基于空间冲激响应的圆形换能器辐射声场研究

基于空间冲激响应的稳态声压场理论,从选取距离函数出发,建立了单阵元圆形平面换能器声场中任一场点处的基于傅里叶变换的冲激响应声场模型,该模型适用于声场中的任意位置。并运用Matlab仿真了换能器的轴向与径向声压分布,且在圆形换能器冲激响应的声压分布实验系统上进行验证,实验结果与仿真得到的声压场具有很好的一致性。实验验证表明,仿真结果可准确反映圆形换能器的空间辐射声场分布。该方法计算快捷,对于优化圆形换能器设计参数及提高超声成像检测分辨率有重要参考意义。     

基于波叠加法的近场声全息重建参数选取研究

基于波叠加法近场声全息的基本原理,分析了使用波叠加法进行声场重建时结果不准确的原因。研究了重建距离、重建频率、等效源的数目、等效源的半径及信噪比等参数变化对重建精度的影响。研究结果表明,与空间傅里叶变换法的平面近场声全息相比,波叠加法近场声全息拓展了重建距离的适用范围;波叠加法近场声全息对5 kHz以下声源的重建效果较好;等效源半径最好选为辐射体半径的0.8倍以下。     

Application of the TLM method to half-space and remote-sensingproblems

The problem of scattering and radiation in the presence of a material half-space is solved using the transmission line matrix (TLM) method. The TLM method is a general numerical method for obtaining an approximate solution to the time-dependent form of Maxwell's equations in the presence of complex environments. The method requires the discretization of the entire spatial domain of the problem and provides the transient response as well as (through discrete Fourier transform) the frequency domain response. The three-dimensional symmetric-condensed TLM node is applied. A total/scattered field formulation is applied to excite the space. The source used is an electrically short electric dipole and is described analytically in the time-domain. The method is used to calculate near field distributions (in both the time and frequency domain) and the change in source input impedance of a dipole radiator in the presence of a half-space. Numerical simulations relevant to the detection of buried objects are provided     

Comparison of GTD propagation model wide-band path loss simulationwith measurements

The geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) wedge diffraction has been used successfully in the GTD propagation model to predict narrowband continuous-wave (CW) radiowave propagation characteristics. The GTD propagation model uses a two-dimensional terrain profile approximated as piecewise-linear and computes reflection and diffraction effects with model output representing a complex approximation to the narrowband channel transfer function. Using the narrowband GTD model as a starting point, a wideband terrain-sensitive model has been developed which is capable of predicting wide-bandwidth propagation characteristics. The complex wideband channel transfer function calculated by the GTD model is transformed to the time domain by a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results are then used to predict time-domain radio transmission loss in the form of a bandlimited approximation to the channel impulse response. Important channel parameters such as delay spread, and wideband received signal level can then be calculated. The GTD predicted results are put in a suitable format and compared with measurements obtained by SRI International     

Transients in a resistively loaded linear antenna compared with those in a conical antenna and a TEM horn

The receiving and transmitting transient responses of the resistively loaded linear antenna, the TEM horn, and the conical antenna are investigated theoretically and experimentally using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique. The receiving transient response of the resistively loaded linear antenna indicates that the shape of a 70-ps impulse is well preserved.     

A constrained notch Fourier transform

The paper presents a new sliding algorithm for estimating the amplitude and phase of the Fourier coefficients of noise corrupted harmonic signals given a priori knowledge of the signal frequencies. The proposed method is similar in principle to the notch Fourier transform (NFT) technique suggested by Tadokoro et al. [1987] except that it employs an infinite impulse response (IIR) rather than a finite impulse response (FIR) notch filter parameterization. This modification provides bandwidth controlled bandpass (BP) filters whose center frequencies are equally spaced in the frequency spectrum. In this sense, the proposed technique can be regarded as a constrained notch Fourier transform (CNFT). Sliding algorithms have been derived for both the NFT and CNFT for the purpose of estimating the Fourier coefficients of the sinusoidal components. The paper also proposes a similar algorithm to the CNFT for the signals containing sinusoids at arbitrary known frequencies. The main feature of the modified CNFT is that it uses second-order IIR BP filters whose bandwidth and center frequency can be adjusted independently. The bandwidth control aspect provides the user with an efficient means of achieving the required resolution as well as reducing spectral leakage. In general, the proposed approach leads to considerable reduction in terms of computational burden and memory storage     

TD-EFIE分析任意几何形状导体的瞬态特性

应用时域电场积分方程方法分析了各类天线和散射体的瞬态电磁响应.在分析中,激励源的形式和导体的几何形状可以任意.首先探讨了不同时域基函数对计算结果的影响,同时为了消除后期振荡,而且保持计算结果的准确性,还提出了一种新的均衡方案.计算了一系列的实例,并将计算结果与采用离散傅立叶反变换法计算得到的结果进行了比较.它们之间良好的一致性说明了本文所提方法的正确性和有效性.     

Estimation of the SAR system transfer function through processor defocus

It is generally accepted that in order to derive wave directional spectra from synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) image data, the system transfer function (STF) must be removed from the raw SAR image spectrum. The STF, very nearly equivalent to the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the N-look perfect-focus impulse response, can be estimated from actual SAR image data as the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function of the speckle in a low-contrast scene. The authors outline and demonstrate a novel approach for estimating the STF based on the observation that system defocus, to the first order, does not impact speckle statistics.<>     

数字离轴无透镜傅里叶变换全息重建方法研究

为了提高再现像质量,对数字全息常见算法进行了比较研究.根据全息理论和线性系统理论,研究了利用菲涅耳近似法和基于瑞利-索末菲衍射积分的卷积法数值重建离轴无透镜傅里叶变换全息的方法,并做了计算机模拟.结果表明,在记录距离很短的情况下,尽管记录距离不满足通常的菲涅耳近似条件,菲涅耳近似公式仍然成立;自由空间脉冲响应的快速傅里叶变换在不同的记录距离性质不同,由瑞利-索末菲衍射积分利用卷积方法得到的再现像质不理想;对于离轴无透镜傅里叶变换全息显微来说,菲涅耳近似重建方法优于卷积方法.     

Mesure de la réponse impulsionnelle d’un milieu de transmission: application aux fibres optiques

The impulse response of multimode optical fibres is experimentally found using a time-domain measurement method whose basic performances are significantly improved by implementing an optimal and automatic deconvolution technique. A likelihood criterium is applied to the impulse response allowing the information to be extracted from the noise (constrained regression). The impulse response carries all the usefull information since its Fourier transform is the complex transfer function (amplitude and phase). Some experimental results are presented in order to illustrate this new method.     

Rapid identification of a sparse impulse response using an adaptive algorithm in the Haar domain

This paper proposes a fast convergence adaptive algorithm for identifying a sparse impulse response that is rich in spectral content. A sparse impulse response is referred here as a discrete time impulse response that has a large number of zero or near zero coefficients. The basic idea for rapid identification is to automatically determine the locations of the nonzero impulse response coefficients for their adaptation and eliminate the unnecessary adaptation of zero coefficients. The proposed method, which is called the Haar-Basis algorithm, employs a transform approach by modeling the sparse impulse response in the Haar domain. The Haar transform has many basis sets and each of them contains basis vectors that span the entire time domain range. This special nature of the Haar transform allows for the selection of one small subset of adaptive filter coefficients whose basis vectors span the entire range of the impulse response. These coefficients are adapted at the beginning and are then used subsequently to identify, from the hierarchical structure of the Haar transform, the rest of the filter coefficients that must be adapted to correctly model the unknown sparse impulse response. The consequence is avoiding adaptation of many zero coefficients, leading to a dramatic improvement in either convergence speed or steady state excess mean-square error (EASE), while requiring no a priori knowledge such as the number of nonzero coefficients in the unknown sparse impulse response. The proposed algorithm has been tested with a variety of unknown sparse systems using both white noise input and colored input whose spectrum closely resembles that of speech. Simulation results show that the new approach provides promising results.     

分数阶Fourier变换和近区场的计算

在一维分数阶Fourier变换（FRFT,Fractional Fourier Transform)的基础上,给出了二维FRFT的积分表示。通过对口径电流分布辐射场的分析,得到了口径辐射场与口径电流分布二维FRFT的关系。对于两种极限情况的讨论,表明二维FRFT可以一致地适用于Fresnel和Fraunhofer区辐射场的表示。     

Maximum entropy image reconstruction in X-ray and diffraction tomography

The authors propose a Bayesian approach with maximum-entropy (ME) priors to reconstruct an object from either the Fourier domain data (the Fourier transform of diffracted field measurements) in the case of diffraction tomography, or directly from the original projection data in the case of X-ray tomography. The objective function obtained is composed of a quadratic term resulting from chi(2) statistics and an entropy term that is minimized using variational techniques and a conjugate-gradient iterative method. The computational cost and practical implementation of the algorithm are discussed. Some simulated results in X-ray and diffraction tomography are given to compare this method to the classical ones.     

A method for calculating the field of a radiator placed into a layered medium

A method is presented for calculating the field of a radiator placed into a layered medium. The formulas are derived for the case of an elementary radiator. It is proposed to use the ideas of the Elmore and Itskhoki methods for estimation of the parameters of the transient process in a communications channel. The area of correct application of the proposed approach is estimated.     

Measurement of magnetic fields radiated from ESD using fieldsensors

The goal of this paper is to show that commercial sensors, whose frequency response is not specifically designed, can be effectively used to measure very fast transient fields applying a proper reconstructing procedure based on the knowledge of the sensor transfer function. To do this, it is necessary to characterize a structure supporting a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) field, that will be used to set up a calibration procedure for elementary magnetic field sensors. The approach is completely analytical and allows us to know rigorously the field inside the structure. From the knowledge of this field, the transfer function of the sensor, in amplitude and phase, is evaluated up to 2 GHz. The complete characterization of the sensor allows us to reconstruct the sensed field from its output voltage waveform. The calibration procedure is carried out in time domain and therefore the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is used to achieve the sensor transfer function, as well as an inverse FFT (IFFT) is necessary to retrieve the transient impinging field. An experimental validation of the procedure shows the consistency of the approach     

Diffraction by a terminated semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguidewith three-layer material loading

The plane wave diffraction by a terminated semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguide with three-layer material loading is rigorously analyzed for E polarization using the Wiener-Hopf technique. Introducing the Fourier transform for the scattered field and applying boundary conditions in the transform domain, the problem is formulated in terms of the simultaneous Wiener-Hopf equations, which are solved via the factorization and decomposition procedure. The scattered field is evaluated by taking the inverse Fourier transform and applying the saddle point method. Representative numerical examples of the radar cross section (RCS) are given for various physical parameters and the backscattering characteristics are discussed in detail. Some comparisons with a high-frequency technique are also given to validate the present method     

圆孔衍射成像的光子学诠释

用量子力学中关于光的粒子性观点,采用概率波对圆孔衍射成像过程进行了讨论。所得到的结论与采用光的波动性观点的惠更斯一菲涅耳原理及Fourier变换方法相同。通过分析,使我们进一步加深了对光的粒子性层面的认识。     

Digital signal processing. 1. Digital filters and the DFT

The wide availability of inexpensive and relatively fast digital signal processing chips has given rise to a great expansion in the application of these devices in many areas, particularly consumer electronics. The ease with which digital processing operations can now be performed has allowed the realisation of highly sophisticated signal processing algorithms. The paper introduces the first of two main areas of digital signal processing, namely digital filtering and Fourier transformation. An overview is presented of both finite impulse response and infinite impulse response digital filter types. These designs are later extended to cover the concept of an adaptive filter, which automatically trains or adapts its characteristics or frequency response to compensate for signal distortions or interference. Finally, the discrete Fourier transform is introduced for measuring the frequency spectrum of a signal     

Time-domain uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for a curvedwedge

A time-domain version of the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (TD-UTD) is developed to describe, in closed form, the transient electromagnetic scattering from a perfectly conducting, arbitrarily curved wedge excited by a general time impulsive astigmatic wavefront. This TD-UTD impulse response is obtained by a Fourier inversion of the corresponding frequency domain UTD solution. An analytic signal representation of the transient fields is used because it provides a very simple procedure to avoid the difficulties that result when inverting frequency domain UTD fields associated with rays that traverse line or smooth caustics. The TD-UTD response to a more general transient wave excitation of the wedge may be found via convolution. A very useful representation for modeling a general pulsed astigmatic wave excitation is also developed which, in particular, allows its convolution with the TD-UTD impulse response to be done in closed form. Some numerical examples illustrating the utility of these developments are presented