新型缔合聚合物P(AM/POEA)溶液的流变性质

应用黏度法和动态模量研究了新型缔合聚合物P(AM／POEA)的溶液流变性质。该聚合物由丙烯酰胺(AM)和少量2-苯氧乙基丙烯酸酯(POEA)(n(POEA)≤1．0％)组成。结果表明,共聚物的微结构对其溶液的流变性能有重要影响。嵌段共聚物(BP系列)具有显著的增黏能力,而无规共聚物(RP系列)则没有这种作用。这种由分子间的疏水缔合作用而产生的疏水缔合增黏能力与疏水嵌段的数量和长度密切相关．同时进一步研究了聚合物浓度、盐浓度、温度和剪切速率对溶液黏度的影响。动态模量测试表明,该聚合物缔合体系在实验浓度范围内黏性响应占有优势。     

荧光探针研究温敏大分子单体在水溶液中的热缔合行为

通过芘荧光探针研究了基于双丙酮丙烯酰胺(DAAM)的新型温敏大分子单体在溶液中的热缔合行为。结果表明,温敏大分单体的临界缔合浓度(CAC)取决于丙烯酰胺(AM)与DAAM的组成比。DAAM的比例越大,CAC就越低;随着温敏大分子单体中DAAM的含量、大分子单体浓度和溶液pH的增加,芘的I1/I3值降低,疏水缔合作用增强,且温度越高,I1/I3值越低,呈现明显的热缔合行为。温敏大分单体的热缔合行为随组成、浓度和pH变化的这种性质有可能在新型温敏聚合物及凝胶的合成设计上获得应用。     

聚合物P(NaAMPS-VCL-DVB)分子结构对其温敏缔合行为的影响

采用可见分光光度计、变温核磁共振氢谱、流变仪等,从浊点和黏度变化方面研究了2-甲基-2-丙烯酰胺基丙磺酸钠(NaAMPS)/N-乙烯基己内酰胺(VCL)/二乙烯苯(DVB)聚合物PAVD在水溶液中的温敏缔合作用,揭示了PAVD分子结构对其温敏缔合作用的影响规律。可见分光光度计和变温核磁共振氢谱对PAVD水溶液相变过程的跟踪研究表明,聚合物分子中VCL含量越高,浊点越低,且变温核磁共振氢谱测试表明,PAVD分子VCL侧链上亚甲基链段会随着温度的升高而变为疏水性,进而产生疏水缔合作用;流变测试表明,只有当聚合物分子中VCL含量处于一定范围内时,其溶液会出现明显的温敏增稠现象,且VCL含量越高,临界增稠温度越低,温敏增稠现象越显著。最后基于临界增稠温度和浊点的对比分析,对聚合物水溶液的温敏缔合过程进行探讨。     

两亲聚合物溶液的流变规律及影响因素

针对大庆油田应用的两亲聚合物,通过扫描电镜揭示了其微观结构;利用MCR301流变仪测定了两亲聚合物的流变性,使用Carreau模型对流变曲线进行了拟合,确定了Na+、K+、S2-浓度越高,体系的黏度越低,η0越小;Ca2+、Mg2+浓度增加,η0先增加后降低。同时,研究了温度对两亲聚合物溶液黏度的影响,浓度低于临界聚集浓度(CAC)值时,浓度越高,两亲聚合物溶液的黏度对温度越敏感,而浓度高于CAC值后的规律则相反。因此,对于两亲聚合物驱,应选择浓度尽可能高于CAC值的体系。     

AM-STD-NaAMPS三元疏水缔合共聚物的表征及耐热性能

以自制的疏水单体苯乙烯衍生物(STD)和丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-甲基-2-丙烯酰胺基丙磺酸钠(NaAMPS)为原料,合成了三元疏水缔合水溶液共聚物PASA。用红外光谱、核磁共振1H谱和DSC分析证实了共聚物的结构,采用元素分析测定了聚合物的组成,通过原子力显微镜对聚合物溶液形态的表征,证实了PASA水溶液疏水微区的存在。TG分析显示PASA具有优良的耐热性能,其分解温度高达312℃。PASA浓度为0.1g/dL时,表观粘度达208mPa.s,表明了其聚合物具有优良的增粘能力。     

聚合物P(NIPAM-AM-NPA)的合成及溶液性能

以丙烯酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯酯(NPA)、丙烯酰胺、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺为单体,采用自由基水溶液聚合方法制备了水溶性共聚物P(NIPAM-AM-NPA)。采用FT-IR、1H-NMR对该共聚物以表征;研究了共聚物浓度、温度以及不同电解质对共聚物溶液性能的影响。结果表明,随着盐浓度的增加,聚合物溶液表观黏度有较大幅度上升。在相同情况下,NaCl的增粘效果最为显著,而MgCl2和CaCl2则影响不大。该共聚物的盐水溶液在升温条件下可保持良好的增粘作用,适当条件下还会出现黏度随温度升高而上升的独特现象。     

温敏聚合物正辛基苯乙烯/N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺/丙烯酰胺合成及溶液性能

采用实验室自制的疏水单体对正辛基苯乙烯(OBS)、温敏单体N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺(DEAM)及亲水单体丙烯酰胺(AM),利用氧化-还原胶束聚合法共聚合成温敏聚合物,并对产物进行红外光谱、核磁共振结构表征,结果表明合成产物为目标聚合物。研究了聚合物溶液的温度敏感性,在不同盐浓度(NaCl,CaCl_2)中的敏感性及与阴离子表面活性剂的复合效应;聚合物溶液随温度的升高黏度出现先增加后降低再增加的变化特点,在45℃黏度达到了最大值;聚合物溶液随着NaCl浓度增加,黏度逐渐增加再逐渐下降又上升的特点,最大黏度处NaCl浓度为10000 mg/L;随着CaCaCl_2浓度的增加,出现黏度逐渐增加又下降的特点,最大黏度处为CaCaCl_2浓度500 mg/L;阴离子表面活性剂和聚合物溶液复合后溶液黏度增加,而且相同浓度的表面活性剂对溶液表观黏度的贡献为:十二烷基硫酸钠十二烷基磺酸钠十二烷基苯磺酸钠。     

基于NIPAM和HEMA的温敏性共聚物水溶液性能研究

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)为原料,采用水溶液自由基聚合法制备了N-异丙基丙烯酰胺基温敏水溶性共聚物P(NIPAM-HEMA-AM)和P(NIPAM-HEMA-AM-NaAA)。研究了无机盐及聚合物结构对共聚物低临界溶解温度(LCST)的影响,考察了共聚物浓度、盐浓度、表面活性剂浓度对共聚物溶液流变性能特别是粘温特性的影响。结果显示,随着盐浓度的增加,共聚物溶液的LCST呈下降趋势。共聚物浓度较高时,在LCST附近表现出显著的升温增稠性。在P(NIPAM-HEMA-AM-NaAA)溶液中加入NaCl后溶液黏度增加,升温增稠效应明显。     

非离子型疏水缔合聚合物PBAM的溶液性能

由丙烯酰胺和N-苯基对烷基丙烯酰胺采用水溶液自由基胶束聚合法合成疏水缔舍聚合物PBAM。研究了共聚物浓度、盐浓度、温度及表面活性剂浓度对共聚物溶液粘度的影响。结果表明,当聚合物的浓度大于临界缔合浓度时溶液的粘度怠剧增加;NaCl的加入使得溶液的粘度下降,但适当结构的聚合物表现出较好的抗盐能力;聚合物浓度恒定时,溶液粘度随表面活性剂SDS浓度的增加急剧增加,达到最大值后迅速下降。聚合物稀溶液的流变行为呈现牛顿流体的性质。     

溶液自由基法高分子量聚丙烯腈的合成

采用以偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,丙烯腈(AN)与丙烯酰胺(AM)在二甲亚砜(DMSO)溶剂中的自由基溶液共聚合,考察了单体浓度,单体配比,引发剂含量,反应温度和聚合时间等对共聚反应的影响。分别用称量法和乌氏黏度计测定了反应的转化率和聚合物的相对分子质量,用红外光谱对聚合物的结构进行了分析。研究结果表明,提高反应温度及引发剂含量,则转化率升高,分子量下降。单体浓度越高,分子量及转化率均可提高。这符合自由基聚合的一般规律。通过工艺优化,共聚物的转化率可达90%以上,黏均分子量约21万。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to