高应变速率轧制ZK60板材的超塑性行为

研究高应变速率轧制ZK60镁合金板材在523~673 K、1×10-3~1×10-1 s-1初始应变速率下的超塑变形行为及其特征。研究发现:轧制态ZK60板材在648 K、1×10-3 s-1拉伸时,可获得最大伸长率650%,应变速率敏感性指数高达0.53;在623 K、1×10-2 s-1拉伸时,可获得伸长率584.5%,应变速率敏感性指数为0.47,呈现出较好的高应变速率超塑性。微观组织与理论分析表明:ZK60合金板材在高应变速率下的超塑性变形过程中主要的变形机制为晶界滑移机制(GBS),主要协调机制为晶界扩散控制的位错蠕变,同时还伴有一定程度的液相辅助协调机制。     

T型通道挤压变形Mg-1.5Mn-0.3Ce合金的超塑性和组织演变

采用T型通道挤压(TCP)对Mg-1.5Mn-0.3Ce合金(质量分数,%)进行了4道次热挤压变形,其平均晶粒尺寸由原始轧制态的35μm细化至2μm;TEM观察表明,经TCP变形后细小的第二相粒子Mg_(12)Ce弥散分布于晶内及晶界处.变形合金在573—673 K及1×10~(-1)—4×10~(-4)S~(-1)应变速率范围内显示良好的超塑性变形;在温度为673 K及3×10~(-3)s~(-1)条件下,得到最大的断裂延伸率为604%,应变速率敏感系数m为0.36.超塑性变形后断裂区域显微组织观察表明,Mg 1.5Mn-0.3Ce合金超塑性变形的主要机制为晶界滑移,在较高温度、较低应变速率条件下超塑性变形时出现晶内滑移现象,作为超塑性变形的协调机制促进晶界滑移,随应变速率的降低或温度的升高晶内滑移越明显.     

弹粘塑性晶界变形损伤本构模型

晶界弹粘塑性变形损伤是钛合金超塑性成形和等温时效成形过程中的主要变形机制。文章考虑晶界的粘滞性及由其引起的率敏感性,建立弹粘塑性的晶界变形损伤本构模型,并结合Cohesive晶界单元描述晶界在钛合金低应变速率变形中的响应,实现对钛合金晶界的粘滞性滑移与迁移的合理描述。基于ABAQUS/Explicit平台,利用所建模型对不同应变速率10-3s-1、10-2s-1和10-1s-1下工业纯钛TA1单向拉伸过程中的晶界滑移行为进行有限元数值模拟分析。结果表明,当晶界厚度由0.8μm增大至1.2μm时,其临界强度降低,且晶界滑移对塑性变形的贡献增大近两倍;当应变速率为10-2s-1和10-3s-1、对应塑性应变为0.1时,晶界滑移对塑性应变的贡献分别是应变速率为10-1s-1时的10倍和20倍。     

应变速率对电场处理GH4199合金拉伸变形行为的影响

研究了电场处理后的长期时效GH4199合金在不同应变速率下的拉伸变形行为.结果表明,随应变速率增加合金屈服强度升高,应变速率低于3.3×100 s-1时,应变速率敏感指数m值较低且随应变速率的增加无明显变化;当应变速率超过3.3×100 s-1时,m显著升高,当应变速率为3.3×101 s-1时,m达到0.16;随应变速率增加合金拉伸塑性呈下降趋势;在较低应变速率范围内变形时,电场处理后产生的退火孪晶是改善合金塑性的主要因素,随着应变速率的提高,晶内开动的滑移系数量增加,塑性变形能力随之提高,但存在于合金晶界处的连续分布的碳化物对晶界的弱化作用逐渐显露,晶界与晶内塑性变形能力差异增大,晶界成为断裂的主要途径,导致合金塑性降低.     

供应态2B70铝合金超塑性试验研究

试验研究了供应态2B70铝合金经普通退火处理后在不同变形工艺下的超塑性变化规律.结果表明:采用3.3×10-4 s-1的初始应变速率,在360℃～490℃的拉伸温度范围内2B70铝合金具有一定的超塑性.450℃为合金的最佳超塑性拉伸温度,3.3×10-4 s-1为最佳初始应变速率,在最佳超塑性条件下合金的最大伸长率达到193.3%,流动应力为13.94 MPa.在超塑性拉伸过程中,由于不断发生动态回复及再结晶,晶粒趋于明显细化和等轴化.合金的超塑性变形是以晶界滑移为主的变形机制,在较低拉伸温度及较高初始应变速率下晶界滑移痕迹较少,表现出明显的晶间断裂特征.     

LZ91镁锂合金热变形的本构模型及微观组织演变

为了研究轧制态LZ91镁锂合金的超塑性变形特征,对其在不同温度(513、553、593和633 K)、不同应变速率(9.06×10-4、4.53×10-3和2.26×10-2s-1)下进行了单轴热拉伸试验.结果表明:LZ91合金流变应力曲线呈现典型的动态再结晶特征,峰值应力随变形温度升高(应变速率降低)而降低;在试验温度范围内合金的平均热变形激活能Q=89.74 kJ/mol,在633 K时的应变速率敏感指数m为0.422,说明合金具备超塑性特征,且超塑性变形机制为晶界扩散控制的晶界滑移.轧制态LZ91合金的组织为α-Mg相和β-Li相,且α-Mg相随机分布在β-Li相中,热变形过程中合金产生明显的动态再结晶.     

近γ组织TiAl合金的超塑性

研究了近γ组织TiAl合金在温度为950℃～1075℃,应变速率为2×10-4s-1～8×10-5s-1的超塑性行为。结果表明,该合金在上述试验条件下表现出优越的超塑性,拉伸延伸率最高达到570%。在温度高于1000℃及应变速率不大于17×10-4s-1时,应变速率敏感指数均高于05,最大值接近08。该合金超塑性变形的表观激活能为302kJmol,超塑性变形机制被认为是晶内滑移协调晶界滑动。     

TiAl基合金超塑性变形的力学行为研究

采用恒应变速率和应变速率递增实验研究了变形态Ti-48Al-2.3Cr-0.2Mo(at%)合金的超塑性变形力学行为,并根据计算得到的变形激活能,结合超塑性变形的流变曲线形态,对TiAl基合金的超塑性变形机理进行了分析。超塑性拉伸试验分别在800~900℃区间和950~1100℃区间和应变速率ε=1×10-35×10-5 s-1的条件下进行。结果表明,变形态TiAl基合金超塑性变形的应变-应力曲线上几乎没有稳态塑性流变阶段。在950~1100℃区间,加工硬化现象显著。当T>1025℃或ε≤5×10-4 s-1时,应力-应变曲线呈典型的加工硬化形态,并且随着变形温度升高和应变速率降低,加工硬化阶段增长。原始组织中的高密度位错是引起加工硬化的原因。在800~900℃区间,应变速率敏感性因子m的最佳值在0.52~0.67之间,超塑性变形的表观激活能为Qapp=178 kJ/mol,晶界扩散是超塑性的速率控制机制。在950~1100℃区间,m的最佳值在0.63~0.77之间,超塑性变形的表观激活能值Qapp=290 kJ/mol,晶格扩散是超塑性变形的速率控制机制。     

Mg-7.0Al-0.2Zn合金的超塑性及其变形机制

研究不具有典型细晶组织的挤压态Mg-7.0Al-0.2Zn(AZ70)合金的超塑性及其变形机制。结果表明:AZ70镁合金具有良好的超塑性变形行为。在380℃及1×10-3s-1的最佳变形条件下,最大伸长率为191.5%。380℃时具有良好的高应变速率(1×10-2s-1)超塑性变形能力,伸长率为161.5%。晶粒尺寸随温度的升高与应变速率的降低而增大。超塑性变形是以晶界滑移为主,表现为变形过程中晶粒组织基本保持等轴,且孔洞沿晶界形成并长大。同时孔洞的长大及连接导致最终断裂,断口形貌显示为典型的韧窝断裂特征。     

AZ31镁合金挤压板材的中温变形机理及软化机制(英文)

研究AZ31镁合金挤压板材在473～523K的温度范围内。应变速率0.001～1.0s-1压缩时的流变应力行为,计算板材沿挤压方向压缩时的激活能,并结合光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜探讨合金软化机制和变形机理之间的联系。结果表明,在中温下沿挤压方向压缩时,AZ31挤压态镁合金的变形激活能为174.18kJ/mol。这说明,由热激活位错交滑移所控制的动态再结晶是合金中温变形的主要软化机制。位错滑移是中温变形的主要变形机理,而孪生的作用则不大。其主要的动态再结晶机制为持续动态再结晶,并伴随少量的孪生动态再结晶。     

Low-temperature superplasticity of ZK40 magnesium alloy processed using equal channel angular pressing

Microstructure evolution and superplastic behaviors of ZK40 magnesium alloy were investigated in the temperature range of 473～623 K. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the microstructure changes, twinning occurred significantly after being processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for one pass through the die, the mean grain size was 5.6μm. Finer grains can be obtained after further processing through ECAP, the average grain size of the alloy processed by ECAP for three passes was as low as 0.8 μ_m; this alloy exhibited low temperature superplasticity at 473～523 K, elongations obtained at the same initial strain rate of 1×10~(-3) s~(-1) were 260％ at 473 K and 612％ at 523 K, respectively. Corresponding values for the ZK40 alloy processed by ECAP for only one pass were 124％ at 473 K and 212％ at 523 K, respectively; poor superplastic behavior of this material was related to the long-range stresses associated with the non-equilibrium grain boundaries within the coarse grains. The incompatibility between fine and coarse grains was thought to be unfavorable to the improvement of superplasticity.     

SUPERPLASTICITY OF A SiC_w/2024 Al COMPOSITE MADE BY PRESSURE INFILTRATION

The superplastic characteristics of the β-SiC whisker reinforced 2024 aluminum composite, fabricated by pressure infiltration and hot-rolling after extrusion, were investigated. The composite has a fine grain size of about 1μm, and exhibits a maximum tensile elongation of 370% in the initial strain rate of 3.3×10-3s-1 at 788K.The superplastic deformation mechanism of the composite is thought to be grain boundary (interface) sliding accommodated by grain boundary diffusion of aluminum atom and an appropriate amount of liquid phase.     

High strain rate superplasticity of rolled AZ91 magnesium alloy

The high strain rate superplastic deformation properties and characteristics of a rolled AZ91 magnesium alloy at temperatures ranging from 623 to 698 K（0.67Tm-0.76Tm） and high strain rates ranging from 10^-3 to 1 s^-1 were investigated.The rolled AZ91 magnesium alloy possesses excellent superplasticity with the maximum elongation of 455% at 623 K and a strain rate of 10-3 s-1,and its strain rate sensitivity m is high up to 0.64.The dominant deformation mechanism responsible for the high strain rate superplasticity is still grain boundary sliding（GBS）,and the dislocation creep mechanism is considered as the main accommodation mechanism.     

亚微米晶Al-3%Mn合金的超塑延展性变形行为(英文)

采用球磨法制备晶粒尺寸为0.3μm的亚微米晶Al-3%Mn(质量分数)合金。Al-3%Mn合金在室温下轧制时,表现为极高的延展性(超过2500%)。采用透射电镜(TEM)观察球磨态和冷轧态的纯铝和Al-3%Mn合金组织;采用X射线衍射对比分析组成,发现连续塑性变形机制包括位错滑移和晶界滑动,同时还有动态回复和再结晶,而动态再结晶是大塑性变形的主要控制机制。     

搅拌摩擦加工AZ31镁合金的超塑性

对搅拌摩擦加工AZ31镁合金的微观组织和拉伸力学行为进行了研究。结果表明,通过搅拌摩擦加工,热轧AZ31板材的平均晶粒尺寸由92.0μm细化到11.4μm。搅拌摩擦加工板材在高温下具有优异的塑性,伸长率在温度为723K和应变速率为5×10-4s-1的条件下达到1050%。该材料还具有高应变速率超塑性,在723K和1×10-2s-1的条件下伸长率达到268%。在相同实验条件下,母材由于晶粒尺寸粗大,没有显示出超塑性。     

SUPERPLASTICITY IN SiCw／ZK60 COMPOSITE

The superplastic deformation behavior of SiCw/ZK60 composite was investigated at temperatures ranging from 573K to 723K and at initial strain rates ranging from 8.3x10-4s-1 to 8.3x10-2s-1. A maximum elongation of 200% with a m-value of 0.35 was obtained at 613K and a initial strain rate of 1.67x 10-2s-1. The apparent activation energy (98kJ/mol) approximates that for grain boundary diffusion (92kJ/mol) in magnesium. It is proposed that the dominant mechanism of superplastic deformation in the present composite is grain boundary sliding accommodated by diffusional transport, besides, interfacial sliding plays an important role in the superplastic deformation.     

Effect of current pulses on fracture morphology in superplastic deformation of 2091 Al Li alloy

１　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＧｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ［１～４］，ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｓｕｐｅｒｐｌａｓｔｉｃｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｓｉｎｔｅｒｇｒａｎｕｌａｒ．Ｂｕｔａｔａｃｅｒｔａｉｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｉｔｃａｎｅｘｈｉｂｉｔａｌｏｃａｌｉｎｔｅｒｉｏｒｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ．Ｒｅｆ．５ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄｔｈａｔｓｕｃｈａｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｗａｓｃｒｅａｔｅｄｂｙａｈｉｇｈｌｏｃａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｒｏｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｇｒａ…     

Characteristics of hot tensile deformation and microstructure evolution of twin-roll cast AZ31B magnesium alloys

High temperature tensile properties and microstructure evolutions of twin-roll-cast AZ31B magnesium alloy were investigated over a strain rate range from 10-3 to 1 s-1.It is suggested that the dominant deformation mechanism in the lower strain rate regimes is dislocation creep controlled by grain boundary diffusion at lower temperature and by lattice diffusion at higher temperatures,respectively.Furthermore,dislocation glide and twinning are dominant deformation mechanisms at higher strain-rate.The processing map,the effective diffusion coefficient and activation energy map of the alloy were established.The relations of microstructure evolutions to the transition temperature of dominant diffusion process,the activation energy platform and the occurrence of the full dynamic recrystallization with the maximum peak efficiency were analyzed.It is revealed that the optimum conditions for thermo-mechanical processing of the alloy are at a temperature range from 553 to 593 K,and a strain rate range from 7×10-3 to 2×10-3 s-1.     

Microstructure evolution and low temperature superplasticity of ZK40 magnesium alloy subjected to ECAP

Microstructure evolution and superplastic behaviors of ZK40 magnesium alloy were investigated in the temperature range of 473–623 K. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the microstructure changes. After the alloy had been processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for one pass through the die, significant twinning was found to have occurred, and the mean grain size was 5.6 μm. Finer grains were obtained after multi-pass ECAP, and the average grain size of the alloy ECAPed for three passes was as low as 0.8 μm; this alloy exhibited low temperature superplasticity at 473–523 K, and the elongations obtained at the initial strain rate of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ were 260% at 473 K and 612% at 523 K. Corresponding values for the ZK40 alloy processed by ECAP for only one pass were 124% at 473 K and 212% at 523 K. Poor superplastic behavior of the ZK40 alloy processed by ECAP for only one pass was related to the longrange stresses associated with the non-equilibrium grain boundaries within the coarse grains. The incompatibility between the fine grains and the coarse grains was thought to be unfavorable to the improvement of superplascity. This article is based on a presentation in “The 7th Korea-China Workshop on Advanced Materials” organized by the Korea-China Advanced Materials Cooperation Center and the China-Korea Advanced Materials Cooperation Center, held at Ramada Plaza Jeju Hotel, Jeju Island, Korea on August 24–27, 2003.     

SUPERPLASTICITY OF A WATER-QUENCHED AND TEMPERED 40Cr STEEL

1.IntroductionSuperplasticity possesses many good characteristics such as high elongation, low flow stress and high atom diffusion ability, which make it show good application in metal forming and diffusion bonding of complex shape structure. Up to now, the superplasticity of steel has been more investigated, however the pretreatment in order to obtain fine grain and then superplasticity was often carried out by circular quenchingof typically 3 times and subsequent high-temperature tempering, …