基于DCT变换的抗打印扫描电子签章方法

为了解决现有电子签章系统对打印扫描攻击抵抗性不足的问题,提出一种可以抗打印扫描的电子签章方法。该方法结合现有的电子签章系统。将经过私钥加密的文件摘要信息嵌入到印章图像中,通过抗打印扫描的水印算法实现电子筌章。与现有电子签章方法相比,该方法能够抵抗对电子签章的打印扫描攻击,实验结果验证了该方法的可行性。     

Electroprinting tubes and their applications to television facsimile

This paper describes two types of electroprinting tubes, one of which has been applied to television facsimile. The electrostatic printing tube and fiber-optics printing tube have a resolution of 8 lines/mm and 15 lines/mm, and a writing speed of 200 m/s and 1700 m/s, respectively. The electron scanning method utilizing the fiber-optics printing tube showed good results in experimental television facsimile.     

MEMS兼容丝网印刷PZT压电厚膜研究

对丝网印刷PZT压电厚膜制备工艺浆料配置、印刷技术、退火条件、上下电极的选择及极化方法等进行了研究 ,并采用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM )及与之配套的能谱分析仪对制备的PZT样品的微观结构、成分进行了测试分析。结果表明 ,PZT压电厚膜的膜厚可达 10 0 μm ,印制图形分辨率在5 0 0 μm以上 ,在 80 0℃经 1h退火就可获得良好的微晶结构 ,且具有压电特性     

Nanocopper Based Solder-Free Electronic Assembly

CuantumFuse nano copper material has been used to assemble functional LED test boards and a small camera board with a 48 pad CMOS sensor quad-flat no-lead chip and a 10 in flexible electronics demo. Drop-in replacement of solder, by use of stencil printing and standard surface mount technology equipment, has been demonstrated. Applications in space and commercial systems are currently under consideration. The stable copper-nanoparticle paste has been examined and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy; this has shown that the joints are nanocrystalline but with substantial porosity. Assessment of reliability is expected to be complicated by this and by the effects of thermal and strain-enhanced coarsening of pores. Strength, creep, and fatigue properties were measured and results are discussed with reference to our understanding of solder reliability to assess the potential of this nano-copper based solder alternative.     

Laser scanning for electronic printing

The use of laser scanning techniques for acquisition and printing of images is reviewed with primary emphasis on the printing application. Following an introduction to the basic configuration of laser scanners and to the terminology of this field, some of the principal characteristics of these scanners are summarized. A short overview is given of the key components of scanners, i.e., lasers, modulators, and light deflectors. The integration of these and other components into complete scanning systems is then described, including discussion of optical design issues and several examples of practical optical system design for polygon scanners. Holographic scanners and some of their design considerations are discussed. The electronic and mechanical techniques required for satisfactory scanner design and construction are described. Finally, the embodiment of various design approaches into practical scanners is illustrated by a survey of some existing printer products.     

红外热像仪隔行扫描原理及其公式的推导

本文详细讨论了红外热像仪的扫描机理。分别阐述了光机扫描和电子束扫描,以及它们之间的关系。并从设计需要出发,推导了隔行扫描公式,这是一个选择扫描体制的重要公式,应用于总体设计考虑十分方便。     

3D Printed Microstructures Erasable by Darkness

To advance the applications of direct laser writing (DLW), adaptability of the printed structure is critical, prompting a shift toward printing structures that are comprised of different materials, and/or can be partially or fully erased on demand. However, most structures that contain these features are often printed by complex processes or require harsh developing techniques. Herein, a unique photoresist for DLW is introduced that is capable of printing 3D microstructures that can be erased by exposure to darkness. Specifically, microstructures based on light-stabilized dynamic materials are fabricated that remain stable when continously irradiated with green light, but degrade once the light source is switched off. The degradation and light stabilization properties of the printed materials are analyzed in-depth by time-lapse scanning electron microscopy. It is demonstrated that these resists can be used to impart responsive behavior onto the printed structure, and –critically– as a temporary locking mechanism to control the release of moving structural features.     

Environmental Qualification Testing and Failure Analysis of Embedded Resistors

Embedding passive components (capacitors, resistors, and inductors) within printed wiring boards (PWBs) is one of a series of technology advances enabling performance increases, size and weight reductions, and potentially economic advantages in electronic systems. This paper explores the reliability testing and subsequent failure analysis for laser-trimmed Gould subtractive nickel chromium and MacDermid additive nickel phosphorous embedded resistor technologies within a PWB. Laser-trimmed resistors that have been “reworked” using an inkjet printing process to add material to their surface to reduce resistance have also been considered. Environmental qualification testing performed included: thermal characterization, stabilization bake, temperature cycling, thermal shock and temperature/humidity aging. In addition, a pre/post-lamination analysis was performed to determine the effects of the board manufacturing process on the embedded resistors. A failure analysis consisting of optical inspection, scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) imaging, and PWB cross-sectioning was employed to determine failure mechanisms. All the embedded resistors were trimmed and the test samples included resistors fabricated both parallel and perpendicular to the weave of the board dielectric material. Material stability assessment and a comparison with discrete resistor technologies was performed.     

0.5mm间距CSP/BGA器件无铅焊接工艺技术研究

芯片级封装器件因其小尺寸、低阻抗、低噪声等优点广泛应用于电子信息系统中.从器件封装、印制板焊盘设计、焊膏印刷、贴装以及回流焊接等方面探讨了0.5 mm间距CSP/BGA器件无铅焊接工艺技术.     

Inkjet Printing of a Highly Loaded Palladium Ink for Integrated,Low‐Cost pH Sensors

An inkjet printing process for depositing palladium (Pd) thin films from a highly loaded ink (>14 wt%) is reported. The viscosity and surface tension of a Pd‐organic precursor solution is adjusted using toluene to form a printable and stable ink. A two‐step thermolysis process is developed to convert the printed ink to continuous and uniform Pd films with good adhesion to different substrates. Using only one printing pass, a low electrical resistivity of 2.6 μΩ m of the Pd film is obtained. To demonstrate the electrochemical pH sensing application, the surfaces of the printed Pd films are oxidized for ion‐to‐electron transduction and the underlying layer is left for electron conduction. Then, solid‐state reference electrodes are integrated beside the bifunctional Pd electrodes by inkjet printing. These potentiometric sensors have sensitivities of 60.6 ± 0.1 and 57 ± 0.6 mV pH^?1 on glass and polyimide substrates, and short response times of 11 and 6 s, respectively. Also, accurate pH values of real water samples are obtained by using the printed sensors with a low‐cost multimeter. These results indicate that the facile and cost‐effective inkjet printing and integration techniques may be applied in fabricating future electrochemical monitoring systems for environmental parameters and human health conditions.     

Fabrication of Polymer Silver Conductor Using Inkjet Printing and Low Temperature Sintering Process

In this paper, silver powders with a uniform particle size of 0.2-0.4 mum and an excellent dispersibility were applied to produce a conductive ink for the inkjet printing process. The thermal behaviors of silver particles sintered at different temperature were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. It was found out that both the particle size and crystal grains increase during the surface diffusion and sintering process. A drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing system was employed to print the conductor by using as-mentioned silver particles suspended in terpineol/polyketone (PK) system as conductive materials. The optimized value of W_PK/W_silver was 5%, corresponding to a resistivity of 2.0 muOmega ldr cm. It was revealed that an increase in the W_PK/W_silver ratio resulted in the increase in both the resistivity and adhesion strength of the conductor. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis based on the microstructures of silver conductor further illustrates that the densification of conductor and long-range interparticle connectivity ensure the silver conductor a low resistivity. The adhesiveness effect from PK resin enables the conductor a high adhesion strength.     

电子束光刻制造软刻蚀用母板的研究

使用通用电子束曝光机,采用一种新的电子束微三维加工的重复增量扫描方式进行曝光实验,显影后得到轮廓清晰的微三维结构,以此为制作弹性印章的母模板,经硅烷化后可用来制作弹性印章,得到弹性印章后便可再利用软刻蚀相关技术进行微图形的复制.曝光实验的结论表明采用电子束重复增量扫描方式可用来制作微三维弹性印章的母版.     

Electron transmission through a metal target from vacuum to air

An investigation, in connection with work on a direct electron printing tube, has been made on electron beam transmission through a thin nickel target into atmosphere. Comparison with vacuum-to-vacuum transmission measurements indicates that electron multiplication occurs and that such a system can provide a tool for studying ionization processes, as well as act as an ion source.     

Advances in 4D Printing: Materials and Applications

4D printing has attracted tremendous interest since its first conceptualization in 2013. 4D printing derived from the fast growth and interdisciplinary research of smart materials, 3D printer, and design. Compared with the static objects created by 3D printing, 4D printing allows a 3D printed structure to change its configuration or function with time in response to external stimuli such as temperature, light, water, etc., which makes 3D printing alive. Herein, the material systems used in 4D printing are reviewed, with emphasis on mechanisms and potential applications. After a brief overview of the definition, history, and basic elements of 4D printing, the state‐of‐the‐art advances in 4D printing for shape‐shifting materials are reviewed in detail. Both single material and multiple materials using different mechanisms for shape changing are summarized. In addition, 4D printing of multifunctional materials, such as 4D bioprinting, is briefly introduced. Finally, the trend of 4D printing and the perspectives for this exciting new field are highlighted.     

镍铁铝混合粉末的激光熔覆冶金研究

为了利用高能激光束将镍、铁、铝金属单质的混合粉末快速熔融，得到高性能的镍铁铝合金，并直接用于熔覆，采用激光3-D打印的金属粉末成型的方法，用一台中低功率的光纤激光器，以工程中常用的轧制不锈钢板为基底，研究了一定比例的镍、铁、铝混合粉末的熔覆冶金情况。通过优化激光工艺参量（激光频率、扫描速率、激光功率和离焦量）组合，得到了质量良好的单道熔覆结果。通过激光共聚焦显微镜、晶相显微镜以及扫描电子显微镜等检测手段，对熔覆条的宏观形貌和微观组织进行观察。结果表明，可获得良好的无气孔无裂纹的合金组织，且合金与基板形成了良好的冶金结合；熔覆层硬度低于基板硬度30HV左右，但截面硬度分布均匀。该研究有助于得到各向性质统一的冶金层。     

基于同轴菲涅耳全息的标识印刷防伪技术

在研究双随机相位数据加密技术的基础上,结合数字全息技术和印刷技术的特点,提出了一种新的同轴菲涅耳全息标识防伪方法,利用双随机相位加密复数数据信息(物光信息),与参考光叠加形成同轴全息图像。理论分析了同轴菲涅耳全息方法能有效地恢复原始图像数据,并对加密的同轴菲涅耳全息图像的强抗位压缩性能进行了仿真,最后通过打印和扫描对同轴菲涅耳全息标识的防伪功能进行了验证。结果表明,该全息标识防伪方法具有强的抗位压缩能力,可以通过逆菲涅耳变换和多重解密密钥恢复原始认证信息,是一种十分有效的全息标识。该全息标识方法可通过可变数据印刷技术印制在证件等印刷品中作为个性化防伪标识。     

汽车发动机连杆激光3-D打印工艺研究

为了研究汽车发动机连杆激光3-D打印制造工艺,采用理论分析和实验验证的方法,建立了连杆3-D数据模型,进行了分层切片处理,通过S型扫描和轮廓偏移扫描,规划两种连杆加工路径。选用铁基合金粉末以及相应的工艺参量,在激光3-D打印系统中进行连杆打印试验。扫描单层轨迹用时4min30s~4min56s,总用时4h20min。结果表明,连杆成形区底部的金相组织主要是柱状晶和树枝晶,中上部是细小的等轴晶,层间致密搭接,形成良好的冶金结合;成形连杆显微硬度为450HV~490HV,屈服强度为754MPa,抗拉强度为1189MPa,延伸率为9%。连杆激光3-D打印成形制坯性能相比于锻造、粉锻制造工艺,减少了工装成本支出并缩短了生产准备工时,其屈服强度、抗拉强度等力学性能超过钢锻连杆,与国外粉锻连杆相比,差别不大,能满足连杆制坯要求。     

Engineering Natural Pollen Grains as Multifunctional 3D Printing Materials

The development of multifunctional 3D printing materials from sustainable natural resources is a high priority in additive manufacturing. Using an eco-friendly method to transform hard pollen grains into stimulus-responsive microgel particles, we engineered a pollen-derived microgel suspension that can serve as a functional reinforcement for composite hydrogel inks and as a supporting matrix for versatile freeform 3D printing systems. The pollen microgel particles enabled the printing of composite inks and improved the mechanical and physiological stabilities of alginate and hyaluronic acid hydrogel scaffolds for 3D cell culture applications. Moreover, the particles endowed the inks with stimulus-responsive controlled release properties. The suitability of the pollen microgel suspension as a supporting matrix for freeform 3D printing of alginate and silicone rubber inks was demonstrated and optimized by tuning the rheological properties of the microgel. Compared with other classes of natural materials, pollen grains have several compelling features, including natural abundance, renewability, affordability, processing ease, monodispersity, and tunable rheological features, which make them attractive candidates to engineer advanced materials for 3D printing applications.     

Fermi Level Engineering of Passivation and Electron Transport Materials for p‐Type CuBi2O4 Employing a High‐Throughput Methodology

Metal oxide semiconductors are promising for solar photochemistry if the issues of excessive charge carrier recombination and material degradation can be resolved, which are both influenced by surface quality and interface chemistry. Coating the semiconductor with an overlayer to passivate surface states is a common remedial strategy but is less desirable than application of a functional coating that can improve carrier extraction and reduce recombination while mitigating corrosion. In this work, a data‐driven materials science approach utilizing high‐throughput methodologies, including inkjet printing and scanning droplet electrochemical cell measurements, is used to create and evaluate multi‐element coating libraries to discover new classes of candidate passivation and electron‐selective contact materials for p‐type CuBi₂O₄. The optimized overlayer (Cu_1.5TiO_z) improves the onset potential by 110 mV, the photocurrent by 2.8×, and the absorbed photon‐to‐current efficiency by 15.5% compared to non‐coated photoelectrodes. It is shown that these enhancements are related to reduced surface recombination through passivation of surface defect states as well as improved carrier extraction efficiency through Fermi level engineering. This work presents a generalizable, high‐throughput method to design and optimize passivation materials for a variety of semiconductors, providing a powerful platform for development of high‐performance photoelectrodes for incorporation into solar‐fuel generation systems.     

The piezoelectric capillary injector—A new hydrodynamic method for dot pattern generation

When liquid is driven in pulses through two small apertures with liquid between them, there is a hydrodynamic pumping phenomena in the liquid flow. The pulsation can be produced by volume variations obtained from a piezoelectric crystal. The device works as an impulse pump, which can be controlled by modulated electric pulses. When the liquid is ink, the device can be used to generate a dot pattern on paper. Using this technique, two types of printing devices have been developed: one for printing alphanumeric characters in a 7 × 5 matrix, where speeds of more than 1000 characters/s are obtained, and another for copying pictures by a scanning method.