汽车转向节热锻工艺分析及模具结构优化设计

目的以某皮卡转向节的热锻模具为研究对象,基于热锻成形工艺分析对其模具结构进行优化设计。方法采用DEFORM 3D模拟转向节热锻成形过程,获得金属流动的规律,得到锻件难以充填的原因。继而采用阻力墙结构改进模具,并分析阻力墙对转向节成形过程的影响。结果原始模具长叉外围桥口阻力太小,致使预锻和终锻时长叉处金属过早流向飞边,坯料补给不足,导致长叉未能完全充满,形成塌角。结论"大小台阶"式阻力墙相配合,可以合理设置各方向上的成形阻力,使金属变形均匀,并能在保证成形载荷波动不大的前提下获得较好的充填效果,解决了长叉充不满的问题。     

RR装置上曲轴镦锻工艺优化研究

以16V280曲轴为试验对象,通过对RR装置的镦锻工艺、曲柄臂锻件形状和锻造模具结构优化,研究了采用小直径坯料的情况下16V280曲轴曲柄臂的成形情况。试验结果显示,优化后的预上弯镦锻工艺,能保证在RR装置上采用小直径坯料镦锻曲轴可行。     

柴油机关键件精密成形工艺研究

目的提高柴油发动机关键件泵体铸改锻后的综合机械性能,采用精密成形技术来实现泵体的组织和性能的一致性控制。方法首先通过工艺分析,设计了锻件的形状及其分模方式,建立了锻件的三维实体模型;再根据其工艺方式,设计了模具结构及工艺路线,并对预制坯形状进行了设计。结果经过工艺试制,泵体锻件充型饱满,缺陷得到克服,尺寸精度达到了技术要求,泵体的流线连续,晶粒度达8级,经铸改锻后性能得到了大幅提升。结论通过工艺实验,分析了成形中缺陷产生的原因和控制方法,优化了预制坯设计以及成形关键工艺参数,为确定最终精密成形工艺提供了依据。     

Ti–6Al–4V钛合金筋板类吊挂锻造成形工艺优化及模具磨损研究

目的 改善Ti–6Al–4V筋板类吊挂锻件成形缺陷,降低模具磨损。方法 通过对原始工艺中存在的折叠、充填不满等缺陷进行分析,揭示局部飞边高度对锻件充填的影响,进而优化终锻模具局部飞边高度;通过增加预锻件筋条等几何特征,对预锻模具结构进行优化设计,并分析塑性变形时筋条区域金属材料的流动情况。结合BP神经网络技术,分析锻造工艺参数对终锻模具磨损的影响,并对工艺参数组合进行优化设计。结果 基于局部飞边高度对锻件充填效果的影响规律,确定最佳局部飞边高度为4mm;通过增加预锻筋条优化预锻件结构,从而有效避免折叠缺陷;将BP神经网络技术与数值模拟结合,得到了最优工艺参数组合,有效降低了锻造模具的磨损量。结论 通过实际锻造生产试验对模拟分析结果进行了验证,固化了最佳模具结构与工艺参数组合,获得了变形均匀且无工艺缺陷的钛合金发动机吊挂锻件。     

一种挖掘机斗齿多向精密成形工艺研究

目的研究挖掘机斗齿多向精密锻造成形工艺。方法根据挖掘机斗齿的结构特点,设计一种多向精密成形工艺方案。使用Deform-3D有限元分析软件对提出的工艺方案进行模拟,分析锻造过程中的载荷-行程曲线和金属流动规律,最后设计模具并进行工艺试验。结果通过数值模拟与工艺试验,获得了成形过程中的工艺参数,揭示了挖掘机斗齿多向精密成形过程的变形规律。结论提出的多向精密成形工艺方案成形挖掘机斗齿没有超出模具的许用应力范围,工艺试验获得的锻件充填饱满,无锻造缺陷。     

铝合金控制臂辊锻制坯模锻工艺数值模拟

针对控制臂现阶段模锻成形工艺工序多,生产率低,劳动强度大等缺点,提出辊锻制坯一模锻成形工艺,设计辊锻制坯各道次的尺寸参数,用数值模拟代替物理试验预测金属成形过程。通过对控制臂辊锻成形过程的数值模拟,并对辊锻后坯料进行弯曲、终锻成形,获得较好的锻件,为指导此锻件的生产实践提供了理论依据。     

一种深孔钻成形工艺设计及数值模拟

目的 根据深孔钻的结构特点,进行零件工艺分析和成形工艺方案设计,通过工艺试验结果验证深孔钻成形工艺的可行性。方法 首先,利用高温热压缩试验得到不同形变条件下深孔钻所用材料42CrMo合金钢的真应力-真应变曲线,并加以分析。其次,将试验数据导入Deform-3D材料库中,利用Deform-3D有限元模拟软件对深孔钻热挤压成形工艺方案进行数值模拟,分析成形过程中冲头的载荷-行程曲线以及形变过程中金属的流动规律、应力场分布、温度场分布和最终锻件的金属流线分布情况。最后,优化模拟结果进而得到成形工艺参数,进行深孔钻模具结构设计及工艺试验。结果 试验模拟得到的深孔钻充填饱满,金属流线分布合理,与实际金属流线分布基本一致。在成形过程中,上冲头的最大载荷为4.43×10³ kN,工艺试验得到的锻件尺寸一致性较好,没有锻造缺陷。结论 提出的深孔钻成形工艺是可行的,模具结构设计合理,可对该类型锻件的实际生产提供指导。     

具有非加工面的钢质锻件精密成形工艺分析及设计

利用某合金钢锻件锻造工艺设计为例,采用了数值模拟分析与工艺试验相结合的手段,研究了具有非加工面的钢质锻件精密成形工艺设计的基本过程。研究结果表明,准确的材料模型是工艺设计的基础,数值分析与工艺试验结果保持一致,数值分析结果为该类成形工艺的模具弹性变形补偿提供了准确的数据。小批量试生产表明,该成形工艺设计满足了设计要求。     

基于有限元的法兰轴结构件塑性成形工艺分析

目的 针对法兰轴结构件塑性成形过程复杂、工序繁琐、成形效率低、材料易折叠等问题,基于塑性成形理论,对汽车法兰轴零件进行工艺分析,提出2种冷镦成形方案,对法兰轴结构件进行塑性成形工艺研究。方法 分析汽车法兰轴的几何特征,采用有限元分析软件对2种冷镦成形方案的成形载荷进行模拟比较,确定较为合理的工艺方案,通过正交试验设计进一步进行工艺参数的优化,选取预成形角度A、摩擦因数B、冷镦速度C、终成形圆角直径R作为4个因素,每个因素对应3个水平,并以成形载荷大小作为考核指标。结果 通过有限元数值模拟技术,得到工艺1各工序载荷分别为403、521 kN,工艺2各工序载荷分别为226、518 kN。可知工艺2比工艺1效率高,模具使用寿命更长。最后通过正交试验法获得各因素对成形载荷影响大小的排序为：摩擦因数>冷镦速度>终成形圆角直径>预成形角度,最优工艺组合为：预成形角度19°,摩擦因数0.2,冷镦速度15 mm/s,终成形圆角直径3 mm。结论 工艺2的冷镦成形方案缩短了锻件生产试验过程和修模时间,能够满足设计要求,为实际生产金属零部件提供了理论依据。     

高强钢控制臂件冲压工艺优化及稳健性分析

为获得高强钢控制臂件冲压工艺参数最优解,提高冲压工艺稳健性,基于6sigma稳健设计理论,采用数值模拟方法分析预成形模具间隙、局部翻边模间隙、预成形压边力、摩擦系数、板料轮廓尺寸等对拐角处材料减薄率的影响规律;将坯料位置、料片厚度、摩擦系数、塑性应变比、屈服强度、抗拉强度、板料尺寸等作为噪声变量输入,分析工艺的稳健性;根据敏感性分析结果,选用局部翻边模间隙、预成形模具间隙为变量,3σ水平设为目标,成形过程能力Cp值为1.0,进行优化计算;最后采用优化后的局部翻边模间隙、预成形模具间隙值,其他噪音变量不变,再次进行稳健性分析.研究发现,影响控制臂局部过度减薄甚至开裂的主要因素为预成形模具间隙及局部翻边模具间隙.根据模拟结果试模,零件的壁厚分布与模拟结果相比,最大误差小于6%.通过对关键参数的敏感性分析以及考虑噪声因素的稳健性分析,优化工艺参数后,成形质量水平提高,成形结果可靠.     

Real gas choked flow conditions at low reduced-temperatures

Real gas choked mass flux is calculated for a frictionless stream expanding isentropically until it reaches the speed of sound and without phase changes. The other parameters associated with the choked state are the pressure, density, temperature ratios, and the speed of sound. Departure of the choked mass flux from the ideal gas model is discussed first in absolute terms and then in relative terms, using the Principle of Corresponding States, for gases with boiling points in the low temperature range. Reduced-stagnation pressures are examined up to values of 30 for hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, methane, krypton, xenon, and R-14 and up to 100 for ⁴He. The corresponding reduced-stagnation temperatures go down to 1.4 and in some cases down to 1.2 for nitrogen and argon. Also discussed are the limiting values of stagnation parameters for which no phase change occurs in the choked state. Compared to the ideal gas, the mass flux may almost double and the critical pressure ratio may decrease by an order of magnitude. The relevance of results is discussed qualitatively and quantitatively for Joule-Thomson cryocooling.     

As-cast microstructures and behavior at high temperature of chromium-rich cobalt-based alloys containing hafnium carbides

Hafnium is often used to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of superalloys but not to form carbides for strengthen them against creep. In this work hafnium was added in cobalt-based alloys for verifying that HfC can be obtained in cobalt-based alloys and for characterizing their behavior at a very temperature. Three Co–25Cr–0.25 and 0.50C alloys containing 3.7 and 7.4 Hf to promote HfC carbides, and four Co–25Cr– 0 to 1C alloys for comparison (all contents in wt.%), were cast and exposed at 1200 °C for 50 h in synthetic air. The HfC carbides formed instead chromium carbides during solidification, in eutectic with matrix and as dispersed compact particles. During the stage at 1200 °C the HfC carbides did not significantly evolve, even near the oxidation front despite oxidation early become very fast and generalized. At the same time the chromium carbides present in the Co–Cr–C alloys totally disappeared in the same conditions. Such HfC-alloys potentially bring efficient and sustainable mechanical strengthening at high temperature, but their hot oxidation resistance must be significantly improved.     

Chitosan-collagen/organomontmorillonite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

A novel composite scaffold based on chitosan-collagen/organomontmo-rillonite (CS-COL/OMMT) was prepared to improve swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio, biomineralization and mechanical properties for use in tissue engineering applications. In order to expend the basal spacing, montmorillonite (MMT) was modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and was characterized by XRD, TGA and FTIR. The results indicated that the anionic surfactants entered into interlayer of MMT and the basal spacing of MMT was expanded to 3.85 nm. The prepared composite scaffolds were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio and mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were also studied. The results demonstrated that the scaffold decreased swelling ratio, degradation ratio and improved mechanical and biomineralization properties because of OMMT.     

Capacitance based mass metering for cryogenic fluids

This paper describes a method for measuring the mass of cryogenic fluids in on-board rocket propellant tanks or ground storage tanks. Linear approximations to the Clausius-Mossotti relationship serve as the foundation for a capacitance based mass sensor, regardless of fluid density stratification or tank shape. Sensor design considerations are presented along with the experimental results for a capacitance based mass gage tested in liquid nitrogen. This test data is shown to be consistent with theory resulting in a demonstrated mass measurement accuracy of ±0.75% and a deviation from linearity of less than ±0.30% of full scale mass. Theoretical accuracies are also shown to be ±0.73% for hydrogen and ±1.39% for oxygen for a select range of pressures and temperatures.     

Equipment using a “static-analytic” method for solubility measurements in potentially hazardous binary mixtures under cryogenic temperatures

A new apparatus designed to study, at cryogenic temperatures, thermodynamic equilibria of potentially explosive binary systems such as hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures is described herein. This equipment has an equilibrium cell which was especially designed to minimize hazards while allowing accurate phase equilibrium measurements. Reliability of results, obtained with this equipment has been verified by working on the nitrogen-propane system, for which data are already available in literature, over a large range of compositions and at various temperatures. Four isothermal curves describing liquid phase compositions at 109.98, 113.77, 119.75 and 125.63 K have been determined. Our experimental data are represented within 2% in compositions and in pressures through the Peng-Robinson equation of state implying Mathias-Copeman alpha function and Huron-Vidal mixing rule. Comparisons to literature allow pointing out: good agreement is observed with Kremer and Knapp data (1983) while the three sets of Poon and Lu data (1974) presenting systematic positive deviation are consequently judged as suspicious.     

Gas gap thermal switches using neon or hydrogen and sorption pump

The very low pressure obtained thanks to adsorption phenomenon at low temperature can be used to build cryogenic heat switches, which offer the possibility to make or break thermal contact between two parts of a cryogenic system. The ON (conducting) and OFF (insulating) states of the switch are obtained by varying the gas pressure between two copper blocks separated by a gap of 100 μm. This pressure is controlled by acting upon the temperature of a small sorption pump (activated charcoal) connected to the gap space. For a “high” sorption pump temperature, the gas previously adsorbed in the sorption pump is released to the gap between the two blocks, allowing a good thermal conduction through the gas (ON state). On the opposite, cooling the sorption pump allows a very good vacuum between the copper blocks, which efficiently break the thermal contact (OFF state). Experimental thermal characteristics (Conductance in the ON and OFF state, ON-OFF switching temperature) of such a “Gas Gap Heat Switch” are described using hydrogen or neon as exchange gas and are compared with theoretical calculations.     

Development of No-Vent™ liquid hydrogen storage system for space applications

A number of technological advances required to store and maintain normal-boiling-point and densified cryogenic liquids, including liquid hydrogen, under zero boil-off conditions in-space, for long periods of time, have been developed. These technologies include (1) thermally optimized compact cryogen storage systems that reduce environmental heat leak to the lowest-temperature cryogen, which minimizes cryocooler size and input power, and (2) actively-cooled shields that surround the storage systems and intercept heat leak. The processes and tools used to develop these technologies are discussed. A zero boil-off liquid hydrogen storage system technology demonstrator for validating the actively-cooled shield technology is presented.     

Development of a miniature cryogenic fluid circuit and a cryogenic micropump

This article presents the development of a miniaturized cryogenic fluid circuit for distributed cooling of low-temperature tracking detectors in high-energy physics (HEP). The heart of the circuit is a prototype cryogenic micropump. This volumetric pump is compatible with cooling powers of about 10-100 W, and capable of producing pressure heads of up to around 0.3 MPa. Besides detector and electronics cooling in HEP, potential applications are found in the field of superconductor technology.     

Integrated Resonant Self-Pumped Loop and pulse tube cryocooler for cryogenic cooling distribution

Cooling distribution is a vital technology concerning cryogenic thermal management systems for many future space applications, such as in-space, zero boil-off, long-term propellant storage, cooling infrared sensors at multiple locations or at a distance from the cryocooler, and focal-plane arrays in telescopes. These applications require a cooling distribution technology that is able to efficiently and reliably deliver cooling power (generated by a cryocooler) to remote locations and uniformly distribute it over a large-surface area. On-going efforts by others under this technology development area have not shown any promising results.This paper introduces the concept of using a Resonant Self-Pumped Loop (RSPL) integrated with the proven, highly efficient pulse tube cryocooler. The RSPL and pulse tube cryocooler combination generates cooling power and provides a distributive cooling loop that can be extended long distances, has no moving parts, and is driven by a single linear compressor. The RSPL is fully coupled with the oscillating flow of the pulse tube working fluid and utilizes gas diodes to convert the oscillating flow to one-directional (DC) steady flow that circulates through the cooling loop. The proposed RSPL is extremely simple, lightweight, reliable, and flexible for packaging. There are several requirements for the RSPL to operate efficiently. These requirements will be presented in this paper. Compared to other distributive cooling technologies currently under development, the RSPL technology is unique.     

Helium liquefaction with a commercial 4 K Gifford-McMahon cryocooler

This paper describes helium liquefaction using a commercial cryocooler with 1.5 W cooling power at 4.2 K (Sumitomo model RDK415D with compressor CSW-71D, consuming 6.5 kW electrical power), equipped with heat exchangers for precooling the incoming gas. No additional cooling power of cryoliquids or additional Joule-Thomson stages were utilized. Measurements of the pressure dependence of the liquefaction rate were performed. A maximum value of 83.9 g/h was obtained for 2.25 bar stabilized input pressure. Including the time needed to cool the liquefied helium to 4.2 K at 1 bar after filling the bottle connected to the cold head, and correcting for heat screen influences, this results in a net liquefaction rate of 67.7 g/h. Maintaining a pressure close to 1 bar above the bath during liquefaction, a rate of 55.7 g/h was obtained. The simple design enables many applications of the apparatus.