城市公共设施设计研究

目的探索城市发展背景下的城市公共设施设计策略。方法结合城市公共设施的构成及其与城市、居民的紧密联系和价值作用,就城市公共设施设计的必要性进行探讨,指出当前城市公共设施的发展方向,然后从实际出发,结合整体发展,分别从整体性、多功能性、人文性、绿色化等方面开展了深入的分析与论证,细化出城市公共设施面对环境、对象、功能、未来发展等因素时的实践尝试,总结相关的设计经验。结论城市公共设施设计是一项重要的文化事业,其不仅满足着城市居民的各种生活需求,还对城市的内涵与未来发展有着极大的促进作用,将城市公共设施设计提升到一个新的高度,从各个方面进行完善,能够使人们得到心理慰藉和情感关怀,同时让整个城市更加宜居,更具竞争力。     

城市公共休憩空间的公共设施设计探讨

目的探究城市公共休憩空间的公共设施设计原则及方向。方法从公共设施在城市公共休憩空间中的重要性入手,分析其在人们生活、休闲、交流、休息等方面的功能,同时分析其在现实中存在的一些问题及不足,总结未来的设计原则,从生态、科学、人性、审美等视角探讨城市公共休憩空间的公共设施设计的方向,再分别深入城市公园公共设施设计、商业步行街公共设施设计两方面探讨具体的设计策略,探索功能与艺术的完美结合,尝试找到环境、人的最佳平衡点。结论城市公共休憩空间的公共设施设计关系整个城市的文化形象,代表着一座城市的精神面貌,对其中的公共设施设计进行全方位的设计思考及实践,能够营造出更富活力的城市空间,更好地提升城市品位。     

城市公共设施的生态化设计研究

目的 探索生态化设计理念影响下的城市公共设施设计路径。方法 从整体性视角对城市的发展进行展望,结合总体的城市发展现实背景与特点,聚焦公共设施,明确公共设施是一种城市建设中的衍生物,其发展不仅影响着城市面貌的更新,更对城市的未来发展有着不容忽视的影响。从意义和原则层面展开论述,从基本的生态化设计内容到其为公共设施设计带来的一些有益指导和思路展开细致的发展方向探索。立足自然、人文、服务等层面,就未来城市公共设施设计的生态化趋势展开深入分析,并以照明灯具、公共座椅、垃圾桶等公共设施为研究对象,分别进行了相关的设计畅想,探究城市公共设施的生态化发展路径。结论 生态化的公共设施对提升城市的整体性、宜居性、审美性有着突出作用,是促进城市朝着健康、人文方向发展的重要内容。     

交互式城市公共设施设计思路探析

目的 以交互式设计思路为依据,对当前的城市公共设施设计进行优化更新,使其更加符合城市实际发展和人们的现实需求。方法 首先从基本的概念层面分析交互设计,总结交互设计赋予公共设施的社会、环境和人三方面的积极效应。其次以理论为依据,从实践层面提出几方面的设计设想,并深入到技术与艺术、参与度和信息化等方面进行理论验证,通过对公共设施的环境适用性、使用便利性、信息交互性等方面的论述,诠释其在当前所应遵循的原则和创新的方法。最后从发展的视角出发,就交互式城市公共设施设计的创新思路进行总结。结论 以人为中心,尊重人的现实需求,从交互性上下功夫,对城市公共设施进行交互式设计,是一种符合实际情况的发展思路,其可操作性强,有着强大的现实价值,符合长远利益。     

城市公共休憩空间的公共设施设计探讨

目的从多维视角探析城市公共休憩空间的公共设施设计策略。方法立足于城市公共休憩空间的公共设施设计的存在意义及现实价值,结合城市公共休憩空间的公共设施设计中存在的盲目照搬、程式化和维护管理不到位等现状展开探究,并借此引申出其在造型、色彩和功能上的设计理念及方式,再深入细节,探索仿生、通用、交互、可持续等具体的设计路径,总结设计的注意事项和具体的设计实例。结论公共休憩空间中的公共设施是城市空间的要素之一,其设计方向必须立足于公共性和交互性,从多方入手,最大化地满足人们休息、交流的需求,降低城市快节奏生活给人们造成的心理压力,缓解人情冷漠的问题,给城市增添亮点,给人们的生活带来愉悦。     

人性化视角下城市公共设施设计

目的探究城市公共设施在人性化视角下的设计策略。方法结合城市公共设施的定义及其发展现状,总结其中的一些突出问题,接着从人性化,即合理性、功能性、以人为本、审美性和环保性等方面展开拓展,并结合实例探索设计方向及策略。结论公共设施的人性化设计能够满足人们的社会尊重需求,在给人们带来生活便捷的同时,让人们享受到舒适与自在,进而产生精神与身体的双重愉悦。     

社会属性视角的城市公共设施创新设计

目的 探究公共设施在社会属性视角下的创新设计思路及具体措施。方法 从公共设施的具体定义和内容着手,结合现代城市的社会属性定义与分类,总结其中的可持续化、社会审美、生活需求、社会公平等方面的突出特征,并以此为基础,深入公共设施设计内部,从与这些突出特征相关的设计方向,分生态化设计、通用化设计、交互性设计和信息化设计等方面进行探究,同时列举相关案例对设计构思进行验证与实践,探索优化设计后的公共设施对现代城市的推进和对社会属性的尊重与发展方面的影响。结论 城市社会属性的变化与发展,对公共设施设计方法提出了更高的要求,从满足可持续化需求、大众审美及人类生活角度进行了全新的设计实践,实现了功能与精神的结合,促进了城市功能的完善,创造了符合现代城市的公共设施。     

城市文化导向下的公共设施设计

目的 探索城市文化的特点及其对公共设施设计的影响与深度融合策略。方法 从公共设施的基本概念及其与城市环境的融合趋势谈起,结合城市文化所展现出来的个性化、时代化、民族化等特点以及其在其他外部因素作用下所展现出的特质,就公共设施设计与城市文化环境的共融展开探索,并分别将造型、色彩、材质等关键的融合点加以论述,最后选取几个具有代表性的城市在公共设施设计中所展现出的文化的呈现与创新进行综合论述,分析未来两者结合的有效路径及注意方向。结论 作为一种特定地域在历史发展中所沉淀下来的文化代表,城市文化有着特定地域下人们思想、行为表现所累积的特定风俗及习惯,将其与公共设施设计相融合,提炼其中的精华进行发扬,可以充分展现城市地域特色,提升城市文化属性,为城市文化与城市建设营造更多靓点。     

创意性公共设施设计探索

目的探索创意视角下的公共设施设计策略。方法从公共设施在城市发展中的重要性出发,分析其价值效用,探索更加多样的公共设施设计,立足于创新发展,从社区公共设施、城市街道公共设施、商场公共设施等城市公共设施的视角,探索公共设施在民俗元素的融入、信息化的升级、导向化的延伸、语意学的塑造和艺术方式的创新等方面的创意性设计尝试,探索其未来的发展道路。结论公共设施是城市功能发挥的重要载体,在城市建设中不能只注重基础的实用性,还要在更大的范围内实现审美性、文化性、科技性等功能的叠加,将创意化设计发挥到极致,从而营造更加和谐、美好的城市生活环境,给人们的日常生活增添乐趣。     

城市公共设施设计研究

目的 探索当前城市公共设施设计的重要价值及具体策略.方法 随着人们生活中公共空间的不断扩展,公共设施逐渐受到越来越多的重视,从城市公共设施的范围及定义着手,结合城市公共设施对人民的生活和城市发展的重要影响,分析其创新和发展的必要性.以城市广场、街道、公园为代表,从各领域的设计目标和设计需求出发,总结了城市公共设施设计中激发活力、提高适应性、增强功能性和实现多样化等方向,并在此基础上深入探索了具体的设计思路与方法.结论 城市公共设施是城市发展中的重要组成部分,其在一定程度上代表着城市的形象,也展示着城市的文化和内蕴,只有结合实际情况和发展需求进行个性化、合理化的设计创新,才能为生活在城市中的人们提供更好的服务,进而提升城市的幸福感.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...