脂肪族聚酯结晶特性与分子结构的关系

用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和修正的Avrami方程研究了聚丁二酸乙二醇酯(PES)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)、聚丁二酸己二醇酯(PHS)、聚己二酸己二醇酯(PHA)和聚癸二酸己二醇酯(PHSe)的非等温结晶动力学,得到了脂肪族聚酯的Avrami指数、结晶速率常数、结晶活化能和过冷度等结晶动力学参数.结果表明,脂肪族聚...     

利用Avrami和莫志深方法研究聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚丁二酸二甘醇酯多嵌段共聚物的非等温结晶动力学

高聚物的成型加工通常在非等温条件下进行。本工作研究了解聚合物的非等温结晶行为,对选择合适的加工方法、设备,设定合适的温度以及时间对制备综合性能优异的高分子产品具有十分重要的意义。利用Avrami和莫志深方法对可生物降解的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚丁二酸二甘醇酯(PBS-b-PDGS)多嵌段共聚物的非等温结晶动力学进行了详细研究。结果表明,Avrami和莫志深方法适用于该体系的非等温结晶行为,PDGS的引入没有改变共聚物的结晶机理。聚合物的结晶温度随降温速率增大而降低,相同降温速率下共聚物的结晶温度随PDGS含量增加而减小,PDGS的稀释作用是导致聚合物结晶速率减小的原因。PBSb-PDGS共聚物的非等温结晶动力学研究为其实际加工成型提供了理论依据。     

聚乙二醇-聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物的合成与表征EI北大核心CSCD

以1,4-丁二酸(SA)和过量的1,4-丁二醇(BD)为反应物,通过熔融缩聚制备了羟基封端聚丁二酸丁二醇酯齐聚物(OH-PBS-OH),以甲氧基聚乙二醇(Me OPEG)与丁二酸酐进行半酯化得到含端羧基的预聚物,再用二氯亚砜对预聚物进行活化,得到含酰氯端基的预聚物(Me OPEG-COCl);以Me OPEG-COCl与OH-PBS-OH为反应物,通过溶液法合成聚乙二醇-聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚乙二醇(Me OPEG-PBS-PEGOMe)嵌段共聚物。利用红外光谱、核磁共振、差示扫描量热、广角X射线衍射、偏光显微镜等手段对共聚物的结构、结晶性能和酶降解性能进行研究。结果表明,Me OPEG-PBS-PEGOMe嵌段共聚物中,聚乙二醇(PEG)链段的引入未改变聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)链段的晶体结构,但结晶形态由球晶转变为麦穗状晶体;同PBS比较,Me OPEG-PBS-PEGOMe嵌段共聚物的结晶速率降低,酶降解速率加快。     

聚己内酯/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚己二酸丁二醇酯共聚物熔融共混体系的力学性能、结晶及流变行为研究

通过熔融共混制备了生物可降解的聚己内酯(PCL)/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚己二酸丁二醇酯共聚物(PBSA)共混体系,采用万能拉力机、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、旋转流变仪分别研究了共混体系的力学性能、结晶和流变行为。结果表明,PCL/PBSA为不完全相容的体系,共混体系的相形态依赖于共混物的组分比,随着PBSA组分含量的增加,相形态发生变化,存在不相容的相界面,适量的添加PBSA能改善PCL的结晶、流变及力学行为。     

β-环糊精与聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)包合物对PBS结晶性的影响

与不同传统成核剂进行比较,研究了β-环糊精(β-CD)与聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)包合物存在时PBS的结晶行为。采用偏光显微镜观察了复合物球晶形态的变化,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和X射线衍射法(WAXD)研究了不同成核剂对PBS结晶性的影响,并且研究了成核剂改性后PBS复合物的力学性能和亲/疏水性。研究结果表明,β-CD与PBS包合物(PBSIC)与PBS复合后,球晶变化不明显,其球晶直径为150μm。PBSIC可以显著提高PBS的结晶能力,其结晶温度、结晶度较纯PBS分别提高3.86℃、6.45%,结晶速度明显增加,力学性能有所改善,并具有与传统聚酯类成核剂相当的成核能力。     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯/聚ε-己内酯共混物的性能研究

将不同比例的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)和聚ε-己内酯(PCL)经过混炼、压膜成型制成PBS/PCL共混聚酯。通过红外(FT-IR)、热失重(TG)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、偏光显微镜、拉力测试对聚酯的化学结构、热性能、结晶度、表面形貌、拉伸性能等进行了研究。结果表明:共混聚酯的热稳定性随着PBS含量的增加而增强;结晶度随着共混比例的变化呈现减少、增加、又减少的趋势,PBS/PCL60结晶度最大达到58%,聚酯结晶均以球晶为主;延展性随着PCL比例的增加而增强。     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯和聚辛二酸丁二醇酯及聚(丁二酸-co-辛二酸丁二醇)共聚酯的酶促降解

以1,4-丁二醇与不同链长二元酸单体为原料,合成了聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）和聚辛二酸丁二醇酯（PBSub）2种均聚酯和4种不同比例聚(丁二酸-co-辛二酸丁二醇)共聚酯。以上述6种聚酯为降解底物,利用角质酶对其进行降解研究。通过衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振波谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪等对聚酯及其降解产物进行表征分析。6种聚酯的晶体结构、熔点、结晶度和热稳定性变化不大。研究表明,聚酯的结晶度和熔点温度是影响其酶降解的重要因素。角质酶降解共聚酯的结晶区和非结晶区,但优先降解非结晶区。丁二酸/辛二酸投料摩尔比为4/6和6/4的降解效果最好,但摩尔比为6/4的样品熔点较高,为最佳比例。     

PBS-PEG生物降解聚酯共聚物的合成与性能

使用丁二酸、丁二醇和聚乙二醇为原料,通过一步投料法进行熔融缩聚,制备了一系列聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚乙二醇(PBS-PEG)聚酯共聚物。采用核磁共振(1H-NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、广角X射线衍射仪(WAXD)、偏光显微镜(PLM)和接触角分析仪等表征手段对共聚物的结构和性能进行研究。研究结果发现,聚酯共聚物中,随着PEG链段含量的增加,共聚物的衍射峰强度逐渐降低;同时,随PEG含量增加,共聚物亲水性明显改善;此外,PBS-PEG聚酯共聚物在80℃等温结晶过程中可形成环带球晶形态。     

聚丁二酸丁二醇酯/水滑石纳米复合材料的制备及性能研究

采用双螺杆挤出机制备了聚丁二酸丁二醇酯/水滑石(PBS/HT)纳米复合材料,并详细研究了复合材料的形貌及分散、结晶和熔融行为,晶体结构和球晶形态以及力学性能。采用SEM、TEM、DSC、XRD、POM和DMA进行了表征测试,结果表明层状水滑石纳米粒子较好地分散在PBS基体中,加入HT具有明显的异相成核能力,显著地提高了PBS的结晶温度。偏光显微镜结果显示,随着HT加入量的增加PBS球晶密度增加,球晶尺寸细化。HT添加量为1%(质量分数)时复合材料的拉伸强度增大,随着HT加入量增加断裂伸长率下降而弹性模量增加。动态机械测试表明复合材料的储能模量显著提高。     

生物降解聚丁二酸丁二醇/二甘醇酯的合成与性能研究

以丁二酸(SA)、1,4-丁二醇(BD)和二甘醇(DEG)为原料,通过直接聚合法合成了可生物降解的聚丁二酸丁二醇/二甘醇酯(PBDGS)。采用1H-NMR,GPC,DSC等对产物进行了表征,研究了物料配比对共聚酯热性能、力学性能、降解性能和亲水性的影响。结果表明,DEG的引入能够有效抑制聚酯链段的结晶能力,同时改善材料的亲水性,使其降解性能较纯PBS有显著提高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from