核壳型交联丙烯酸酯共聚物的合成及表征

采用种子乳液共聚方法合成了以BA、2-EHA为核层共聚单体。St、MMA为壳层共聚单体,1,4-丁二醇二丙烯酸酯为核壳层交联荆的共聚物(ACR)。借助动态光散射粒径分析仪、DSC、TEM分别考察了乳胶粒的粒径及其分布、共聚物玻璃化转变温度以及乳胶粒的微观形态结构。实验结果表明,共聚物具有明显的三个玻璃化转变温度(Tg),分别对应ACR的核层、接枝过渡层、壳层的Tg,且ACR乳胶粒呈现规整的核壳结构。当壳层苯乙烯含量大于70％时,所合成的乳胶粒结构表现明显的异常核壳形态(夹心形)。     

软段结构对聚氨酯-聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液乳胶粒形态结构的影响

为了探讨聚氨酯水分散液(WPU)的软段结构对聚氨酯-聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液(PUA)乳胶粒子形貌结构的影响,首先分别合成了不同软段结构的WPU,然后以其为种子乳液并滴加溶有引发剂的丙烯酸酯混合单体形成预乳液,升温聚合后得到PUA。通过对乳胶粒径测试和形貌观察发现,软段分子量较小时,形成的PUA乳胶粒没有明显的核/壳结构,软段分子量较大时,形成过渡层型、梯度型和草莓型结构的核/壳结构PUA乳胶粒,采用两种分子量的软段共混得到的PUA乳胶粒具有复杂的核/壳结构。     

大粒径自消光核-壳丙烯酸树脂涂饰剂的合成与表征

以半连续投料法,通过种子乳液聚合-三次连续核长大-壳聚合的方式制备了具有核-壳结构、大粒径自消光丙烯酸树脂乳液。研究了不同投料方式对种子乳胶粒粒径的影响,探索了乳胶粒粒径连续长大的方法,同时还研究了乳胶粒粒径、乳胶粒的核-壳结构以及交联度等因素对丙烯酸树脂涂层消光性能的影响。结果表明,半连续法投料方式能够得到较大粒径的种子乳胶粒,控制乳化剂浓度和单体浓度使得种子乳液聚合遵循低聚物成核机理,并且反应中乳胶粒长大占据主导,从而得到大粒径的种子乳胶粒(200 nm左右)。种子乳胶粒经过3次长大后,粒径可达到700 nm左右,最后经过壳聚合反应,核-壳乳胶粒粒径进一步增大至800 nm左右。不同乳胶粒粒径、核-壳结构、交联度对涂层光泽产生重要影响,大的乳胶粒粒径使得涂层产生球形粒子状微粗糙表面,涂层光泽度降低;软核-硬壳结构导致成膜时乳胶粒变形困难,也可提高涂层表面粗糙度和消光度;壳层交联使得壳层结构致密度上升,自由度降低,乳胶粒难以变形和融合,涂层粗糙度进一步提高,光泽度进一步降低,最终所制备的皮革涂层光泽度可调控至1.2°。     

P(S-SS)/CdS核壳粒子的制备与表征

采用超声辐照乳液聚合得到聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯磺酸钠)(P(S-SS))乳胶粒,用直接沉淀法在乳胶粒表面原位生成硫化镉(CdS)纳米粒子,得到P(S-SS)/CdS核壳粒子。用元素分析和XPS研究了共聚物的组成及磺酸基(-SO3-)的分布,结果表明,-SO3-主要分布在乳胶粒表面,有利于CdS纳米粒子在乳胶粒表面的沉积。用XRD、TEM及UV-v is表征了共聚物乳胶粒及P(S-SS)/CdS核壳粒子的结构及CdS的量子效应。结果表明,所制备的CdS纳米粒子为六方晶型,平均粒径为6 nm,在P(S-SS)乳胶粒外层形成多层包覆,P(S-SS)/CdS核壳粒子平均粒径为70 nm,CdS纳米粒子表现出明显的量子尺寸效应。     

PVAc-AN/PS乳胶膜可观测“网点”的构建及形状记忆效应研究

研究通过在聚乙酸乙烯酯(PVAc)乳胶粒表面构建形貌可控的聚苯乙烯(PS)壳层“突起”结构,并以其作为PVAc形状记忆效应中的可观测“网点”,实现了大形变量、高恢复率PVAc基形状记忆聚合物的制备。通过采用丙烯腈(AN)为接枝单体,制备了以PVAc为核、PS为壳的PVAc基核/壳结构乳胶粒(PVAc-AN/PS),首次实现了规整形貌乳胶粒表面可观测“网点”的构建与调控。通过扫描电子显微镜与透射电子显微镜表征了PVAc-AN/PS乳胶粒的形貌,并考察了乳胶粒形貌随壳层St添加量的变化而发生的衍化过程。采用单轴拉伸形状记忆循环实验研究了PVAc-AN/PS乳胶膜的形状记忆效应,并通过调控壳层St的添加量有效改善了PVAc-AN/PS乳胶膜的形状恢复率。实验结果表明,PVAc-AN/PS核/壳乳胶膜形变尺寸高达1500%以上,同时形状恢复率可达85%以上,这为拓宽形状记忆聚合物中“网点”的设计范畴及调控形状记忆性能提供了新途径。     

壳层厚度对中空苯丙乳胶粒结构形态及遮盖性的影响

在利用三层交联型碱溶胀法制备中空苯丙乳胶粒的基础上,采用粒径分析仪、粘度计、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis spectrophotometry)等测试方法考察了壳层厚度对中空乳胶粒结构形态和遮盖性的影响。研究结果表明,壳层的厚度对中空聚合物乳胶粒的形态和遮盖性具有重要影响,随着壳层厚度的增加,乳胶粒粒径先减小后增大,并在壳/中间层包覆核的比值等于7时达到最小值,乳液粘度也一直减小。同时,在壳层厚度增加的过程中,中空聚合物乳胶粒表面粗糙程度逐渐降低,破裂和塌陷的乳胶粒逐渐减少,遮盖性先增强后减弱。壳/中间层包覆核的最佳比值为7～9。     

P(nBA-co-St)接枝VC反应中的缓聚及复合物结构与性能

采用丙烯酸正丁酯与苯乙烯共聚物P(nBA-co-St)胶乳为种子,通过乳液接枝共聚氯乙烯(VC)制备了P(nBA-co-St)/PVC复合树脂。粒径分析结果表明,PVC已成功地包覆在种子上,从透射电镜照片能清楚分辨出复合粒子具有核壳结构,文中合理解释了在该接枝共聚过程中显现的缓聚现象。动态力学分析结果表明,随着核层共聚物中PSt组分含量增加,复合材料在低温区的力学损耗峰逐渐移向高温方向,纯PnBA核因比PSt组分更易接枝VC,从而显著影响了复合树脂低温区的玻璃化转变温度。试样冲击断面的扫描电镜分析揭示,P(nBA-co-St)原位增韧PVC的机理源于基体的剪切屈服。     

核/壳乳胶粒的形态结构和粒径

本文研究了聚苯乙烯/聚丙烯酸2-乙基已酯和聚苯乙烯/聚丙烯酸丁酯核/壳乳胶粒的形态和结构,并研究了乳化剂和单体用量及加入方式对乳胶粒径的影响,结果表明乳胶粒径具有翻转核/壳结构,核/壳层之间形成了接枝共聚物。乳胶粒径随壳单体用量的增加而增加,而壳单体的加入方式对乳胶粒径影响较小。     

PBA/PMMA型核壳结构增韧剂的合成及表征

采用传统乳液聚合、无皂乳液聚合及其扩径聚合的方法,得到了粒径从０．０７８ｕｍ至１．３８ｕｍ的窄分布的ＢＡ（丙烯酸丁酯）为主单体的ＰＢＡ橡胶核,然后,进行ＰＭＭＡ的壳层种子接枝乳液聚合,得到ＰＢＡ／ＰＭＭＡ核壳结构胶乳,乳液经破乳过滤干燥后得到核壳结构增韧剂,发现随着橡胶相交联剂用量的增加,ＰＢＡ胶粒表现双键含量增加;核壳复合粒子表观羧基的含量可以用电位滴定法获得。实验表明,进行壳层混合单体（ＭＭＡ、ＭＡＡ）接枝时羧基主要分布在胶粒的浅层;核壳比对复合粒子的形态有较大影响。利用ＬＳ激光粒径仪测得胶粒的大小及其分布;同时,ＴＥＭ照片显示了核壳粒子的形态和尺寸。     

普通乳液聚合法制备丙-苯纳米核壳乳液

文中通过预乳化-半连续的加料工艺制备出了以聚丙烯酸丁酯为核,聚苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯为壳的丙-苯纳米核壳乳液,分析了这种乳液聚合的方法制备纳米乳液的机理。通过粒度分布仪测定的乳胶粒的粒径分布为93.4 nm～95.6 nm,分布很窄,乳胶粒的平均粒径为94.5 nm;通过透射电境(TEM)对乳液进行观察,所制的丙-苯纳米乳胶粒具有明显的正向核壳结构,实验证明这种核壳结构是稳定的。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.