LAMP实时浊度法快速检测转基因玉米MON810

LAMP实时浊度法是采用环介导等温扩增（Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification,LAMP）技术通过实时浊度仪实时检测反应过程中所产生的白色沉淀,从而实现对扩增全过程的监控,弥补了显色法只能观看反应终点的缺陷,使引物筛选和反应体系的优化有数据可依。本研究以转基因玉米MON810为研究对象,针对外源基因苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫毒蛋白CryIA(b)与内源基因边界序列设计6条特异性引物,通过实时浊度法在63 ℃的恒温条件下完成检测,对检测的灵敏度、特异性、稳定性进行了评价。建立了转基因玉米MON810的LAMP实时浊度检测方法,该方法最低检出限为0.5%,与LAMP显色法和实时荧光PCR法进行结果比对,符合率为100%,经评价具有特异性高、稳定性强、准确简便等优点,非常适合转基因玉米MON810的快速检测,有较好的应用价值。     

实时荧光PCR定量检测加工产品中转基因玉米Mon810成分

采用实时荧光PCR技术，建立了定量(性)鉴定检测加工产品中转基因玉米Mon810成分的方法。实验设计的可以扩增玉米自身基因和外源基因边界序列的引物和探针具有品种和品系特异性，特异性地检测出食品、饲料等加工产品中转基因玉米Mon810成分。某些检测样品不仅检出转基因玉米Mon810成分，还同时检出其它转基因玉米品系或其它转基因品种。本研究实验建立的转基因玉米Mon810品系鉴定检测方法，即可以用于加工产品中转基因成分的定量检测(检测低限为0．1％)，也可以用于定性检测，或作为常规PCR定性检测后的确证实验方法。     

Comparison of High-throughput and Manual DNA Extraction Methods for the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of MON810 Maize

PCR-based methods are widely used in the European Union and in other countries for the detection, identification, and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The preparation of good-quality DNA from plant samples for GMO detection can be a challenging task, particularly if the DNA will be used for quantitative analysis. Two DNA extraction methods, namely manual (NucleoSpin Food kit from Machery-Nagel) and high-throughput partially automated (NucleoMag Plant kit from Machery-Nagel) methods, which utilize different DNA separation principles, were used for the isolation of DNA from maize flour samples. Despite the higher DNA recovery obtained using the high-throughput isolation method, a lower PCR efficiency was achieved, most likely due to the presence of PCR inhibitors in the extracts. We found both DNA extraction methods suitable for GMO analysis.     

Investigation of the use of rolling circle amplification for the detection of GM food

We describe a study on the use of rolling circle amplification (RCA) for detecting GM event-specific motifs within short PCR amplicons, synthetic oligonucleotides, and extracted plant genomic DNA targets, as an alternative to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR-based detection has limitations that include the cost of reagents and equipment, and the potential for erroneous amplification of a contaminant. Our results reveal that RCA enables discrimination between the wild type (wt) and GM motifs when the sequences are within short PCR amplicons or synthetic oligonucleotides, but not within plant genomic DNA. These findings highlight the potential problem with implying the success of an assay when illustrated using model systems, rather than with the plant genomic target DNAs. The GM motifs selected for our studies were within Roundup Ready^TM Soya (RRS) and MON810 maize. Although knowledge of the target sequence is a prerequisite for the function of this assay, the potential of using RCA is explored.     

2种用于检测市售核桃露(乳)饮品中花生、大豆成分方法的比较分析

摘 要: 目的 比较实时荧光定量PCR法与酶联免疫吸附法在核桃露(乳)饮品中检测花生和大豆成分的灵敏性的差异。方法 应用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测样本DNA的核桃、花生和大豆源性成分, 应用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测样本的花生和大豆特征蛋白成分。结果 加热处理对实时荧光PCR和ELISA法检测花生和大豆的结果均有显著性影响。实时荧光定量PCR方法检出2个品牌4批次样本含有花生源性, 3个品牌的6批次样本含有大豆源性; ELISA方法除检出这些批次含有花生和大豆源性成分外, 另检出3个品牌5批次样本含有大豆源性成分。ELISA方法与实时荧光定量PCR方法的大豆检测结果差异主要集中在低蛋白浓度样品中, 这与2类方法的检出限不同有关。结论 鉴于2类方法检测结果在高浓度水平的高度一致性, 说明实时荧光PCR和ELISA方法对花生和大豆源性成分检测结果均具有很高的可靠性。     

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters for Heat Denaturation of Cry1A(b) Protein from Transgenic Maize (Zea mays)

ABSTRACT:  The effect of heat treatment on the denaturation of Cry1A(b) protein expressed in transgenic maize was studied over a temperature range of 69 to 77 °C. Denaturation of Cry1A(b) protein was measured by the loss of reactivity with its specific antibodies using a sandwich ELISA. The process of denaturation was studied by analyzing the values of inmunoreactive protein after each heat treatment by kinetic analysis. Denaturation of Cry1A(b) protein was best described assuming a reaction order of 1.5. D -values calculated were 4338, 2350, 1272, 734, and 601 s at 69, 71, 73, 75, and 77 °C, respectively. Z -value was estimated to be 9.0 °C and the activation energy value was 266.15 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic parameters for the process of denaturation of Cry1A(b) protein were also calculated. The high values of the enthalpy of activation and the positive values of the entropy of activation obtained for Cry1A(b) protein are typical of a reaction in which the denaturation of the protein is the rate-determining process that predominates over an aggregation process during heating.     

玉米油中玉米赤霉烯酮的ELISA测定

用间接竞争酶联免疫分析法（ELISA法）对3种玉米油中的玉米赤霉烯酮残留进行了测定,以评价试剂盒的性能。结果表明,标准曲线线性方程y=-2.2x+0.66,相关系数r为0.9974,IC50为0.29 μg/kg,线性范围为0.05~4.05 μg/kg,灵敏度为0.05 μg/kg,添加回收率均大于85%。该法测定玉米赤霉烯酮灵敏度高,重复性好,特异性高,适合用于检测各种玉米油中的玉米赤霉烯酮残留。     

胶体金免疫层析法快速检测食品中金霉素残留

研究食品中金霉素残留的胶体金免疫层析法的快速检测方法。采用戊二醛交联法制备金霉素-BSA 免疫抗原,按照常规的免疫程序免疫新西兰大白兔制备抗金霉素多克隆抗体。纯化后的抗体用ELISA 法检测其特异性和效价。采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备颗粒大小为15nm 的胶体金,并制备抗体- 胶体金复合物,以组装检测试纸。通过可见的颜色深浅,检测样品中金霉素的残留量。结果表明：试纸条法的金霉素检测限为0.7μg/mL,在四环素质量浓度大于1.0μg/mL 时,与金霉素存在交叉反应性,其结果与高效液相色谱法测定的结果一致。本方法检测时间仅需5min,适用于食品中金霉素残留的快速检测。     

Immunochemical detection of Cry1A(b) protein in model processed foods made with transgenic maize

Immunoassays are used to screen for the presence of genetically modified organisms in raw materials. However, processing may condition the usefulness of immunoassays to analyse genetically modified foods because it leads to protein denaturation that affects recognition by antibodies. We studied the effect of processing on the detection of Cry1A(b) protein in model foods prepared with transgenic maize using a sandwich ELISA. Nixtamalization at 100 °C for 5 min and at 85 °C for 60 min gave 40 and 70% loss of Cry1A(b) protein. In the preparation of porridge, the concentration of Cry1A(b) protein did not change until the mixture reached 75 °C, but it decreased by 90% after 3 min at that temperature. Concentration of Cry1A(b) protein decreased by 90% in tortillas griddled at 180 °C for 20 s, but no protein was detected in fried tortillas after 10 s at 190 °C. Cry1A(b) protein is rapidly denatured by heat treatment resulting in a marked decline in concentration and decreased detection in processed foods.     

Preparation of a monoclonal antibody and development of an indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of chlorpromazine residue in chicken and swine liver

BACKGROUND: Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic drug used to make food‐producing animals calm and promote growth as feed additives. Accumulation of chlorpromazine in animal bodies would cause side effects in the circulatory and nervous systems, and have adverse effects on blood cells, the skin and the eye. To detect the chlorpromazine residue in food producing animals, an indirect competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on preparation of an anti‐chlorpromazine monoclonal antibody. RESULTS: The antibody generated from immunogen of cationic bovine serum albumin (cBSA) coupled with chlorpromazine showed high sensitivity toward chlorpromazine with an IC₅₀ value of 0.73 ppb. The ELISA method was applied to detect swine liver and chicken samples spiked by chlorpromazine and satisfactory results were obtained. The recovery rates in chicken and swine liver were in the range of 88–95% and 86–95%, respectively; the intra‐assay coefficients of variation were both < 15.3% and < 13.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: An indirect competitive ELISA method based on a monoclonal antibody towards chlorpromazine with excellent sensitivity and specificity has been successfully developed. The immunoassay provided in this study was a hopeful alternative to chromatography spectrometry for regulatory analysis of chlorpromazine residue in food‐producing animals. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Molecular techniques for the detection of granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius L.) in wheat and flour

The granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius L.) is a stored grain pest that causes major economic losses. It reduces the quantity and quality of the grain by its feeding and excretion. Sequences of S. granarius mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunits genes mtCOI and mtCOII were analysed and compared with mtCOI/II sequences available in GenBank. The analysed genes displayed a high level of homology between corresponding subunits. Attempts were undertaken to develop detection methods for contamination by S. granarius in wheat and wheat flour based on the molecular biology techniques: standard and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a TaqMan® molecular probe. (TaqMan probes are dual-labelled hydrolysis probes) Specific primers designed based on available sequences for mtCOI and mtCOII genes were applied and optimal reaction conditions established. The specificity of both methods was studied by using a species closely related to S. granarius: S. oryzae and S. zeamais. It is shown that the sensitivity threshold was very high?–?we were able to detect the equivalent of one beetle per 100 kg of flour when the real-time PCR with TaqMan probe method was applied to model samples. The primer sets used turned out to be species specific, and the technique was rapid, reliable and very sensitive.     

聚合酶链式反应快速检测畜肉食品中鸭源性成分

目的：建立一种快速、特异、灵敏的鸭源性成分检测方法。方法：以鸭细胞色素C氧化酶Ⅲ（COⅢ ）基因序列为靶位点设计引物,进行聚合酶链式反应扩增,建立鸭源性成分检测方法;以常见畜禽肉,包括羊肉、牛肉、鸡肉、鹅肉、猪肉、兔肉、马肉、鹿肉等参考动物物种进行特异性检测;以50 mg/kg羊肉DNA作为稀释液,对鸭肉DNA进行梯度稀释,检测灵敏度。结果：该方法能够有效的对鸭源性成分进行快速检测,具有较强的特异性,灵敏度较高（0.1 μg/kg）,且羊肉成分的存在对鸭肉灵敏度检测没有影响,可以快速、准确检测畜肉食品中掺杂的鸭源性成分。     

A PCR Assay for Specific Detection of the Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 Clone from Shellfish

: The current standard method for identifying Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6, an emerging pathogen with apparent enhanced virulence characteristics, typically takes 4 to 6 d to complete and requires serotyping. To provide a more rapid strategy, we optimized a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based assay for specific detection of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6. Of 78 V. parahaemolyticus isolates and other related species; only strains classified into the V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 clonal group (n= 39) showed positive results in the PCR assay. The assay detected 2.3 cells/PCR reaction and 310 cells/g using bacterial cultures and inoculated oyster samples, respectively. Sensitive and specific detection of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 was possible following a 6‐h enrichment.     

A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of pecan nuts in food

A real-time PCR-based method for the detection of the pecan (Carya illinoiensis) component in food is described. The method consists of DNA isolation by chaotropic solid phase extraction and the subsequent PCR with pecan-specific primers and a TaqMan fluorescent probe. The primers and the probe are targeted to the putative gene for allergenic vicilin-like seed storage protein of pecan. The method was positive for 10 pecan varieties and negative for all other tested plant materials used in food industry, including walnut. The intrinsic detection limit of the method was 1 pg pecan DNA which corresponds to 1.2 haploid genome copies. Using a series of model pastry samples with defined pecan contents, a practical detection limit of 0.01% (w/w) pecan was estimated. Practical applicability of the PCR method was tested by the analysis of 13 food samples; no discrepancies between the declared and detected pecan contents were found. The presented PCR method is useful for sensitive and selective detection of pecans in food samples and can be performed in one working day.     

A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction method for the qualitative detection of pistachio in food

In order to provide an appropriate method for the detection of pistachio (Pistacia vera) in food products, a novel real-time PCR was developed. The pistachio-specific primers and the TaqMan fluorogenic probe were designed to target the internal transcribed spacer between 18S ribosomal RNA and 5.8S ribosomal RNA genes. Using dilutions of the pistachio DNA, the intrinsic detection limit of the method was determined to be 0.012 pg. At specificity testing, the method was positive for 11 pistachio varieties and negative for 26 plant and animal species used in food industry. A detection limit of 0.0004% (w/w) was determined for pistachio nuts in model pastry. Practical applicability of the elaborated method was tested by the analysis of 44 food samples, out of which 7 food products were identified as containing undeclared pistachio. The developed real-time PCR may be utilized for sensitive and selective detection of pistachio in food products.     

Comparative study of three screening tests,two microbiological tube tests,and a multi-sulphonamide ELISA kit for the detection of antimicrobial and sulphonamide residues in eggs

The screening of antimicrobial residues in eggs is an especially important subject. Three different commercial kits for the screening of sulphonamides and other antimicrobials in eggs were validated in accordance with Decision 2002/657/EC: one enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) kit multi-sulphonamides (from RAISIO Diagnostics) and two microbiological tests (a Premi® test from DSM and an Explorer® kit from Zeu-Inmunotec). The false-positive rates were lower than 2% for all kits. The detection capabilities (CCβ) have to be as low as possible for banned substances and lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) when MRLs have been set. The sensitivity of the Premi® test was better than that of the Explorer® test, probably because of the dilution of the eggs before the Explorer® test was used. The CCβ values towards most of the tested sulphonamides were satisfactory with the Premi® test (≤ 100 µg kg^?1). Performance in a proficiency test for the detection of sulphonamides in eggs with the Premi® test confirmed these results. The detection capabilities of tetracycline and doxycycline were at the level of the MRL or twice the MRL maximum. The detection capabilities for chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline were higher (four to six times the MRL). The detection capabilities for amoxicillin, neomycin, tylosin and erythromycin were lower than their respective MRLs. Detection capabilities for sulphonamides were much lower for the ELISA kit than for microbiological tests. The ELISA kit could be recommended for the targeted screening of sulphonamides in eggs. On the other hand, the Explorer® and Premi® tests could be used as wide screening tests allowing the detection of most of the antimicrobial families.     

A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of walnuts in food

A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for the detection of the walnut (Juglans regia) component in food is described here. The method consists of DNA isolation by chaotropic solid phase extraction and the subsequent PCR with walnut-specific primers and a TaqMan fluorescent probe. The primers and the probe are targeted to the jug r2, a major allergen gene of walnut. The method was positive for 8 varieties of walnut and negative for all other tested plant materials used in food industry, including pecan nuts. The intrinsic detection limit of the method was 0.24 ng walnut DNA. Using a series of model pastry samples with defined walnut contents, a practical detection limit of 0.01% walnut content was estimated. Practical applicability of the PCR method was tested by the analysis of 13 food samples (bakery and confectionery products), out of which two cakes were found to contain walnuts although they were not adequately labelled. The presented PCR method is useful for sensitive and selective detection of walnuts in food samples and can be performed in one working day.     

A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of hazelnuts in food

A real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based method for the detection of hazelnuts (nuts of Corylus avellana or C. maxima) in confectionery and bakery products is described. The method consists of DNA isolation by chaotropic solid phase extraction and the subsequent PCR with hazelnut-specific primers and a TaqMan fluorescent probe. The primers and the probe are targeted to the hsp1 gene encoding for a low molecular weight heat-shock protein. The method was positive for five hazelnut varieties approved in Slovakia and negative for all other tested plant materials used in food industry including peanuts, walnuts, almonds, pistachio nuts, cashews and chestnuts. The intrinsic detection limit of the method was 13 pg hazelnut DNA, which corresponds to approximately 27 genome equivalents (1C). Using a series of model pastry samples with defined hazelnut contents, a practical detection limit of 0.01% (w/w) hazelnut was determined. Practical applicability of the PCR method was tested by the analysis of 20 food samples (confectionery and bakery products) along with ELISA. For all of the food samples, identical results were obtained by both methods, which conformed to the labelling. The presented PCR method is useful for sensitive and selective detection of hazelnuts in food samples and can be performed in one working day.     

Development of monoclonal antibody based sandwich ELISA for the rapid detection of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood

Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) are considered important virulence factors of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and strains producing either of these or both are considered pathogenic. In this study, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against purified TRH recombinant protein of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using the hybridoma clone 4B10 showed higher sensitivity of detection compared to other clones. Using mAb 4B10 based sandwich ELISA, we could detect pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in 41.18% (14 out of 34) of the seafood samples analyzed. PCR targeting the toxR gene showed the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in 64.7% (22 out of 34) seafood samples. Further, PCR targeting the virulence genes showed that 6 seafood samples harboured the tdh gene while 9 harboured the trh gene indicating the presence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus. Our results show that mAb 4B10 sandwich ELISA developed in this study could be used as a rapid method for screening seafood samples for the presence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus.