机械加工表面多孔管降膜沸腾传热的研究

本文报道了机械加工表面多孔管(JK-1管)水平管外降膜沸腾的传热性能及其分析.实验工质为R-113.结果表明:JK-1管降膜沸腾传热膜系数比其池式沸腾提高11—80%,比光滑管降膜沸腾提高1.7—5.2倍.通过分析,建立了一个预测值与实验值偏差在±8%以内的准则关联式.     

静电效应对有无埋管气固鼓泡床内气泡特性的影响分析

采用基于双流体模型(TFM)耦合静电模型的方法,研究颗粒的静电对有无埋管气固鼓泡床内气固流动特性和气泡特性的影响。首先在无静电场存在的条件下,利用双流体模型对自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内的流动情况进行模拟并与实验结果进行对比;进一步耦合静电模型,考察静电对自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内床层的整体性质和气泡特性的影响。研究结果表明,在无静电场条件下采用双流体模型能较好地预测自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内的气固流动状况以及气泡的平均直径和气泡的上升速度。埋管的存在使鼓泡床内气固流动发生强烈扰动,并使气泡的平均直径和气泡的上升速度均呈振荡分布。静电的存在对自由鼓泡床和埋管鼓泡床内床层的平均固含率影响不大,但对气泡分布规律影响较大,使得自由鼓泡床内气泡数目减少,而埋管鼓泡床下部区域的气泡分布比较集中,上部有大气泡出现。     

内置涡流发生器的管内过冷沸腾与强化换热的模拟

采用欧拉双流体模型结合RPI沸腾模型对高压管内过冷沸腾进行三维非稳态模拟,考察了涡流发生器对管内过冷沸腾的影响,模拟了高压下光管内的过冷沸腾、层流下内置涡流发生器的换热管内的流动和湍流下内置涡流发生器的换热管内的过冷沸腾。结果表明,内置涡流发生器的换热管在层流状态下换热能力明显提升,过冷沸腾时管内换热能力有一定提升,且壁面附近的气泡由于扰流作用被大量卷入锥形片内,降低了壁面附近产生气膜的可能性,延迟了过冷沸腾起始点的位置。     

水平管外喷淋式降膜蒸发的研究

本文探讨了水平管喷淋式降膜蒸发的研究.本实验分别采用电加热和蒸汽加热方式,对不锈钢光滑管和电化学腐蚀多孔表面管进行研究,所用工作流体为脱离子水.除了表面几何情况的研究以外,还以液体进料速率(喷淋密度)、热通量的变化、多孔表面管的热处理情况、以及管内蒸汽速度作为研究的参变量.由于多孔表面管对液膜核状沸腾的促进作用,多孔表面管与光滑管相比,其强化作用是显著的.     

垂直圆管内液氮流动沸腾的理论模型及数值模拟

分析了液氮流动沸腾过程中气液两相间动量、能量以及质量的传输规律,建立了相应的理论模型,新模型重点修正了界面面积浓度和气泡挣脱直径的计算式;采用新建立的理论模型作为封闭方程对CFX-4.3中内建的双流体模型进行了修正,并采用修正后的双流体模型模拟了液氮在垂直圆管内的流动沸腾过程.数值模拟的结果与文献中的实验数据吻合较好,证明了本文所建模型的合理性.通过数值模拟发现,两相流参数分布的不均匀性对液氮流动沸腾过程中的热质传输特性有重要影响.     

立式和卧式螺旋管内过冷沸腾起始点特性

在系统压力P=412～850 kPa,过冷度△T_sub=4.7～15.0℃,热通量q"=0.11～10.90 kW·m^-2,质量流量G=147.5～443.7 kg·m^-2·s^-1的条件下,对立式和卧式螺旋管内R134a过冷流动沸腾起始点特性进行了实验研究。研究结果表明：当实验系统参数相同时,立式和卧式螺旋管内过冷沸腾起始点的热通量基本相同,但是立式螺旋管内过冷沸腾起始点壁面过热度小于卧式螺旋管;过冷沸腾起始点的热通量、壁面过热度随着过冷度和质量流量的增大而增大,但随着压力、螺旋直径的增大而减小。通过无量纲分析对实验数据进行非线性拟合,发展了适用于螺旋管过冷沸腾起始点的关联式。     

内置水平管式鼓泡流化床动力学的数值模拟

基于欧拉双流体模型,在水平管表面采用渐进式网格,对内置水平管式鼓泡流化床的动力学特性进行数值模拟,研究表观气速对时均空隙度与膨胀率的影响。模拟结果显示:气泡在水平管排区域存在合并、破裂等运动行为;在管排区域随着表观气速的增加,时均空隙度增大,并且相比于无管式流化床沿径向方向更加均匀;内置水平管式流化床的时均膨胀率高于无沉浸管式流化床的时均膨胀率,且随表观气速的增加有逐渐接近的趋势。     

Experimental study of falling film evaporation heat transfer outside horizontal tubes

The heat transfer process of falling film horizontal evaporation includes evaporation outside tubes and condensation inside tubes, the heat transfer coefficient of the former is about 50% of that of the latter. So the overall heat transfer coefficient is influenced mainly by the falling film evaporation outside tubes. An experimental study of falling film heat transfer outside horizontal tubes was carried out in order to show how the heat transfer coefficient is affected by different parameters such as flow density evaporation temperatures, temperature difference between wall and saturation water, and mass concentration of the seawater. Experiments were conducted using 14 mm outer diameter Al-brass tubes heated by internal electric heaters so that a uniform heat flux was generated on the outside surface of tubes. The results show that when flow density Γ varies between 0.013 kg/ms < Γ< 0.062 kg/ms, the heat stransfer coefficient of falling film evaporation outside horizontal tubes h increases with the increase in liquid feeding, evaporation boiling temperature and heat flux. h also increases with an increase in distributor height, however there is a maximum height in which any height above this. Besides, the amount of non-condensing gas has significant effect on h. The difference of heat transfer coefficient between freshwater and seawater is small. These results contribute to further improving the performance of heat transfer process and developing new evaporator.     

管形对水平管降膜圆周膜厚和Nusselt数的影响

针对海水淡化系统的水平管降膜蒸发,建立了二维数值模型,分析了光滑圆管和6种不同截面形状的蛋形管外降膜流动及传热特性。采用VOF方法考察了不同管型对管外液膜分布和传热特性的影响。数值结果表明:蛋形管外液体沿周向流动较圆管稍快,且可获得更均匀更薄的液膜;液膜厚度随半轴比ε增大而减小,随周向先逐渐减小后迅速增加,圆管和蛋形管的液膜最小值分别出现在周向相对坐标0.69和0.70~0.84附近。蛋形管的膜内量纲1温度较圆管的小,其热边界层厚度较薄,具有更好的传热性能。拟合数据得到,ε为2.4的蛋形管具有最好的传热性能,其Nusselt数可达0.32,较圆管的高出12.68%。最后,将数值模拟结果与文献中的数据进行了对比,验证了数值模型的可行性和合理性。     

Effect of the liquid entrainment on the predicted pressure drop in vertical flow-boiling

Flow boiling in a vertical uniformly heated tube has been modelled employing the drift flux and two-fluid formulations. The governing equations are solved numerically and the results presented in the form of pressure drop versus mass flux curves are compared to previously obtained experimental results. The effect of the entrained liquid fraction at the transition from churn-turbulent to annular flow when a switch from the drift flux model to the two-fluid formulation is made is shown to affect the results and could improve the pressure drop predictions.     

垂直多孔表面管内高沸点工质强化流动沸腾换热的数值分析

在对流动特性和换热机理进行分析的基础上,建立了垂直多孔表面管内高沸点工质强化流动沸腾换热的数学模型和数值计算方法.该模型认为环状流区域同时存在强制对流与核态沸腾两种换热方式.液膜厚度、速度与温度等参数通过求解液膜的质量守恒、动量守恒、能量守恒方程获得.核态沸腾换热则包括气泡脱离带走的热量及用于加热气化核心影响区流入液体的热量两部分.提出了流动沸腾情况下的多孔层气泡脱离直径及气化核心密度计算方法.对异丙苯在火焰喷涂型垂直多孔表面管内向上流动时的沸腾换热进行了数值预测,大部分工况的计算值与实验结果符合良好.在低干度区(x=0.1),核态沸腾在总换热中的比例约为50%.随着干度的增加,核态沸腾受到越来越大的抑制,当x为0.5时,这一比例降低到约15％.     

基于双流体模型的液氢流动沸腾数值模拟

基于双流体模型,建立了液氢管内流动沸腾的数值模型,在液体Reynolds数67000～660000、壁面热通量16300～317800 W/m²、饱和温度22～29 K、入口过冷度0～8 K的范围内,对管径5.95和6.35 mm的圆管内液氢流动沸腾开展了数值模拟研究,并与试验结果进行了对比。对比显示,液氢流动沸腾传热系数的模拟结果与试验数据的平均误差（MAE）为7.79%,94%的模拟数据都在±20%误差带范围内。     

微翅管内R410A的流动沸腾传热特性

进行了单管实验,对影响R410A 在水平微翅管内传热系数的因素进行分析,获得了传热系数随质量流量、热通量及干度的变化关系,并对各种工况下的换热机理进行了分析和讨论。对不同几何参数的微翅管进行了实验比较,分析了微翅管几何结构参数对换热性能的影响。通过实验得到R410A在微翅管内流动沸腾传热系数,可为制冷换热器的设计提供可靠的依据。     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of bubble behavior in 2D gas–solid fluidized beds with immersed horizontal tubes

The two-fluid model based on the kinetic theory of granular flow is considered to be a fundamental tool for modeling gas–solid fluidized beds and has been extensively used for the last couple of decades. However its verification and quantitative validation still remain insufficient for a wide range of reactor geometries and operating conditions. In this study simulations were performed using the two-fluid model for two-dimensional (2D) bubbling gas–solid fluidized beds with and without immersed horizontal tubes. The bubble characteristics – aspect ratio, shape factor, diameter and rise velocity – predicted by the simulation were compared and validated with experimental data obtained from pseudo-2D fluidized beds using digital image analysis technique. The predicted bubble shape and diameter were in good agreement with the experimental data for fluidized beds with and without immersed tubes. The simulation predicted higher bubble rise velocity compared to the experimental results obtained. This was due to the wall effect, which was not taken into consideration during the 2D simulation. In addition the influences of different drag laws, friction packing limits and solid-wall boundary conditions on the different bubble properties were investigated. The results showed that the choice of friction packing limits, drag laws and specularity coefficients have little influence on bubble properties.     

Film boiling of mercury droplets

Vaporization times of mercury droplets in Leidenfrost film boiling on a flat horizontal plate are measured in an air atmosphere. Extreme care was used to prevent large amplitude droplet vibrations and surface wetting: therefore, these data can be compared to film boiling theory. For these data, diffusion from the upper surface of the drop is a dominant mode of mass transfer from the drop. A closed-form analytical film boiling theory is developed to account for the diffusive evaporation. Reasonable agreement between data and theory is seen.     

高压流体过冷流动沸腾的数值模拟

在二流体模型基础上,采用RPI模型计算加热壁面的相间质量传输,对竖直圆管内高压流体过冷沸腾流动过程进行数值模拟.研究发现:壁面温度沿流动方向有明显拐点.根据壁温变化趋势可以判断,转折点位置即为过冷沸腾起始点;管内流体速度的增长曲线并不是简单单调递增的过程,而是速度增长由刚开始的缓慢上升到急剧上升,与空泡份额的分布曲线相...     

水平管段塞流气弹区液膜特性研究

为了研究气液段塞流相界面的结构特征,采用了双平行电导探针技术对水平管内段塞流气弹区的液膜特性进行了实验测量,并基于一维双流体模型导出液膜厚度的控制方程,该方程对液膜厚度的预测结果与实验结果吻合良好。结合液膜厚度计算模型提出了计算段塞流的机理模型,该段塞流机理模型的计算结果表明对于液相表观速度较高而气相表观速度较低的段塞流,机理模型中忽略液膜非平衡性时得到的平均液膜厚度和气弹区长度明显偏低。     

An analysis of laminar forced convection film boiling

A study of forced convection film boiling on a horizontal isothermal plate is made using a treatment based on boundary layer theory. For the vapour, the velocity and temperature distributions are obtained from equations of motion and energy. For the liquid layer, the Howarth approximation for flow over a plate is used. Then, by employing interface matching conditions, the significance of the rhμ ratio between the vapour and the liquid on the variation of Nusselt number is examined.     

烧结型多孔表面管外池沸腾传热特性

实验研究了热通量为0.1~160 kW·m^-2时,去离子水在光管及烧结型多孔表面管管外的池沸腾传热特性,分析了换热管布置方式(垂直与水平)、管径大小(20、25和32 mm)与多孔层颗粒尺寸(30~105 μm)对池沸腾传热特性的影响规律。结果表明:去离子水在多孔管表面的起始沸腾过热度小于光管,比光管低3 K左右;多孔表面管可明显强化核态沸腾传热,其沸腾传热系数可达光管的3~4.5倍;大热通量下,换热管水平布置时的传热效果较垂直布置佳,且布置方式对多孔管换热效果的影响比对光管的影响小;随管径增大,光管与多孔表面管的沸腾传热系数降低;大颗粒尺寸多孔层的强化效果优于小颗粒尺寸多孔层。     

亚格子过滤双流体模型的网格依赖性

基于双流体方程和颗粒动力学理论的计算模型被广泛应用于流化床的气固两相流数值计算,高精度网格是其准确计算流动的必要条件。一些经典的微尺度阻力模型,其网格尺度决定其模拟结果的精度。亚格子过滤双流体模型是一种有效的适用于粗糙网格的计算模型,其包含的气固相间作用力和颗粒相应力本构方程是在高精度网格条件下,以微尺度双流体方程和颗粒动力学理论计算得到的气固流场为基础,对计算结果进行小尺度过滤后得出。使用亚格子过滤双流体模型替换基于颗粒动力学理论的双流体模型,针对同一物理问题,在不同网格尺度下进行了数值计算,结果表明此计算模型相比经典阻力模型具有较好的网格无关特性,并且和实验结果较为一致。同时也对颗粒动力学理论与之相结合进行了尝试,即仅使用亚格子过滤阻力模型,颗粒相应力仍然使用颗粒动力学模型,其计算结果的网格无关性及与实验值的吻合程度优于经典模型。