脆性岩石各向异性损伤和渗流耦合细观模型

采用细观力学方法提出一个岩石各向异性损伤和渗流耦合的细观模型。其中,岩石的损伤由裂纹的状态变量来表示,损伤演化通过裂纹扩展准则来定义,并采用细观力学的分析方法由含裂纹材料的自由熵推导出裂隙岩石的本构方程。同时可以假设：由于裂纹表面的粗糙不平,在裂纹扩展的同时将引起法向开度的产生,这是材料渗透系数变化的主要原因,根据上述假设及达西定律和微观层流理论,推导出岩石特征体积单元的渗透系数表达式,从而建立岩石各向异性损伤和渗流耦合的细观模型。模拟分析表明,提出的模型与试验结果吻合很好。     

考虑多尺度结构的贯通节理岩体损伤摩擦耦合模型

基于贯通节理岩体结构的多尺度特征,采用两步均匀化方法,给出了节理岩体在复杂荷载作用下的自由焓表达式,建立了节理岩体损伤摩擦耦合本构模型。模型可同时考虑岩块损伤扩展、微裂纹滑移剪胀、法向刚度恢复,节理面多阶凸起体滑移磨损、剪胀演化以及节理与岩块相互作用等特征,较好地反映岩体内部微裂纹、节理等不同尺度微结构变化对其力学特性的影响。采用Lac du Bonnet花岗岩三轴压缩试验、花岗岩节理剪切试验以及不同节理倾角与不同围压下Martinsburg板岩三轴压缩强度试验等成果对模型进行了验证,模型预测值与实测值相当吻合,论证了模型的准确性。     

锦屏二级水电站深埋大理岩力学特性研究

采用锦屏二级水电站埋深2000m的白山组大理岩试样进行单轴压缩-声发射试验,通过试验结果的分析确定白山组大理岩的启裂强度和损伤强度,分别为0.4～0.5倍和0.8倍的单轴抗压强度,试验结果与加拿大URL针对Lac du Bonnet花岗岩的测试成果相接近。针对白山组深埋大理岩开展室内三轴压缩试验,试验成果显示锦屏白山组大理岩随着围压的增大其峰后应力-应变曲线具有明显的脆-延-塑转换特征。对比锦屏白山组大理岩、Lac du Bonnet花岗岩以及三峡花岗岩的三轴试验成果,说明大理岩和花岗岩峰后力学特征的显著差异。采用Hoek-Brown强度准则的本构模型描述大理岩的脆-延-塑转换特征,并将研究成果应用于引水隧洞的围岩损伤深度预测。     

北山花岗岩渗透特性试验研究与细观力学分析

甘肃北山是我国高放废物深地质处置的预选场址,其花岗岩具有完整性及均匀性好、孔隙率及渗透率低等重要特点。采用气体瞬态压力脉冲法测试不同围压下北山花岗岩在三轴压缩过程中的渗透率变化特征。结合花岗岩在偏应力演化过程中微裂纹的萌生、扩展机制以及应力-应变曲线的变化特征分析,采用细观力学方法研究北山花岗岩在三轴压缩过程中渗透率的演化机制。分析结果表明：(1)北山花岗岩的初始渗透率在10-19 m2量级,对应于应力-应变曲线,其渗透率曲线随着偏应力增加总体呈现出下降段、水平段、稳定增长段以及急剧上升段的变化特征;(2)初始微裂纹的压缩闭合可导致试样的渗透率下降约1个数量级,峰前破坏时渗透率的增幅可达2～3个数量级,围压从5 MPa增大至10 MPa可导致渗透率减小1个数量级;(3)细观力学模型的计算值与试验值吻合良好,北山花岗岩试样的宏观力学响应及渗透特性与试样内部微裂纹的细观结构特征及连通性的变化密切相关,岩石渗透率变化和损伤演化具有良好的一致性,且损伤的发育可导致渗透率呈现较弱的各向异性特征。研究成果对于我国高放废物深地质处置工程中围岩的开挖扰动机制、渗透特性演化规律以及处置库系统的性能评价具有重要意义。     

基于TOUGHREACT的岩石水力损伤耦合数值模型研究

从细观力学角度出发,充分考虑水-力耦合条件下岩石细观特征及其演化,结合热力学理论,建立基于TOUGHREACT的岩石细观水力损伤耦合数值模型.模型可较好地考虑任意微裂纹滑移剪胀、损伤扩展和法向压缩闭合等细观力学行为对岩石宏观变形破坏、渗透性演化和水流运动过程的影响.采用室内煤岩注水破坏试验成果对数值模型的正确性和有效性...     

基于细观裂纹扩展演化的岩石损伤本构模型研究

为准确表征岩石细观裂纹扩展演化过程的力学特性。基于唯象理论,将岩石细观结构概化为完整岩石微元体、裂纹扩展损伤微元体和孔隙三个部分;利用微元体间的静力平衡关系,构建岩石细观受力模型。在此基础上,根据岩石裂纹扩展演化特征,提出利用生物阻滞增长模型表征岩石裂纹扩展长度;基于几何损伤理论,建立裂纹扩展长度与损伤的定量关系,构建岩石裂纹扩展损伤演化方程;并利用断裂力学求解裂纹扩展损伤微元体的实际应力;通过将裂纹扩展损伤和损伤微元体实际应力引入岩石细观结构静力平衡方程,考虑软岩压密阶段非线性变形的影响,建立基于细观裂纹扩展演化的岩石损伤本构模型;最后,提出模型参数的确定方法,并探讨模型参数对岩石力学性质的影响规律。结果表明：该模型能较好表征岩石裂纹扩展过程的应力应变特征,与实验结果吻合度较高,且模型参数物理意义明确。     

岩石裂纹扩展诱发的强度弱化模型研究

岩石应力应变本构关系对于判断岩石强度、变形力学特性有着重要的意义,细观裂纹对岩石力学特性又有着重要的影响。基于细观裂纹扩展模型,将裂纹角度影响引入模型,并结合宏细观损伤定义联系,建立了一个考虑裂纹角度影响的轴向应力应变本构模型,并解释了围压与轴向应变本构关系,分析了裂纹贯通与岩石失效极限应变之间的联系,然后将该本构模型,与常规压缩试验与循环加卸载试验对比分析得到的试验规律相结合,提出了一个岩石内部裂纹扩展、变形损伤作用下岩石压缩强度弱化模型。并通过将不同围压下的裂纹启裂应力试验值和理论公式相结合,预测了模型中难以试验直接获取的关键参数μ,a,β,φ。其中初始裂纹尺寸a与裂纹角度φ,是由真实岩石中随机分布裂纹尺寸、角度平均化思维获取。随着裂纹扩展或应变增加,岩石压缩强度开始保持不变,当岩石达到一定损伤后不断降低。该强度弱化模型的应用,为地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了一个重要的理论支持。     

热–水–力耦合作用下结晶岩渗透特性演化模型

在热力学框架下,采用细观力学方法,建立热–水–力(THM)耦合条件下低渗饱水结晶岩的各向异性损伤模型,考虑非等温条件下微裂纹水压力作用、法向刚度恢复以及滑动剪胀等细观力学机制对岩石宏观力学性能的影响。在此基础上,采用均匀化方法,建立各向异性损伤诱发的岩石有效渗透特性演化模型,指出损伤岩石有效渗透特性下限估计模型的局限性,进而给出可反映损伤演化过程中微裂纹连通性等细观结构特征的岩石有效渗透特性上限估计模型。采用三轴压缩过程中花岗岩的渗透率变化、高温热处理后花岗岩的单轴压缩性能、TSX巷道开挖产生的围岩损伤与渗透率变化等室内外试验成果对模型进行验证。     

三类岩石热损伤力学特性的试验研究与细观力学分析

 运用偏光显微技术,比较不同温度处理后砂岩、花岗岩和大理岩微观结构的不同变化特征。分析对比常温～800 ℃高温处理后三类岩石纵波波速、孔隙率、弹性模量、峰值应力及应变的变化规律,并讨论其与微观结构变化的内在联系。结合岩石热损伤后初始损伤程度增大、微裂纹刚度弱化及张开度增大等特征,采用细观损伤力学模型研究热损伤岩石应力–应变曲线显著的非线性特征。研究结果表明：(1) 热处理砂岩细观结构的变化主要表现为胶结物变化及矿物相变,矿物内无明显热裂纹发育;热处理花岗岩内热裂纹发育明显,800 ℃处理后最大裂纹宽度可达100 ?m,较400 ℃时增加约1个数量级;大理岩热裂纹以晶界裂纹为主,600 ℃处理后最大裂纹宽度达20 ?m,约为400 ℃时的2倍。(2) 花岗岩和大理岩的弹性模量随热处理温度的增大持续降低,但砂岩的弹性模量在500 ℃热处理温度阈值之后才显著下降。(3) 三类热损伤岩石的宏观物理力学性质与其形成条件、矿物组分、微裂纹发育密切相关。(4) 基于均匀化理论的细观损伤力学模型的计算值与试验值吻合良好,热损伤岩石应力–应变曲线初始压密阶段显著延长的力学行为与微裂纹密度和刚度直接相关。     

基于相场法的花岗岩弹塑性损伤模型及其细观力学行为研究

花岗岩的细观非均质性对其损伤破坏行为有着重要影响。基于热力学原理和力与能量平衡方程,在经典相场模型框架内引入适合岩石类材料的非关联塑性本构关系,构建弹塑性相场模型,通过与解析解和试验数据对比,验证了其正确性和可靠性。在此基础上,采用数字图像处理建立符合真实细观结构的花岗岩非均质数值模型,并对其三轴压缩试验进行数值模拟,在细观尺度预测其宏观力学行为以及分析岩石裂纹扩展机制。研究结果表明：通过与试验数据和传统弹脆性相场模拟结果对比,建立的基于花岗岩真实细观结构的弹塑性相场模型可以很好地捕捉其宏观非线性力学行为;花岗岩的内部裂纹的起裂、扩展以及局部应力场的分布会受到矿物颗粒的力学性质、几何形状及分布的影响。该研究方法为今后研究岩石多尺度损伤破坏问题提供一种简单有效的途径,对评价地下工程中围岩力学性质有着重要的工程实践意义。     

Modeling Lac du Bonnet granite using a discrete element model

A discrete element method code developed by the authors is used to model Lac du Bonnet granite in triaxial compression. The paper first presents the features of the model and the algorithms used to identify the micro deformability and strength parameters. With these identification algorithms, the model was calibrated to match experimental triaxial test data on Lac du Bonnet granite. With the calibrated model, investigation on failure evolution was then performed. The monitored evolution of the number and type of contact failures (micro cracks) reveals that at micro level tensile failures occur first, followed by mobilization of residual friction. Three distinct stages of stress–strain curve can be well identified by the accumulated number of contact failures and the mode of contact failures.     

Assessing fracturing mechanisms and evolution of excavation damaged zone of tunnels in interlocked rock masses at high stresses using a finitediscrete element approach

Deep underground excavations within hard rocks can result in damage to the surrounding rock mass mostly due to redistribution of stresses.Especially within rock masses with non-persistent joints,the role of the pre-existing joints in the damage evolution around the underground opening is of critical importance as they govern the fracturing mechanisms and influence the brittle responses of these hard rock masses under highly anisotropic in situ stresses.In this study,the main focus is the impact of joint network geometry,joint strength and applied field stresses on the rock mass behaviours and the evolution of excavation induced damage due to the loss of confinement as a tunnel face advances.Analysis of such a phenomenon was conducted using the finite-discrete element method(FDEM).The numerical model is initially calibrated in order to match the behaviour of the fracture-free,massive Lac du Bonnet granite during the excavation of the Underground Research Laboratory(URL)Test Tunnel,Canada.The influence of the pre-existing joints on the rock mass response during excavation is investigated by integrating discrete fracture networks(DFNs)of various characteristics into the numerical models under varying in situ stresses.The numerical results obtained highlight the significance of the pre-existing joints on the reduction of in situ rock mass strength and its capacity for extension with both factors controlling the brittle response of the material.Furthermore,the impact of spatial distribution of natural joints on the stability of an underground excavation is discussed,as well as the potentially minor influence of joint strength on the stress induced damage within joint systems of a non-persistent nature under specific conditions.Additionally,the in situ stress-joint network interaction is examined,revealing the complex fracturing mechanisms that may lead to uncontrolled fracture propagation that compromises the overall stability of an underground excavation.     

荷载和水压力作用下岩石裂纹贯通过程的数值模拟研究

应用自主开发的数值模拟系统F-RFPA^2D，研究荷载和水压力作用下岩石裂纹和内部缺陷结构相互作用下的贯通过程，内容包括岩石应力应变过程中，不同裂纹扩展阶段的渗透率演化规律，水压力对裂纹扩展模式和峰值强度的影响，岩石内部缺陷结构对裂纹贯通模式的影响等。结果表明，水压力和缺陷结构分布的非均匀性对岩石的应力峰值强度、峰值前后渗透性演化规律及裂纹贯通机制影响十分明显。     

预压脆性岩石动态宏细观力学模型研究

预压应力脆性岩石动力特性研究,对深部地下工程围岩变形评价有重要实践意义。细观裂纹扩展严重影响预压脆性岩石动态力学行为。基于细观裂纹扩展与应力关系模型、裂纹速率与动态断裂韧度模型、裂纹速率与应变率关系模型及应变率与应变关系模型,提出了一种考虑预压轴向应力及围压的脆性岩石承受动态荷载作用下的宏细观力学模型。其中裂纹速率与应变率关系模型是通过对应变相关的裂纹长度求解时间导数获得。应变率与应变关系模型描述了预压岩石动态荷载导致的应变率随应变演化曲线。研究了不同预压轴向应力及应变率影响下的脆性岩石应力-应变关系曲线,并利用试验结果验证了模型的合理性。讨论了围压、初始裂纹尺寸、初始裂纹角度、及初始裂纹摩擦系数对预压应力岩石的动态应力应变关系、预压裂纹长度、预压轴向应变、及动态峰值强度的影响。主要研究结果：预压应力越小、围压越大、初始裂纹面尺寸越小或初始裂纹摩擦系数越大,则预压轴向应变及裂纹长度越小,且预压岩石动态强度越大。     

Quantifying progressive pre-peak brittle fracture damage in rock during uniaxial compression

This paper presents the findings of an extensive laboratory investigation into the identification and quantification of stress-induced brittle fracture damage in rock. By integrating the use of strain gauge measurements and acoustic emission monitoring, a rigorous methodology has been developed to aid in the identification and characterization of brittle fracture processes induced through uniaxial compressive loading. Results derived from monocyclic loading tests demonstrate that damage and the subsequent deformation characteristics of the damaged rock can be easily quantified by normalizing the stresses and strains observed in progression from one stage of crack development to another. Results of this analysis show that the crack initiation, σ_ci, and crack damage, σ_cd, thresholds for pink Lac du Bonnet granite occur at 0.39σ_UCS and 0.75σ_UCS, respectively. Acoustic emissions from these tests were found to provide a direct measure of the rapid release of energy associated with damage-related mechanisms. Simplified models describing the loss of cohesion and the subsequent development of microfractures leading up to unstable crack propagation were derived using normalized acoustic emission rates. Damage-controlled cyclic loading tests were subsequently used to examine the effects of accumulating fracture damage and its influence on altering the deformation characteristics of the rock. These tests revealed that two distinct failure processes involving the progressive development of the microfracture network, may occur depending on whether the applied cyclic loads exceed or are restrained by the crack damage stress threshold.     

Damage-induced permeability changes in granite: a case example at the URL in Canada

This paper concerns both in situ measurements of permeability and numerical modelling of changes in permeability induced by microcrack growth. Hydraulic experiments including pulse tests with the SEPPI probe are in progress. These tests are a part of the tunnel sealing experiment (TSX) at the 420 m level of Canada's Underground Research Laboratory, whose aim is to estimate the in situ hydraulic properties of Lac du Bonnet granite. Based on laboratory investigations, the anisotropic damage model developed by Homand et al. (Comput. Geotech. 22 (1998) 135) and recently reviewed by Shao et al. (Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 36 (1999) 1001) has been extended in order to account for changes in permeability induced by microcrack growth. We have implemented this extension in the three-dimensional code (FLAC^3D). Triaxial compression tests, with permeability measurements carried out on two different granites, provide a verification of the numerical implementation with a good agreement between experiments and predictions. Comparison between in situ measurements of permeability and predictions indicates that both the results of numerical modelling and observations are globally in agreement. Finally, numerical modelling as well as the in situ measurements indicate that a depth of 50–70 cm is a good estimation of the extent of excavation disturbed zone in the TSX tunnel.     

香港花岗岩单轴压缩时的操作演化

An investigation is reported on the characteristics of progressive failure of Hong Kong granite. Uniaxial compression tests are performed on a number of Hong Kong granite specimens with the MTS 815.04 testing machine.Acoustic emission signals are recorded to trace the evolution of damages. Parametric studies on the effect of grain size are attempted. The results show that the increase in grain size will reduce the brittleness during failure. In addition, discussion is extended to the grain size effect on the stress thresholds of crack closure, crack initiation and crack damage. The RFPA^2D code is also used to observe the failure characteristics of brittle rocks such as granite. Microscopic tensile failure is dominant in the ultimate failure of all the uniaxially compressed models. The crack initiation threshold is also determined by the numerical approach. The failure of coarse-grained models seems more ductile.     

北山深部花岗岩弹塑性损伤模型研究

 基于力学特性试验和三维声发射监测技术,研究北山花岗岩在压应力条件下的力学行为特征和损伤演化机制,并构建岩石的力学损伤模型。试验结果表明,在低围压条件下岩石主要发生的是脆性破坏;随围压增大,岩石力学行为逐渐向延性转化,表现出剪胀、塑性变形等非线性行为。结合微裂隙产生和扩展规律,对岩石在外力作用下的损伤演化过程和破坏机制进行分析,认为北山花岗岩的破坏及非线性行为是损伤和塑性变形共同作用的结果。基于这一认识,在热动力学框架下提出北山花岗岩准唯象弹塑性损伤模型。模型引入非关联的塑性流动方程,以反映岩石在压应力作用下体积变形从压缩到膨胀的转化过程。基于已有的损伤理论建立损伤演化方程,并通过在塑性屈服面中引入独立损伤变量,建立塑性和损伤发展的耦合关系。数值模拟和试验数据的对比表明,模型可以很好地描述北山花岗岩在不同应力水平下的损伤演化规律和力学行为,特别是随围压增大岩石力学行为从脆性到延性的转化过程以及岩石峰前塑性硬化和峰后应力软化等行为特征。