电沉积锡-铟合金电极在氢氧化钾溶液中的电化学性能

在电池集流体铜表面电沉积锡,锡溶解后易使其析氢量增加,电沉积铟在碱性溶液中抑氢效果好,但成本高,目前对锡-铟合金共沉积的效果研究甚少.用电化学方法在高能碱性锌锰电池集流体铜电极表面沉积Sn,In和Sn-In合金.研究了Sn,In和Sn-In合金电极在1 mol/L KOH溶液中的析氢电化学性能和电化学稳定性,测定了其在相同溶液中的循环伏安曲线和交流阻抗图谱.结果表明:沉积In和Sn-In合金的电极比铜电极的析氢过电位分别提高了569 mV和488 mV,有效地抑制了氢气析出;在无汞化电池工业中,用价格低廉且稳定性较好的Sn-In合金共沉积电极代替In沉积电极具有广阔的应用前景.     

Neodymium conversion layers formed on zinc powder for improving electrochemical properties of zinc electrodes

Zinc powder, as active material of secondary alkaline zinc electrode, can greatly limit the performance of zinc electrode due to corrosion and dendritic growth of zinc resulting in great capacity-loss and short cycle life of the electrode. This work is devoted to modification study of zinc powder with neodymium conversion films coated directly onto it using ultrasonic immersion method for properties improvement of zinc electrodes. Scanning electron microscopy and other characterization techniques are applied to prove that neodymium conversion layers are distributing on the surface of modified zinc powder. The electrochemical performance of zinc electrodes made of such modified zinc powder is investigated through potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic polarization and cyclic voltammetry. The neodymium conversion films are found to have a significant effect on inhibition corrosion capability of zinc electrode in a beneficial way. It is also confirmed that the neodymium conversion coatings can obviously suppress dendritic growth of zinc electrode, which is attributed to the amelioration of deposition state of zinc. Moreover, the results of cyclic voltammetry reveal that surface modification of zinc powder enhances the cycle performance of the electrode mainly because the neodymium conversion films decrease the amounts of ZnO or Zn(OH)₂ dissolved in the electrolyte.     

Application of disorganized monolayer films on gold electrodes to the prevention of surfactant inhibition of the voltammetric detection of trace metals via anodic stripping of underpotential deposits: detection of copper

Development of an approach to prevention of electrode surface fouling by surfactants in samples is demonstrated. Spontaneously adsorbed monolayer systems employing short alkyl chains and bulky end groups are used to form porous disorganized monolayers on gold electrodes. Detection of copper by stripping of underpotential deposits formed at electrodes modified with disorganized films of mercaptoethanesulfonate (MES), mercaptopropanesulfonate, mercaptoacetic acid, and mercaptopropanoic acid was possible, and to a much lesser extent at aminoethanethiol and L-cysteine films. Use of short deposition times in conjunction with linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry allowed detection of Cu2+ ions down to 1 x 10(-6) M in sulfuric acid solution, using underpotential deposition as the deposition step of the procedure. Calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range (1-80) x 10(-6) M Cu2+ using 15-s deposition at 0.00 V versus Ag/AgCl. The surfactants Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X-100 were found to have no affect on detection of Cu2+ ions in the calibration curve concentration range using MES-modified gold electrodes, whereas at unmodified gold electrodes very severe attenuation of the detection capability was manifested. The average slope for all calibration curves at the MES-modified electrode in the absence and presence of the surfactants at two different concentration levels was 0.0710 +/- 0.0024 microA microM(-1); in contrast, the slope of the calibration line at uncoated gold electrodes in the presence of surfactant was 0.0268 microA microM(-1). These results indicate the excellent ability of a disorganized, porous monolayer for prevention of fouling of the electrode surface by the surfactants.     

电沉积Ni-SiC纳米复合镀层的显微组织分析

采用超声波辅助脉冲电沉积复合镀技术在铜基表面制备Ni-SiC纳米复合镀层.研究了超声波的施加和不同电极摆放方式对镀层显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明:超声波和第二相颗粒共同作用可以显著细化复合镀层显微组织,显微硬度可达到HV760;复合镀层镍衍射品面(200)和(220)峰位的变化,说明晶粒生长过程中的择优取向得到了抑制...     

Electrochemical study on new polymer composite for zinc corrosion protection

Galvanostatic electrodeposition mode was employed for the synthesis of new polyaniline and polypyrrole-based composite coatings (PANI/PPY) onto pure zinc electrode. Potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential measurements and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to assess the ability of these composite coatings to provide an effective barrier to corrosion in chloride environment. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations were employed to characterize the structure and morphology of the modified electrodes. The coatings deposited galvanostatically at lower current density showed the best quality in terms of protection ability towards aggressive medium. It was found that the new PANI/PPY composite coatings had significantly better properties than single polymer coatings regarding the corrosion protection.     

Electrochemical study on new polymer composite for zinc corrosion protection

Galvanostatic electrodeposition mode was employed for the synthesis of new polyaniline and polypyrrole-based composite coatings (PANI/PPY) onto pure zinc electrode. Potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential measurements and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to assess the ability of these composite coatings to provide an effective barrier to corrosion in chloride environment. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations were employed to characterize the structure and morphology of the modified electrodes. The coatings deposited galvanostatically at lower current density showed the best quality in terms of protection ability towards aggressive medium. It was found that the new PANI/PPY composite coatings had significantly better properties than single polymer coatings regarding the corrosion protection.     

Nickel nano-particle modified nitrogen-doped amorphous hydrogenated diamond-like carbon film for glucose sensing

Electrochemical method has been employed in this work to modify nitrogen-doped hydrogen amorphous diamond-like carbon (N-DLC) film to fabricate nickel nano-particle-modified N-DLC electrodes. The electrochemical behavior of the nickel nano-particle-modified N-DLC electrodes has been characterized at the presence of glucose in electrolyte. Meanwhile, the N-DLC film structure and the morphology of metal nano-particles on the N-DLC surface have been investigated using micro-Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The nickel nano-particle-modified N-DLC electrode exhibits a high catalytic activity and low background current. This result shows that the nickel nano-particle deposition on N-DLC surface could be a promising method to fabricate novel electrode materials for glucose sensing.     

Electrowetting on dielectric experiments using graphene

We report electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) experiments using graphene; a transparent, flexible and stretchable nanomaterial. Graphene sheets were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, and transferred to various substrates (including glass slides and PET films). Reversible contact angle changes were observed on the Teflon-coated graphene electrode with both AC and DC voltages. Nyquist plots of the EWOD reveal that the graphene electrode has higher capacitive impedance than gold electrodes under otherwise identical conditions, suggesting a lower density of pin-holes and defects in the Teflon/graphene electrode than in the Teflon/gold electrode. Furthermore, we have observed reduced electrolysis of the electrolyte and smaller leakage current in the dielectric layer (Teflon) on graphene electrodes than on Au electrodes at the same Teflon thickness and applied voltage. We expect that the improved EWOD properties using graphene as an electrode material will open the door to various applications, including flexible displays and droplet manipulation in three-dimensional microfluidics.     

Preparation and comparison of a-C:H coatings using reactive sputter techniques

Amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) coatings are widely used in several industrial applications. These coatings commonly will be prepared by plasma activated chemical vapor deposition (PACVD). The main method used to prepare a-C:H coating in industrial scale is based on a glow discharge in a hydrocarbon gas like acetylene or methane using a substrate electrode powered with medium frequency (m.f. — some 10 to 300 kHz). Some aims of further development are adhesion improvement, increase of hardness and high coating quality on complex geometries. A relatively new and promising technique to fulfil these requirements is the deposition of a-C:H coatings by a reactive d.c. magnetron sputter deposition from a graphite target with acetylene as reactive gas. An advancement of this technique is the deposition in a pulsed magnetron sputter process. Using these three mentioned techniques a-C:H coatings were prepared in the same deposition machine. For adhesion improvement different interlayer systems were applied. The effect of different substrate bias voltages (d.c. and d.c. pulse) was investigated. By applying the magnetron sputter technique in the d.c. pulse mode, plastic hardness values up to 40 GPa could be reached. Besides hardness other mechanical properties like resistance against abrasive wear were measured and compared. Cross sectional SEM images showed the growth structure of the coatings.     

不同电沉积方法对Ti/Pb-WC-PANI复合电极催化活性及强化寿命的影响

为了筛选出更优的复合电极制备工艺,采用不同电沉积方法制备了Ti/Pb-WC-PANI复合电极。通过阳极极化曲线、扫描电镜、能谱和XRD分别对脉冲Ti/Pb-WC-PANI复合电极、直流Ti/Pb-WC-PANI复合电极及Ti/Pb电极的析氧特性、镀层形貌、成分和物相进行了分析;同时,对各电极进行了强化寿命测试,比较了不同电沉积方法对Ti/Pb-WC-PANI复合电极催化活性及强化寿命的影响。结果表明:脉冲Ti/Pb-WC-PANI复合电极具有良好的催化活性和强化寿命,具有作为阳极材料应用的价值。     

Supercritical fluid deposition of vanadium oxide on multi-walled carbon nanotube buckypaper for supercapacitor electrode application

Composite electrodes were fabricated for supercapacitor applications by depositing vanadium oxide onto multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) buckypaper using supercritical fluid deposition (SFD). The deposited thin vanadium oxide layer showed amorphous structure with excellent uniformity. In aqueous KCl electrolyte, the vanadium oxide exhibited a constant pseudo-capacitance of ～ 1024 F g(-1), which was independent of the oxide material loading (up to 6.92 wt%) and voltage scan rate (up to 100 mV s(-1)). The highest specific electrode capacitance achieved was ～ 85 F g(-1), which was almost four times that of the pristine buckypaper electrode.     

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of dopamine at polymer-coated silver electrodes

Attenuation of dopamine surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra at silver electrodes by protein adsorption is described. Polymer-modified electrodes eliminate protein adsorption effects. Partially hydrolyzed cellulose acetate coatings prevent protein adsorption and allow transport of dopamine to and from the electrode surface. Dopamine SERS spectra from these electrodes are similar to those obtained at uncoated electrodes. Perfluorosulfonate (Nafion) coatings also prevent protein adsorption. However, dopamine transported to the electrode remains trapped inside the coating and cannot be removed.     

Light-trapping design of graphene transparent electrodes for efficient thin-film silicon solar cells

In this paper, the performance of solar cells with graphene transparent electrodes is compared with cells using conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, and it is demonstrated the optical absorption of solar cells with bare graphene structure is worse than that of bare ITO structure because of the higher refractive index of graphene. To enhance the light trapping of graphene-based thin-film solar cells, a simple two-layer SiO₂/SiC structure is proposed as antireflection coatings deposited on top of graphene transparent electrodes, and the thickness of each layer is optimized by differential evolution in order to enhance the optical absorption of a-Si:H thin-film solar cells to the greatest degree. The optimization results demonstrate the optimal SiO₂/SiC/graphene structure can obtain 37.30% enhancement with respect to bare ITO structure, which has obviously exceeded the light-trapping enhancement of 34.15% for the optimal SiO₂/SiC/ITO structure. Therefore, with the aid of the light-trapping structure, the graphene films are a very promising indium-free transparent electrode substitute for the conventional ITO electrode for use in cost-efficient thin-film silicon solar cells.     

Bioinspired peptide nanotubes as supercapacitor electrodes

Bioinspired materials offer new routes in nanotechnology. These materials are composed from chemically synthesized biomolecules and inspired by natural biological structures. They are self assembled into highly ordered nanostructures (nanotubes, nanospheres, etc.) from elementary building blocks of biological origin such as peptide and proteins. We developed a new technique of physical vapor deposition of peptide nanotubes (PNT) and applied it to electrochemical energy storage devices—supercapacitors (SC). In this work, aligned and homogenously distributed diphenylalanine PNT have been used to modify carbon electrodes for SC devices. Electrochemical properties of PNT coatings of different density and height, modifying carbon electrodes have been studied. We have found that aligned PNT arrays significantly increase the double layer capacitance of the carbon electrodes. The found enlargement of the PNT-modified electrode capacitance has been ascribed to increasing of usable electrode surface area of the carbon electrodes coated by PNT. We show that the critical factor of the accumulation process of the electrolyte ions at the PNT-modified electrode surface is a wetting process of the PNT nanoscale hydrophilic channels by aqueous electrolyte.     

Distribution of sulphur and electrochemical properties of nickel sulphur coatings electrodeposited on the nickel foam as hydrogen evolution reaction cathodes

Nickel sulfur electrode was prepared on the nickel foam by electrodeposition method in a modified Watts bath into which thiourea, citric acid and a small amount of saccharin were added. The micrographs of various layers of nickel sulphur coatings were investigated by SEM. The distributions and mass contents of sulphur in nickel sulphur coatings were measured by EDX. The phase constitutions of the first layer of nickel sulphur coating were determined by XRD. The influence of current density on coating structures was studied. The hydrogen evolution potentials of various electrodes, including nickel sulphur coatings on foam and net nickel substrates, pure nickel foam and nickel net were measured. Results indicated that the distributions of sulphur contents in various layers are gradient and not homogeneous, the sizes of fine particles in various layers are not the same. XRD examinations show that the structure of the nickel sulphur coating is amorphous. With increase of current density the amorphous structures gradually increase and the crystal ones gradually decrease. In the range of sulphur contents from 18% to 18.8% the electrochemical activities of Ni–S coating electrodes are the highest. The hydrogen evolution reaction activity of amorphous Ni–S coatings on the nickel foam substrate is much higher than that on the nickel net substrate.     

Stripping analyses of mercury using gold electrodes: irreversible adsorption of mercury

The electrochemical deposition and stripping of mercury on gold surfaces was investigated to assess whether gold electrodes would return to mercury-free states after stripping analyses. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies demonstrate the presence of mercury on gold foil electrodes that have undergone controlled-potential deposition procedures in Hg(2+) solutions (10 nM-0.1 mM) followed by stripping and cleaning in mercury-free electrolyte. Results show that mercury is not completely removed electrochemically from the gold electrodes, even when the oxidizing potential is +2.5 V vs Ag/AgCl. Bulk electrolyses deposition and stripping procedures coupled with cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopic analyses of solutions after deposition and stripping are also reported. Results suggest that the nature of the gold electrode is fundamentally altered by irreversible adsorption of mercury; that is, mercury is adsorbed during deposition and some of the mercury is retained even after stripping and cleaning. The implications and strategies for using stripping analysis and gold electrodes for the measurement of mercury under the experimental conditions employed in this study are discussed.     

Electrical characterization of titanium nitride surfaces for pacing electrodes

TiN surfaces were obtained on platinum-10% iridium as well as titanium pacing electrodes by Arc Ion Plating and Ion Nitriding, under different experimental conditions. The electrical performances of the different electrodes obtained were compared using a normalized cell configuration. The electrical response of the system was further examined by analyzing the shape of the pulse response observed during the lead impedance determination, as well as, by using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The increase in the electrode surface-to-geometric area ratio, associated with dark TiN coatings, resulted in substantially lower lead impedance values. The electrical characterization results obtained were related to the depolarization of the electrical interface when compared to the uncoated electrodes.     

氯化物三价铬电镀的电化学形核机理

为研究Cr³⁺在金属电极表面的电结晶行为,在氯化物三价铬电镀溶液中,采用电化学工作站测试了Cr³⁺沉积的时间电流曲线,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)分析镀层形貌。结果表明:在镍电极、铜电极和铬电极表面,Cr³⁺的电沉积均经历了成核过程;铜电极和镍电极表面表现为连续成核转为瞬时成核的机理,铬电极的(I/Im)2-t/tm曲线偏离理论曲线较大,但其表现出较正的形核阶跃电位(-1.1 V);随着阶跃电位的负移,3种电极电沉积的电流极大值逐渐增加,电结晶的扩散速率增加,成核数密度减少,镀层由平整光滑逐渐转变为球状晶胞紧密堆砌,晶胞尺寸逐渐增大;在相同的阶跃电位下,铬电极的沉积电流值更小,成核数密度更大,晶胞尺寸更小。     

表层稀土掺杂PbO_2电极及对苯酚电催化氧化性能研究

以钛电极为基体,用热分解法制备Sn-Sb中间层,电沉积方法制备稀土La掺杂PbO2电极,优化了制备改性PbO2电极的电沉积温度、电沉积时间及稀土掺杂量。以苯酚废水为目标有机物,借助于苯酚去除情况分析电极的电催化氧化能力;分析了电极结构与电催化特性之间的关系。采用SEM、EDX和XRD分析了制备电极的表面形貌、元素组成、晶体结构。实验结果表明:电沉积液温度50℃,电沉积2 h,稀土镧掺杂量4∶1的PbO2电极降解苯酚电催化性能有明显改善,其去除率达到90.9%。     

Preparation and performance of reactively deposited active battery plates

Reactive deposition is a novel process for producing high-surface-area and highly porous cobalt anodes. The fundamental factors affecting the macro- and microstructure of cobalt electrodes produced by reactive deposition have been studied. The discharge performance of the reactively deposited cobalt anodes is significantly better than those prepared by solid-state sintering. The porous structure of the reactively deposited cobalt electrodes shows unique characteristics of fine and coarse pore network, which enhances the efficiency and utilization of the cobalt anodes. More significantly, it is shown that the porous structure as well as the porosity of the cobalt electrodes can be controlled by monitoring the dynamic states of the Co(OH)₂ colloid layer at the electrode surface, i.e. the deposition parameters. Reactive deposition opens up the feasibility of controlling the porous structure of the battery plates to enhance the utilization and efficiency of the battery plates, especially in the case of high loadings.