of the substrates were investigated by FTIR, the water contact angle (WCA), FESEM and AFM. The WCA was decreased from 88.5° to 72.3° with the PPTA increasing from 0% to 8%, and the surface roughness increased from 24.2, 25.1, 33.5 and 58.6 nm, respectively. Furthermore, numerous interconnect micro-structures were constructed in the substrate when the PPTA content was up to 8%. The pure water flux of 8% PPTA/92%PSf substrate was up to 377.0 L m⁻² h⁻¹ and the flux decline rate was lowest (64%) after compacted at 5.5 MPa for 30 min. Otherwise, increasing the PPTA contents in the substrate enhanced the roughness, encouraged nanosheet formation and improved the permeability of TFC RO membranes. The pure water flux of the TFC RO membranes increased from 36.32 to 58.42 L m⁻² h⁻¹, where the NaCl rejection was about 99.5% at 5.5 MPa.     

On the effect of the nature of the side chain over the crystalline structure in aliphatic polyketones

The crystalline structure of a number of random polymers of perfectly alternating l-olefins/carbon monoxide aliphatic polyketones has been studied by wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy. From previous studies, WAXS, Raman and DSC have shown to be suitable techniques for the characterisation of the two crystalline polymorphs, α (denser) and β, detected in ethene/carbon monoxide (ECO) and in ethene/propene/carbon monoxide (EPCO) polymers. In this paper for the first time, polyketones with butene and hexene as the second olefin are reported. It was found that the ethene/propene/carbon monoxide polymers and ethene/butene/carbon monoxide (EBCO) polymers, predominately contain the β-rich crystalline phase. The crystalline density of this phase drops with increasing second olefin content, albeit at a faster pace for propene polymers. From the latter results, and from the behaviour of the melting point, crystallinity, and crystal thickness across composition, inclusion of methyl and ethyl side chains into the crystals as defects was inferred. Ethene/hexene/carbon monoxide (EHCO) polymers do seem to behave differently: they show lower crystallinity, the presence of a larger quantity of the denser α crystals and a relatively high and constant crystalline density for the β phase throughout composition; observations that unambiguously support the exclusion argument for the butyl branches. The above behaviour is surprising since for instance in polyethylene copolymers it is considered that only methyl branches can enter the crystal lattice. The relative presence of α crystals was found to decrease with increasing the concentration of branches and in the order EHCO>EBCO>EPCO.     

Effect of the aspect ratio of the pre-existing rectangular adhesion failure on the structural integrity of the adhesively bonded single lap joint

Non-linear three dimensional (3-D) finite element analyses (FEA) of the single lap joints (SLJs) having pre-existing rectangular adhesion failure in the interface of the strap adherend and the adhesive have been carried out. The effect of the size, the shape and the aspect ratio of the pre-existing rectangular adhesion failure on (i) the strength, (ii) the interfacial stresses and (iii) the strain energy release rates (SERRs) in the vicinity of the adhesion failure front have been presented in this research work. The SLJ is subjected to uniformly applied tensile load. The adherends are made with very high strength steels and the adhesive is a commercially available AV119. The analyses of the adhesion failure propagation have been carried out by sequentially releasing the constraints of the nodes ahead of the pre-existing adhesion failure front in finite element model. The SERR values in the vicinity of the adhesion failure fronts are computed using the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) for assessment of the structural integrity of the SLJ. The strength of the SLJ, the interfacial stresses, and the three modes of strain energy release rates (SERRs) have been found to be significantly affected by the shape and size of adhesion failures. The SERRs and interfacial stresses along the rectangular adhesion failure front are compared with the corresponding values around the circular adhesion failure front of same area, pre-existing in the SLJ. It is observed that the circular and rectangular adhesion failures of the same area will have dissimilar growth rate and the mode II is the dominant failure mode. The total strain energy release rate and the failure strength, computed from the 3-D FEA of the SLJ is in good agreement with the experimental fracture toughness of the AV119 adhesive and the experimentally obtained failure loads, respectively.     

The effect of the length of the oxyethylene chain on the conductivity of the polyurethaneurea electrolyte

Polyurethaneureas (PUU), which were synthesized from 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and 3,5-diaminobanzoic acid (DABA), were used as polyelectrolytes in this study. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to monitor the effect of the various kinds of PEG on the changes in morphology of PUU electrolytes corresponding to the concentration of lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) dopants. The results of DSC and FT-IR indicate the Li⁺ ions coordinate with the soft and hard segments. Additionally, the crystallinity of the PEG soft segment and the ordered hydrogen-bonded urea carbonyl groups decreased with increasing salt concentration. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) measurements show that the PUU electrolyte with the high phase separation degree has the high ionic conductivity. The hard-segment T_g and the soft-segment T_m influence the conductivity behavior of polyelectrolytes with increasing measurement temperature.     

Three routes for the synthesis of the bioceramic powder of the CaO-MgO-SiO2 system

We report three routes for the synthesis of CaO-MgO-SiO₂ (CMS) bioceramic powder using different Si sources and synthesis procedures. The ceramic powders were synthesized from Na₂SiO₃ waste solution by the sol-gel process combined with co-precipitation (synthesis route I and synthesis route II), and from TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) by conventional sol-gel (synthesis route III). Ceramic powders of the CMS multiphase system were obtained, including diopside, wollastonite, akermanite, monticellite and merwinite, which are suitable for application as biomaterial. These powders were sintered at 1200 °C for 2 h to obtain the CMS ceramics. The ceramics mostly contained diopside and wollastonite crystalline phases. Those ceramics when submitted to cytotoxicity tests revealed to be non-cytotoxic, according to ISO10993-5:2009. The ceramics were tested for in vitro bioactivity while soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. After 14 days, the presence of hydroxyapatite particles on the surface of ceramics was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs. The surfaces were completely covered with hydroxyapatite, after 21 days. In summary, CaO-MgO-SiO₂ (CMS) ceramic powder derived from three routes of synthesis have potential application in the biomedical area. However, further in-vitro and in-vivo studies are needed.     

A preliminary evaluation on the use of the cyclam functionalized resin for the noble metals sorption

A new resin has been prepared through a reaction between the vinylbenzyl chloride–divinylbenzene copolymer and the 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam). This resin has been investigated after the characterization of the FTIR, batch and the dynamic sorption behavior of Au(III), Pt(IV) and Pd(II) ions took place. The sorption has been optimized with respect to HCl solutions. The maximum sorption properties were achieved from the solution of 0.1 M HCl. The sorption of Au(III), Pt(IV) and Pd(II) ions during a dynamic procedure in the presence of the 20-fold excess metals i.e. Cu, Fe, Ni resulted in an outcome of up to 400 mg of noble metals per gram of dry resin. The study of the noble metal loading was carried out over a wide range of the HCl concentration and in media of various multicomponent solutions of common metals.     

Study of the Effect of Natural Rubber-graft-maleic Anhydride (NR-g-MA) on the Compatibility of NR-NBR Blends Using the Ultrasonic Technique

The grafted copolymer of natural rubber (NR) and maleic anhydride (MA) was synthesized in a solution state by using ultraviolet radiation. The NR-g-MA was characterized using infrared (IR) technique. The prepared NR-g-MA was added to a 50/50 blend of NR and acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer (NBR) as a compatibilizer. The effect of compatibilizer (NR-g-MA) concentrations in the range of 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 wt.% on the ultrasonic velocity, attenuation coefficient, and ultrasonic viscosity was studied in order to study the compatibility of the 50NR-50NBR blend. Ultrasound pulse echo method was used to measure both the ultrasound velocities and attenuation coefficient at a frequency of 2 MHz. Testing for elastic constant, Poisson's ratio, cross-link density, and microhardness was carried out in different percentages of the blend components to study the degree of the compatibility of the blend. The structure of the blend system was established by differential scanning calorimetry. The addition of NR-g-MA to the blend showed improvement of compatibility in certain concentration ranges and deterioration of compatibility in other ranges.     

Evaluating the impacts of migration in the biofilm anode using the model PCBIOFILM

Microbial electrochemical cells depend on the reaction by anode-respiring bacteria (ARB). The ARB reaction generates multiple e⁻ and H⁺, which take diverging paths, creating a charge imbalance. An electric field must migrate ions to restore electrical neutrality. Here, the model proton condition in bioflim (PCBIOFILM) expands for evaluating the impact of migration on the biofilm anode: the expansion makes the proton condition (PC) work in tandem with the electrical-neutrality condition, which is a novel methodological advancement. The analysis with PCBIOFILM examines relevant scenarios of phosphate- and carbonate-buffered biofilm anodes using established parameters. The analysis demonstrates how: (1) the proton condition (PC) maintains electrical neutrality by achieving charge balance; (2) migration influences the biofilm anode more than non-ARB biofilms; (3) migration increases the overall current density, but by less than 15 percent; and (4) PCBIOFILM without migration accurately captures large-scale trends in biofilm anodes.