Ion-Exchange Equilibrium of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, and H+ Ions on Amberlite IR-120: Experimental Determination and Theoretical Prediction of the Ternary and Quaternary Equilibrium Data

Abstract

A study of the cation-exchange equilibria between Amberlite IR-120 resin and aqueous solutions of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium chlorides and hydrochloric acid has been made. Experiments were carried out at 283, 303, and 323 K with solutions having total cation concentrations of approximately 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 N. Experimental data for the ion-exchange equilibria of the ternary and quaternary systems are reported. These systems exhibit nonideal characteristics in both phases. The predictions have been based on the reaction equilibrium constants and correlations for the activity coefficients in both phases. A model which allows the prediction of multicomponent ion-exchange equilibria from binary data has been developed. Predictions of ternary and quaternary systems based solely on the binary data are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Multi-ion migration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ in the CREDI process

In this paper, the migration of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ in cation-bed electrodeionisation was studied. The results showed that it was longer for divalent cations to be balanced compared with monovalent cations. At relatively low current densities, the membrane fluxes of monovalent cations were higher than that of divalent cations, whereas the results were reversed at relatively high current densities. In the resin phase, it was observed that the ionic transport was in relation to various hydration ionic radii. The reaction orders for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ were 2, 2, 1 and 1.5, respectively.     

31P NMR of tissue phospholipids: Competition for Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ and K+ cations

Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), ethanolamine plasmalogen (EPLAS), sphingomyelin (SPH), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) were dispersed together in Cs(ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid-scrubbed chloroform/methanol solution, and high resolution³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded. In separate titration experiments, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ were added to the dispersed phospholipid mixture to determine the relative interaction potentials of each of the phospholipids for each of the added cations. The association of cations with individual phospholipids was indicated by³¹P chemical-shift changes, signal broadening, signal quenching or a combination of these. The titrations revealed that CL had the highest, and PA the next highest, interaction potential for Mg²⁺ cations. In contrast, PS and PA had the highest, and CL the next highest, interaction potential for Ca²⁺. Considering only interactions with Ca²⁺ ions, the phospholipids can be divided into three distinct groups: PS and PA (high interaction potential); CL, PI and PG (intermediate interaction potential); and EPLAS, PE, SPH and PC (essentially no interaction potential). The two phospholipids with the least interaction potential for either of the alkaline-earth cations were PC and SPH. Na⁺ and K⁺ ion interactions with PA, CL, PI and PG were unique and resulted in positive chemical-shift changes relative to the chemical shifts in the presence of Cs⁺ ions. Relative to both Cs⁺ and K⁺ ions, chemical shifts in the presence of Na⁺ ions were deshielded δ>0.1 ppm in the order PA>CL>PI>PG.     

Influence of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Fe3+on filterability and settleability of drilling sludge

Solid–liquid separation is a vital step in drilling sludge disposal, and the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge are the main evaluating indicators for the separation process. The influence of Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),and Fe~(3+) on drilling sludge filterability and settleability was investigated in our research. The water content,filtration rate, supernatant volume and supernatant turbidity were measured to evaluate the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge. Meanwhile, the zeta potential, specific surface area of sludge flocs, particle size distribution and Fourier-transformed infrared spectra were employed to clarify the influencing mechanism.The experimental results showed that the filterability and settleability of drilling sludge were related to concentration and types of cations. Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),and Fe~(3+) performed better than Na~+, K~+, and the cations with smaller hydrated radius got superior solid–liquid separation behavior at same valence. Finally, the spectra indicated that no chemical adsorption occurred between inorganic cations and drilling sludge flocs. The variation of surface charge and flocs growth after adding different inorganic cations were the reasons for the changes of the filterability and settleability.     

Charge reduction and regeneration in K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ni2+ and Co2+-exchanged Wyoming Bentonite

Controlled calcination of ion-exchanged Wyoming Bentonite in the presence and absence of ammonia leads to layer charge reductions. Detailed chemical analyses of both unexchangeable and exchangeable species lead to the conclusion that in no case is there migration of the original interlamellar cations into the octahedral region of the layers although, in terms of ionic radius alone, Mg²⁺, Ni²⁺ and, possibly Co²⁺, might be expected to do so. The production of unexchangeable Mg, Ni or Co, is identified as resulting from high temperature hydrolysis leading to hydroxide or oxide formation.     

Absorption characterization of Ca2+, Na+, and K+ on irradiation crosslinked carboxymethyl sago pulp hydrogel

Hydrogel of carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) of various degree of substitution (DS) was prepared by electron beam irradiation of various radiation doses. The CMSP hydrogels were subjected to swelling in different ionic strength solutions of KCl, NaCl, and CaCl₂. The CMSP hydrogels, due to its polyelectrolyte nature, were found to be highly sensitive to ionic strength of the medium. All the CMSP hydrogels showed the absorption of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ increases with the increase in the concentrations of the respective cation solutions. The cation absorption also decreases with DS and % gel fraction (%GF) of the CMSP hydrogels. Subjecting the CMSP hydrogels in NaCl results in deswelling and releases Na⁺ to swelling medium where the Na⁺ release increases with the increase of DS and %GF. The sorption capacity depends on the extent of crosslinking and decreases with the increase in the extent of crosslinking. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

离子交换树脂脱除湿法磷酸中的铝和镁的研究

湿法磷酸中铝离子、镁离子影响其品质及后续磷酸盐的正常生产和产品质量。研究了一种新型离子交换树脂(IER-FC)对湿法磷酸中铝离子和镁离子的吸附净化效果。结果表明,IER-FC对Al~(3+)和Mg~(2+)的载荷量分别为0.003 218、0.015 500 g/g,脱除率分别为40%、85%,反应在10 min内达到平衡,反应温度对吸附净化的影响较小。     

Comprehensive study of the structural and electronic properties of complexes formed by Mz+ (Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+) cation and thiophene and its derivatives

The interactions of metal cations (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Be²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) with thiophene and its derivatives have been investigated using MP2/6-311++G** and B3LYP/6-311++G** methods in the gas phase and the water solution. The following substituents are taken into considerations: F, Cl, Br, CH₃, OH and C₂H₃, which cover electron-withdrawing and electron-donating effects. The substituent, the metal cations and the solvent effects on the cation–π interactions are investigated. The physical properties such as dipole moment, chemical potential and chemical hardness of studied complexes have been systematically explored. Natural population analysis data, the electron density and Laplacian properties have been used to evaluate the cation–π interaction. The electron density (ρ) and Laplacian (?²ρ) properties, estimated by atoms-in-molecules calculations, indicate that the cation–π interactions possess low ρ and positive ?²ρ, which are in agreement with electrostatic character of the cation–π interactions. Charge transfer values are calculated using Mulliken charges and reveal that the electron charge transfer takes place from thiophene and its derivatives to the metal cation in the complexes under the study. To evaluate the aromaticity of the rings upon complexation, several well-established indices of aromaticity such as the nucleus-independent chemical shift and the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity and the aromatic fluctuation index have been used. The molecular electrostatic potential is given the visual representation of the chemically active sites and comparative reactivity of atoms. Furthermore, the effects of interactions on NMR data have been used for more investigation of the analyzed complexes.     

Effect of Mg2+, Li+, Na+ and K+ on the Electrocrystallization of Nickel from Aqueous Sulfate solutions containing Boric Acid

The effects of metal ions such as Mg²⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ on the cathodic current efficiency, deposit morphology, crystallographic orientation and polarization behaviour during nickel deposition on stainless steel from aqueous sulfate solutions containing boric acid were investigated. There was virtually no change in current efficiency in presence of these metal ions, but changes were observed in the deposit morphologies and crystal orientations even though all the deposits looked bright, smooth and coherent. Changes were also observed in the polarization behaviour during nickel electrocrystallization in presence and absence of boric acid. An attempt has been made to correlate the effect of these metal ions on various parameters studied.     

用国产离子色谱仪测定几种水样中的钠、铵、钾离子

用国产离子色谱仪测定了水样（自来水、雨水、雪水及晋祠泉水）中的Na^＋、NH4^＋、K^＋，并用加标回收实验检测其精确度，证明精确度良好。     

四元体系Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+ // SO42- - H2O 298.2 K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了298.2 K下四元体系Rb⁺, Cs⁺, Mg²⁺ // SO₄^2- - H₂O的相平衡关系,测定了该体系的溶解度、密度以及折射率,并绘制了相应的稳定相图、水图、密度-组成图和折射率-组成图。研究表明：298.2 K下,该四元体系为复杂四元体系,有复盐Cs₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O和Rb₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O以及固溶体[(Rb, Cs）₂SO₄]生成。其稳定相图由4个四元共饱点、9条单变量曲线以及6个结晶区组成。四元共饱点中E₁、E₂、E₃为相称共饱点,E₄为不相称共饱点。6个结晶相区分别对应3种单盐Rb₂SO₄、MgSO₄·7H₂O、Cs₂SO₄,2种复盐Cs₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O、Rb₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O和1种固溶体[(Rb,Cs）₂SO₄]。其中,复盐Rb₂SO₄·MgSO₄·6H₂O结晶区最大,表明其在该体系中最易结晶析出;Cs₂SO₄结晶区最小。平衡液相的密度和折射率随着溶液中Cs₂SO₄含量变化呈规律性变化。该体系稳定相图将为硫酸镁亚型盐湖卤水中的铷、铯等资源开发利用提供理论依据。     

298．16K下K^＋，Mg^2＋／／NO3^-，SO4^2- -H2O和Na^＋，K^＋，Mg^2＋／／NO3^- -H2O体系的液固相平衡

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了298.16 K下四元体系K , Mg2 //NO3-, SO42--H2O和Na , K , Mg2 //NO3--H2O的液固相平衡,并根据获得的溶解度数据分别绘制出了平衡相图及投影图.结果表明:在298.16 K下,四元交互体系K , Mg2 //NO3-, SO42--H2O相图中有五个单盐结晶区,七条单变量溶解度曲线和三个零变量点.五个单盐结晶区分别对应于KNO3、K2SO4、Mg(NO3)2·6H2O、MgSO4·7H2O和复盐K2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O;具有同离子的四元体系Na , K , Mg2 //NO3--H2O相图中有三个单盐结晶区,三条单变量溶解度曲线和一个零变量点.三个结晶区分别对应于NaNO3、KNO3、Mg(NO3)2·6H2O.K2SO4和KNO3的结晶区比较大,Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的结晶区最小.     

Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对好氧污泥颗粒化的影响研究

研究了投加不同金属离子(Ca2+、Mg2+)在好氧污泥颗粒化过程中的作用,简要分析了颗粒形成过程中污泥的形态和物化性质变化,重点探究Zeta电位、胞外多聚物(EPS)的变化以及两者之间的关系。在接种普通活性污泥的2个序批式反应器中分别投加等量40 mg/L的Ca2+和Mg2+,培养运行34 d,2个反应器都已全部颗粒化,结果显示添加Mg2+更有利于缩短好氧颗粒污泥系统的启动时间,而添加Ca2+形成的颗粒污泥平均粒径较小,添加Mg2+更能促进EPS的分泌。底物匮乏期,添加Mg2+较添加Ca2+的微生物更易利用EPS作为碳源,且在饱食-饥饿期的交替阶段Mg2+对污泥表面Zeta电位造成的影响更大。     

Al3+、Na+和Mg2+对二水硫酸钙结晶的影响

采用CaHPO₄·2H₂O-H₂SO₄-H₃PO₄-H₂O体系模拟湿法磷酸生产过程,以磷矿浆成分为依据,在单因素条件下分别研究Al³⁺、Na⁺和Mg²⁺对结晶和CaSO₄·2H₂O水洗速率的影响。研究发现：添加Al³⁺有利于CaSO₄·2H₂O晶体粒径增加;添加Na⁺使得0.9% Na₂O含量的Na⁺引起CaSO₄·2H₂O晶体团聚,有利于水洗;Mg²⁺增加溶液黏度,严重影响晶体生长和水洗速率。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜对CaSO₄·2H₂O进行表征,发现其晶体生长符合非完整光滑突变界面模型,杂质离子影响反应速率和晶面生长速度。     

Na+,K+,Mg2+/Cl-,SO42-,NO3-,H2O体系液固相平衡研究

针对新疆硝酸盐卤水矿所属的Na^＋,K^＋,Mg^2＋/Cl^-,SO4^2-,NO3^-,H2O六元体系,首次提出了其在25℃、氯化钠饱和时相图的表示方法,并结合生产实际,用等温法测定了所需相图区域的溶解度数据,进行了实际卤水的等温蒸发实验。研究表明：在相图中,氯化钠和硫酸钠分别与白钠镁矾、钾芒硝、钠硝矾有三盐共饱面;氯化钠和硫酸钠分别与白钠镁矾、钾芒硝、钠硝矾中的任两盐有四盐共饱线;氯化钠、硫酸钠、白钠镁矾、钾芒硝及钠硝矾有一个五盐共饱点;实际卤水等温蒸发时的析盐顺序为：氯化钠、氯化钠＋无水芒硝、氯化钠＋无水芒硝＋白钠镁矾、氯化钠＋无水芒硝＋白钠镁矾＋钾芒硝。     

Equilibrium data of the exchange of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions for H+ on the cationic exchanger Lewatit TP‐207

Equilibrium ion exchange isotherms in aqueous medium of H⁺/Cu²⁺, H⁺/Zn²⁺ and H⁺/Cd²⁺ on a weak acid resin Lewatit TP‐207, at different pH values and at 298 K have been determined in order to assess the possibility of using ion exchange to eliminate heavy metal ions from industrial aqueous liquid streams. The experimental equilibrium data have been satisfactorily correlated using a Langmuir‐type empirical equation. It was found that the operating resin capacity with respect to each metal ion increased with increase in solution pH, in accordance with a second‐degree polynomial equation. Taking into account the variation of operating capacity with pH, each system exhibited a unique separation factor, namely all the experimental points can be described by a unique isotherm in a dimensionless form. Resin Lewatit TP‐207 exhibited the following selectivity order: Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Cd²⁺ at 298 K. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Catalytic and ortho-directing effect of Zn2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, and Ca2+ metal hydroxides on the preparation of phenolic-formaldehyde resin

A one step method was employed to prepare PF (phenol-formaldehyde) resin adhesive from phenol and formaldehyde with Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, and Ca²⁺ hydroxides as catalysts, and the physicochemical properties of the resulting polymeric material were analyzed. The viscosity of the liquid adhesive decreased at intermediate catalyst concentrations, while the polymerization rate decreased at the highest concentrations; no clear pattern could be observed between catalyst concentration and solid content. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) performed on the PF resin catalyzed by Ba²⁺ showed that the polymer had a curing exothermic peak at around 110?°C, while the initial curing temperatures of PF resins were affected by the type of metal hydroxide used, and were in the order Ca²⁺?<?Mg²⁺ <control sample. FTIR spectroscopy was used to monitor the degree of ortho/para substitution during the synthesis of PF resin with Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ hydroxides. The highest ortho/para ratio was achieved with Ba²⁺ at a concentration of 0.45?wt.%, which also resulted in the most significant increase in the polymerization rate for the formation of PF resin.     

Unconventional ion exchange resins and their retention properties for Hg2+ ions

Synthesis of two unconventional ion exchange resins and their behaviour on the mercury sorption experiments were investigated.The ion exchange resins were obtained by the quaternization reaction of 4-vinylpyridine:divinylbenzene copolymer, gel-type, by two ways namely, the nucleophilic substitution of the pyridine matrix with 2-chloroacetamide and the nucleophilic addition of protonated copolymer to acrylamide.Comparative sorptions of Hg²⁺ ions on the synthesized pyridine resins by batch experiments in mono- and binary system were analyzed. Mercury retention experiments aimed to study the influence of the solution concentration, contact time and solution pH. The removal of Hg²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions depends on the pH values, the amount of the retained mercury increased with the pH value.The studied strong base pyridine anion exchange resins presented a good selectivity for the Hg²⁺ ions during the competitive sorption of Hg²⁺/Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺/Zn²⁺ and Hg²⁺/Fe³⁺ at metal cations ratio of 1:1.     

Effect of hydrolysis products and Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ ions on whey lactose hydrolysis and β‐galactosidase stability

BACKGROUND: Enzyme inhibition is one of the constraints of reactions catalysed by enzymes, and information is required on the inhibition mechanisms that affect the process yield. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hydrolysis products and ions on the hydrolysis of lactose recovered from whey and enzyme inactivation during the reaction. The experiments were carried out in 250 mL of 25 mmol L^?1 phosphate buffer solution using β‐galactosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus lactis in a batch reactor system. RESULTS : The degree of lactose hydrolysis (%) and the residual enzyme activity (%) in the presence and absence of lactose over time were investigated versus hydrolysate amount, glucose and galactose concentrations and Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ion concentrations. The hydrolysis degree decreased with the addition of all hydrolysis products, as enzyme inhibition occurred. The residual enzyme activity increased with the addition of hydrolysate and glucose but decreased with the addition of galactose. It was observed that Mn²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions activated the enzyme. It was also found that the hydrolysis degree was not affected by the addition of Mn²⁺ ions. On the other hand, the hydrolysis degree decreased with the addition of Ca²⁺ ions, as the enzyme was inactivated. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of the experimental data showed that both β‐galactosidase activity and lactose hydrolysis were affected by the addition of hydrolysis products and ions. Moreover, mathematical models proposed to predict the residual lactose concentration and residual enzyme activity were confirmed by the experimental results. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry