基于P3HT/PCBM异质结界面太阳能电池的理论及实验研究

根据整数电荷转移(ICT)模型理论分析基于P3HT为给体PCBM为受体的异质结界面,认为不同等效功函数衬底和电荷传输状态产生不同D/A界面特性。采用增加P3HT缓冲层PCBM缓冲层的方法,制备不同复合层本体异质结结构光伏器件,研究活性膜内组分变化对器件开路电压和短路电流密度的影响。结果表明增加缓冲层使器件的短路电流密度明显提高,从3.96mA/cm2分别增加到4.51mA/cm2和4.70mA/cm2,但对开路电压影响不大。     

厚度依赖的Poly(3-hexylthiophene)光伏器件中的磁场效应

对poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)光伏器件产生正、负向磁场效应的原因进行了研究。制作了不同活性层厚度的光伏器件,光电流的磁场效应对厚度的依赖非常明显:在活性层厚度为44nm时,有2.8%的正效应;当活性层厚度提高为105nm时,磁场效应变为负值(-5.2%)。为了研究产生这种效应的原因,制备了1-(3-methyloxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl[6,6]C61(PCBM)与P3HT共混的器件。在共混器件中,磁场效应随着PCBM比例的提升而逐渐下降直至湮灭且磁场效应不再随活性层厚度发生变化。磁场效应的产生源于磁场可以调控单线态和三线态激子的比例,进而调节单线态激子主导的激子分离作用和三线态激子主导的激子-电荷分离作用。实验结果显示出在纯P3HT光伏器件中,当PCBM加入到活性层中时,大量激子在给受体界面处分离成为自由载流子,单线态和三线态激子都可以高效地通过激子分离使光电流增强,激子比例不再影响光电流大小,所以磁场效应逐渐消失且对活性层厚度失去依赖。     

聚合物太阳能电池研究获新进展

聚合物太阳能电池一般由共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯衍生物受体的共混膜夹在ITO透明正极和金属负极之间所组成,具有结构和制备过程简单、成本低、重量轻、可制备成柔性器件等突出优点,近年来成为国内外研究热点。结构规整的聚（3-己基）噻吩（P3HT）和可溶性C60衍生物PCBM是最具代表性的给体和受体光伏材料。基于P3HT／PCBM的光伏器件能量转换效率稳定．达到3．5％～4．0％左右,使这一体系成为聚合物太阳能电池研究的标准体系。     

顶发光单色绿光OLED微型显示器件发光层掺杂特性研究

本文设计了一种磷光顶发射结构制备单色高亮绿光OLED微型显示器件,器件结构为:ITO/2-TNATA/NPB/MCP∶Ir(ppy)3/Bphen/LiF/Mg∶Ag.为获得低功耗、高亮度的绿光OLED微型显示器件,采用开口率大、益于集成的顶发射结构器件,并对发光层掺杂机制进行实验研究,通过改变掺杂比例获得较佳的器件性能.研究表明,在掺杂比分别为1.0％、1.5％、1.8％、2.0％、2.3％、2.5％的绿光OLED器件中,2.0％的掺杂器件较其他比例的性能更优,通过进一步优化掺杂研究显示,发光层主体材料MCP与掺杂料Ir(ppy)3的最佳掺杂比例为1∶0.02,主体材料薄膜厚度为250(A).在20 mA/cm2的电流密度下,得到器件电压为3.62V,亮度为4622 cd/cm2,色坐标(X,Y)为(0.33,0.61).     

基于Ir(piq)3的红色磷光有机电致发光器

采用真空蒸镀法制备了结构为ITO/NPB(20nm)/CBP(3nm)/CBP∶Ir(piq)3(z%,xnm)/TPBi(10nm)/Alq3(20nm)/Cs2CO3∶Ag2O(2nm,20%)/Al(100nm)的器件。研究了掺杂浓度和厚度对器件性能的影响。首先选定Ir(piq)3∶CBP层的厚度为5nm,调节掺杂浓度。结果是当掺杂浓度为10%时,器件的效率和亮度较好;驱动电压为16V时,最大亮度为8 810cd/m2。然后在10%的掺杂浓度下,调节CBP∶Ir(piq)3层的厚度。当厚度为20nm时,器件的性能较好。驱动电压为12V时,电流密度为193mA/cm2,效率为11.92cd/A;驱动电压为19V时,电流密度为302.45mA/cm2,亮度为10 990cd/m2。无论在何种浓度和厚度下,器件的色坐标都在红光范围内。     

NPB修饰层提升聚合物太阳电池的性能

将广泛用于光伏器件的有机材料二胺(NPB)应用到光电器件中,是一种新的提升器件性能的思路。基于NPB材料的空穴传输特性,以3-己基噻吩的聚合物(P3HT)和富勒烯衍生物(PCBM)作为活性层,制备了不同阳极修饰层的太阳电池,研究了NPB修饰层对器件性能的影响。通过光照和黑暗条件下电学特性的比较以及拟合计算,分析了NPB修饰层对性能影响的内在原因,并对其厚度做了优化。结果表明:NPB厚度为5 nm时,器件的短路电流、开路电压和填充因子都有所提高。NPB修饰层可以改善界面接触,提高空穴的收集效率。     

超薄PCBM层提高有机太阳电池效率

为研究超薄PCBM层对有机太阳电池的影响,制备了含和不含超薄PCBM层的两种不同结构的体相异质结太阳电池,电池结构分别为:ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT+PCBM/PCBM/AI,ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT+PCBM/Al.测试结果表明:所制备电池的开路电压分别为0.599 2V和0.572 7 V,能量转换效率分别为2.24％、1.21％,超薄PCBM层起到了电子传输的作用.     

有机层／阴极界面修饰对体异质结聚合物太阳能电池性能的影响

通过制备四种不同结构的器件,详细分析研究了活性层／阴极界面修饰对P3HT:PCBM聚合物体异质结太阳能电池性能的影响。当在P3HT:PCBM薄膜上旋涂一层PCBM,并蒸镀0.5 nm LiF时所制备的器件的填充因子和光电转换效率都得到较大的提高。对器件的光电性能和薄膜的形貌进行深入分析,阐明界面修饰的作用机理。     

超声退火形成片状PCBM堆积聚合物太阳电池研究

采用超声退火方法制备了P3HT/PCBM聚合物有机太阳电池。测试结果表明:超声退火40℃制备的电池能量转换效率最好,最优器件的能量转换效率达到了5.16%,这主要归因为超声退火40℃的电池薄膜内形成了片状PCBM堆积,有效地提高了器件的电子迁移率和太阳能吸收效率。     

PEDOT修饰对Ag/P3HT/ITO样品载流子注入特性的改善

通过分析Ag/P3HT/ITO结构样品的载流子注入特性,研究了PEDOT(3,4-Ethylene-dioxythiophene thiophene)的界面修饰对样品薄膜注入特性的影响,其中,P3HT(Poly(3-hexyl-thiophene))薄膜采用旋涂法制备,P3HT溶液浓度为30mg/ml(氯仿为溶剂)。测试结果表明:1)P3HT的退火温度对其本身性能影响很大,退火温度越高,导电性能越差,在373K时,性能达到最佳,单位面积电流可达0.092A/cm2;2)PEDOT的界面修饰作用使Ag与P3HT功函数不匹配的问题得到明显改善。实验结果与理论分析基本吻合,样品注入特性改善比在1.15～1.30之间。同样的样品在退火温度为373K时性能达到最佳,单位面积电流可达0.106A/cm2。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks