ATRP法制备聚甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯-b-聚苯乙烯嵌段共聚物的研究

用α-溴代丙酸乙酯(EPN-B)/氯化亚铜(CuCl)/联二吡啶(bpy)作为ATRP催化引发体系,环己酮为溶剂,进行甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(TFEMA)的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),得到单分散PTFEMA-X预聚体.并以此预聚体为大分子引发剂引发苯乙烯聚合,得到分子质量可控、分子质量分布窄的聚甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯-b-聚苯乙烯嵌段共聚物,考察了大分子引发剂的分子质量、配位剂等对聚合过程的影响.并用1H-NMR、FTIP、GPC、DSC等时产物的结构与性能进行了表征.     

ABA型三嵌段聚合物的可控聚合

以AIBN为引发剂,FeCl3/PPh3为催化剂,在80℃进行丙烯酸丁酯的反向原子转移自由基聚合反应,制备了末端含氯的分子量分布窄的聚丙烯酸丁酯,再以此为大分子引发剂,引发苯乙烯进行原子转移自由基聚合反应,得到两嵌段聚合物。最后在强还原剂和一价铜盐的催化下,进行两嵌段聚合物之间的偶合反应,得到聚丙烯酸丁酯-b-聚苯乙烯-b聚丙烯酸丁酯(PBA-b-PSt-b-PBA)ABA型三嵌段聚合物,PDI为1.127。聚合过程的动力学研究和产物核磁表征,表明该聚合体系为可控聚合,得到了分子量可控、分布窄的聚合物。     

嵌段共聚物PDMAEMA-b-PS的合成及自组装行为

以α-氯代丙酸乙酯(ECP)为引发剂,CuCl/PMDETA为催化体系,通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法制备大分子引发剂聚甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯(PDMAEMA-Cl),进而引发第二单体苯乙烯(St)的聚合制备了不同嵌段比的双亲性嵌段共聚物PDMAEMA-b-PS。核磁共振(1H-NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析表明,所得聚合物结构明确且相对分子质量及分布可控,进而使PDMAEMA-b-PS在选择性溶剂中自组装形成胶束。研究了pH值和嵌段共聚物的链段比及温度对胶束粒径的影响,发现亲水链段长度相同的条件下,疏水链段越长或体系的pH值较小,胶束粒径越大;同时粒径随温度的升高而减小。该胶束具有pH温度双重响应性。     

端基保护法制备端羟基聚四氢呋喃-环氧乙烷二嵌段共聚醚

以高氯酸银/苄溴(Ag Cl O4/C6H5CH2Br)引发四氢呋喃(THF)阳离子开环聚合制备出苄基单端保护聚四氢呋喃(Bn O-PTHF)。以氢化钠(Na H)改性端基保护的PTHF制备大分子醇钠引发剂,引发环氧乙烷(EO)阴离子开环聚合。通过脱除保护基,制备了相对分子质量可控、窄分布的端羟基聚四氢呋喃-环氧乙烷二嵌段共聚醚(PTHF-PEG)。研究了反应条件对相对分子质量的影响,并确定了聚合工艺——0℃避光引发制备Bn O-PTHF;1379 k Pa,75℃反应8h制备PTHF-PEG。用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱等对产物结构进行了分析测定,并采用凝胶渗透色谱-多角度激光光散射联用仪对聚合物相对分子质量进行了表征。结果表明,产物相对分子质量可控(珚Mn=7880,珚Mw/珚Mn=1.12),制备的二嵌段共聚醚与设计结构一致。     

多嵌段共聚物PGMA-PBMA-PDMS-PBMA-PGMA的ATRP合成与表征

采用聚二甲基硅氧烷大分子(Br-PDMS-Br)为引发剂,CuCl为催化剂,2,2’-联吡啶(bpy)为配体,甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为单体,通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法,合成含有反应性环氧基的多嵌段共聚物PGMA-PBMA-PDMS-PBMA-PGMA。利用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和热重分析(TG)方法对其分子量、分子结构、相形态及热稳定性进行研究。研究表明,多嵌段共聚物分子量可控,多分散性低(PDI=1.14～1.40);在微观相上形成有序纳米结构,粒径大小100 nm～2μm;多嵌段聚合物低分解温度为270℃,高分解温度为480℃,具有良好的热稳定性;由于引入反应性基团环氧基,大大扩大了其应用范围。     

PEO-b-PS嵌段共聚物的合成与有序纳米膜的制备

以聚环氧乙烷-溴(PEO-Br)大分子引发剂引发苯乙烯(St)的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),制备了聚环氧乙烷-b-聚苯乙烯(PEO-b-PS).1H NMR分析表明嵌段共聚物中聚环氧乙烷嵌段和聚苯乙烯嵌段的数均分子量分别是5500和37000,PEO的质量分数为12.9％.考察了旋涂环境和溶剂熏蒸后处理方法对此嵌段共聚物薄膜形貌的影响,结果表明在PS的良溶剂和PEO的良溶剂共同存在下旋涂成膜,并经过两种良溶剂共同蒸汽的后处理,PEO-b-PS嵌段共聚物可以制得具有规则纳米圆柱图案的薄膜.     

聚甲撑-聚乙二醇两亲性嵌段共聚物的可控合成及自组装

采用水相同源聚合方法合成链长可控的端羟基直链聚甲撑(PM-OH),然后以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)为连接剂,结合偶联反应和同源聚合反应,可控合成了一系列具有不同亲疏水嵌段长度比的聚甲撑-聚乙二醇(PM-b-PEG)嵌段共聚物.以甲苯为共溶剂,水为选择性溶剂,自组装制备球型胶束.并对合成的PM-b-PEG聚合物胶束的...     

光引发1,1-二苯基乙烯法合成聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-b-聚丙烯酸丁酯嵌段共聚物

在紫外光(UV)照射下,以1,1-二苯基乙烯(DPE)为自由基控制剂,2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基-1-丙基酮(1173)为光引发剂,在室温引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)共聚,合成了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-b-聚丙烯酸丁酯嵌段共聚物。用红外光谱、核磁共振谱、紫外光谱及凝胶渗透色谱-多角度激光散射技术对聚合物结构进行了表征,同时分析了聚合机理。研究表明,在室温UV照射及DPE存在下,1173能引发MMA聚合,生成具有可控相对分子质量及较窄相对分子质量分布的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,且DPE以一种半醌式结构存在于所生成的聚合物链中。该聚合物链可作为一种大分子引发剂,引发BA聚合,生成PMMA-b-PBA嵌段共聚物。     

疏水烷基酯侧链对聚羧酸系减水剂分散及保坍性能的影响

为了研究聚羧酸系减水剂(PCA)分子结构中疏水侧链对新拌混凝土坍落度及其损失的影响,以马来酸酐(MA)、异戊烯醇聚氧乙烯醚(TPEG)和丙烯酸烷基酯为原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,通过自由基聚合合成了4种不同疏水侧链长度(疏水侧链含碳个数分别为4、8、12和18)的聚羧酸系减水剂。通过水泥净浆流动度、流动性损失等指标检验了聚羧酸系减水剂的分散性能及保坍性能,结果表明随着疏水侧链长度的增加,聚羧酸系减水剂的分散性能逐渐提高,保坍性能有所改善。吸附量和zeta电位测试结果解释了这种现象的原因,随着疏水侧链长度的增加,水泥颗粒表面zeta电位绝对值逐渐增加,水泥颗粒表面上的持续吸附能力逐渐增强。     

聚己内酯/聚磷酸酯嵌段共聚物的合成及胶束的制备

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,N-叔丁氧羰基乙醇胺(Boc-NHCH2CH2OH)为引发剂引发ε-己内酯(ε-CL)开环聚合制备了端羟基聚己内酯(Boc-PCL-OH),然后用Boc-PCL-OH引发磷酸酯(EEP)单体开环聚合制备了聚己内酯/聚磷酸酯(BocPCL-b-PEEP)嵌段共聚物。利用核磁共振(1H-NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对共聚物结构进行了表征。以芘作荧光探针,研究了嵌段共聚物胶束的形成及临界胶束浓度(CMC)),利用动态光散射(DLS)和透射电镜(TEM)分别研究了胶束的粒径分布和形态。结果表明,Boc-NHCH2CH2OH能够引发ε-CL得到Boc-PCL-OH,Boc-PCL-OH能引发EEP开环聚合得到相对分子质量分布在1.08~1.09的嵌段共聚物,在一定条件下嵌段共聚物能够形成单分散的100nm左右的球形胶束,临界胶束浓度(CMC)和胶束粒径随着PEEP链段的增长而减小。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.