SPECIAL ISSUE ON ‘ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN MACHINING’

Tracking the health of cutting tools under typical wear conditions is advantageous to the speed and efficiency of many manufacturing processes. Although techniques exist to monitor tool performance, most are dependent on cutting direction, sensor orientation, cutting procedure, or the use of computationally intensive mathematical models. In this work, several solutions are proposed such that real-time analysis of signal variance and frequency magnitudes is possible through the identification of trends in the transient behavior of tri-axial force dynamometer signals. Moreover, the nature of both the transient variance (the temporal change in signal variance) and the frequency magnitude trends are shown to be independent of direction through the observation of both linear and pocketing mill sequences. Ten autonomous methods for failure prediction are discussed, tested, and presented. Analysis methods are demonstrated through the implementation of procedures derived from autocorrelation, FFT type, and Autoregressive models. Methods demonstrating high levels of success are subsequently contrasted for forecast success and computational requirements. Forecast success is demonstrated by both FFT type and Autoregressive Models. Methods discussed have the potential for on-line implementation using current commercially available computational capacity.     

我国摩擦学研究的现状与发展

总结了自中国机械工程学会摩擦学分会成立25年来我国摩擦学研究的发展,论述了在流体润滑理论与设计、微观摩擦学、材料磨损机理与控制、表面工程与耐磨材料、润滑材料以及磨损状态监测等方面的主要成就。在此基础上提出了今后值得关注的研究方向,如减摩抗磨技术、制造过程摩擦学、生态摩擦学、仿生技术与生物摩擦学等。     

绿色切削加工技术的研究

通过分析湿式加工方法所带来的环境危害阐述绿色切削加工的意义,研究绿色切削加工的机理及关键技术,包括高速干切削的特点,低温风冷却切削、绿色刀具的表面摩擦学设计和切削几何特性的设计技术等。     

多点切触加工的割线法

为了使多点切触加工算法具有更广泛的普遍性并降低原有的多点切触加工算法的计算耗时,对采用圆环面刀具和工件曲面实现多点切触加工的算法原理进行了分析,得到了多点切触加工中圆环面刀具的定位方法;同时提出了一种新的多点切触加工的加工误差控制方法。为了控制多点切触加工中两个切触点之间的最大欠切误差,建立了以两个切触点间参数差值圆半径为自变量的函数方程,采用割线法迭代求解该函数方程,可以得到在允许加工误差下的最优参数差值圆半径和当前的最优刀位。通过实例验算表明,采用圆环面刀具的多点切触加工的刀位计算可以获得很宽的加工刀轨,而采用割线法进行加工误差控制的多点切触加工刀位算法和Hermite算法相比,计算耗时明显减少,在曲面加工的刀位计算中更加实用。     

MATERIAL PROPERTY NEEDS IN MODELING METAL MACHINING

Different laws of how flow stress varies with strain, strain rate, and temperature, from different authors, are reviewed and compared for their predictions of behavior in the primary and secondary shear conditions of metal machining. Despite differences in their structure, the laws give similar numerical values of flow stress in primary shear conditions, but show large differences in secondary shear. Friction laws are also discussed. There is a need to develop secondary shear yield and friction laws.     

MATERIAL PROPERTY NEEDS IN MODELING METAL MACHINING

ABSTRACT

Different laws of how flow stress varies with strain, strain rate, and temperature, from different authors, are reviewed and compared for their predictions of behavior in the primary and secondary shear conditions of metal machining. Despite differences in their structure, the laws give similar numerical values of flow stress in primary shear conditions, but show large differences in secondary shear. Friction laws are also discussed. There is a need to develop secondary shear yield and friction laws.     

MICRO ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING DEPOSITION IN AIR

A new deposition method is described using micro electrical discharge machining (EDM) to deposit tool electrode material on workpiece in air. The basic principles of micro electrical discharge deposition (EDD) are analyzed and the realized conditions are predicted. With an ordinary EDM shaping machine, brass as the electrode, high-speed steel as the workpiece, a lot of experiments are carried out on micro EDD systematically and thoroughly. The effects of major processing parameters, such as the discharge current, discharge duration, pulse interval and working medium, are obtained. As a result, a micro cylinder with 0.19 mm in diameter and 7.35 mm in height is deposited. By exchanging the polarities of the electrode and workpiece the micro cylinder can be removed selectively. So the reversible machining of deposition and removal is achieved, which breaks through the constraint of traditional EDM. Measurements show that the deposited material is compact and close to workpiece base, whose components depend on the tool electrode material.     

制造过程加工误差流及其模型的研究

为适应现代制造系统加工过程质量的监视、控制和质量保障技术的发展,引入了“加工误差流”的概念。基于迭代映射和突变论构造了两类加工误差流动态模型,提出了加工误差控制的原理、策略和方法。同时,还介绍了利用最小二乘法回归多工序加工误差以及利用神经网络预报的验证结果     

微细孔超声加工关键技术

为提高微细孔超声加工的微细程度和精度,研究微细孔超声加工的关键技术,包括高精度的机床本体、超声加工单元、微细工具的制备技术、微细工具几何参数的选择等。对微细工具的动态压杆稳定性进行分析,结果表明微细工具的压杆稳定性不仅与静压力有关,还与超声振幅有关。导出判别动态压杆稳定性的Mathieu方程,并经简化给出工具临界压力和临界长度的计算判据,解决因工具长度、静压力(压应力)大小和超声振幅选择不当而导致的加工中出现工具轴弯曲、折断、破坏孔的形状精度的问题。对工件振动方式的微细孔超声加工进行的试验表明,微细工具的磨损率随着进给速度和超声振幅的增大而增加。在所研制的微细超声加工系统上可加工出直径13 μm的微细孔。     

MOTION VELOCITY SMOOTH LINK IN HIGH SPEED MACHINING

To deal with over-shooting and gouging in high speed machining,a novel approach for velocity smooth link is proposed. Considering discrete tool path,cubic spline curve fitting is used to find dangerous points,and according to spatial geometric properties of tool path and the kinematics theory,maximum optimal velocities at dangerous points are obtained. Based on method of velocity control characteristics stored in control system,a fast algorithm for velocity smooth link is analyzed and formulated. On-line implementation results show that the proposed approach makes velocity changing more smoothly compared with traditional velocity control methods and improves producti-vity greatly.     

气体放电加工基础工艺试验研究

采用单因素法进行了基本的工艺参数(电参数、伺服参考电压等)对气体介质放电加工性能影响的试验研究。试验结果表明:气体介质的放电加工适于采用正极性加工。在试验加工的范围内,工件的蚀除速度和表面粗糙度值随脉冲宽度和峰值电流的增加而增加,随脉冲间隔的增加而减小。极间并联合适的电容能够使加工速度和加工表面粗糙度有所改善,并对此现象进行了分析。对于某一确定的加工参数,存在一个较佳的伺服参考电压值,使加工性能较为稳定。工具电极具有较高的旋转速度能够使气体放电加工性能得到提高。使用氧气介质能够实现快速电火花加工,并根据不同气体的物理性能对不同气体介质的加工性能进行了分析。工件表面显微硬度测试结果表明:空气中放电加工的工件的表面硬度比基体硬度高,比煤油中加工的工件表面硬度低。     

A STUDY ON CHIP BREAKING LIMITS IN MACHINING

Abstract

Prediction of chip breaking in machining is an important task for automated manufacturing. This paper presents a study on chip breaking limits. Based on the chip breaking curve, the critical feed-rate is modeled through an analysis of up-curl chip formation, and the critical depth-of-cut is formulated through a discussion of side-curl dominant chip formation processes. Factors affecting chip-breaking limits are also discussed.

In order to predict the chip breaking limits, semi-empirical models are established. Although the coefficients that occur in the model are estimated through machining tests, the models are applicable to a broad range of machining conditions. The model parameters include machining conditions, tool geometry, and workpiece material properties.     

ISSUES IN MODELING MACHINED SURFACE TEXTURES

Abstract

This paper discusses the issues involved in modeling surface textures generated during machining and presents the potential of scale-sensitive fractal analysis in addressing these issues. Modeling surface texture creation supports the design machining processes for producing product surface textures with desired properties. The current understanding of how surface textures behave is largely incomplete. In order to understand how surface textures influence surface behavior, it is necessary to a) develop surface texture characterization methods with enough sophistication to capture the essence of the information inherent in the surface texture, and b) convey it so that the discovery of functionality, or behavior, of the texture is enabled. For a model of texture formation to be useful, the parameters that it calculates must be the same as the parameters that explain the texture behavior.     

ISSUES IN MODELING MACHINED SURFACE TEXTURES

This paper discusses the issues involved in modeling surface textures generated during machining and presents the potential of scale-sensitive fractal analysis in addressing these issues. Modeling surface texture creation supports the design machining processes for producing product surface textures with desired properties. The current understanding of how surface textures behave is largely incomplete. In order to understand how surface textures influence surface behavior, it is necessary to a) develop surface texture characterization methods with enough sophistication to capture the essence of the information inherent in the surface texture, and b) convey it so that the discovery of functionality, or behavior, of the texture is enabled. For a model of texture formation to be useful, the parameters that it calculates must be the same as the parameters that explain the texture behavior.     

A STUDY ON CHIP BREAKING LIMITS IN MACHINING

Prediction of chip breaking in machining is an important task for automated manufacturing. This paper presents a study on chip breaking limits. Based on the chip breaking curve, the critical feed-rate is modeled through an analysis of up-curl chip formation, and the critical depth-of-cut is formulated through a discussion of side-curl dominant chip formation processes. Factors affecting chip-breaking limits are also discussed.

In order to predict the chip breaking limits, semi-empirical models are established. Although the coefficients that occur in the model are estimated through machining tests, the models are applicable to a broad range of machining conditions. The model parameters include machining conditions, tool geometry, and workpiece material properties.     

正交切削中切屑温度分布的研究

为了获得比较切合实际的模型,假定切屑流向与剪切面成一定的角度,将几何条件加以简化并用红外测温仪测温.实际切屑温度分布表明这个假定模型是可行的.在研究模型中引入较为实际的边界条件可以得到相对满意的结果.     

PREDICTIVE MODELING OF MACHINING PERFORMANCE IN TURNING OPERATIONS

Recent definitions of machining performance have been based on technological machining performance measures such as cutting forces, tool-life/tool-wear, chip-form/chip breakability, surface roughness, etc. However, modeling work on these performance measures has so far been characterized by isolated treatment of each of these measures. The modeling approach followed by the machining research group at the University of Kentucky aims for an integrated predictive modeling methodology for the major technological machining performance measures. Extensive use of analytical, experimental, numerical, and Al-based approaches is made in the development of these predictive models. This paper presents the outline of this modeling effort and reports the progress made to date in implementing it.