应对月桂油的短缺

随着油脂化工生产的扩张，价格和基本原材料的获得是其成功的关键。月桂油（棕榈仁油和椰子油）对于油脂化学品的需求而言，在价格方面是最敏感的油品。目前月桂油主要用于食品方面，因此，油脂化工需求的增加必然导致月桂油的供应面临困难。月桂油的供应取决于椰子油和棕榈仁油的产量。油棕的产油率比椰棕高。很明显，将来月桂油供应主要取决于棕榈仁油生产的增加，这是棕榈油产量提高的结果。因此，为了提供充足的月桂油以满足油脂化学工业的需要，其用于食用方面的量将不得不减少。     

Challenges to a mature industry: Marketing and economics of oleochemicals in Western Europe

Basic oleochemicals are produced by splitting and further reactions of oils and fats: fatty acids, glycerine, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty alcohols and amines. The last two are included in the list of oleochemical raw materials, primarily because of their importance in the preparations of further derivatives. The wide range of derivatives of oleochemical raw materials such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, quaternary ammonium compounds and soaps are summarized. Oleochemicals such as fatty alcohols and glycerine from oils and fats have equivalents on the basis of petrochemicals. Using the customary terminology, petrochemical products are referred to as “synthetics.” The are included in the present discussion because in the application of oleochemical raw materials the origin of the material is often less important than the structure. Oleochemistry can be regarded as a mature branch of chemistry, with many applications for its products, but with few completely new fields. The challenge and the opportunities for oleochemistry today lie in the changing economic and ecological conditions. Availability and price development of oils and fats are discussed with particular reference to European conditions, for these are the prerequisites if oleochemicals are to be competitive and are to improve their chances in the marketplace. The importance and development of the oleochemical raw material fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, glycerine, fatty alcohols and amines are considered on the basis of historical data. In considering future developments of oleochemicals, the capacity, demand and the possible influence of petrochemistry or crude oil is discussed. The highly developed oleochemical raw materials industry is a flexible supplier of medium-to long-chain fatty alkyl groups. These facts, together with the well organized supply lines for raw materials and the considerable potential of these renewable raw materials, could provide the necessary conditions for the oleochemical raw materials industry to fulfil its future tasks on a larger scale. This could arise, for example, due to the partial substitution of petrochemical surfactants, if this should become necessary as a result of developments in the price and availability of crude oil, or on grounds of ecological factors.     

Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins for Future Generation: A Review

In this review, thermosetting polymers derived from natural resources are highlighted for future generation with greater sustainability for different applications. Recently, agro-based polymer products are gained popularity since last two decades due to the depletion of fossil reserves and to protect the environment from carbon emissions. This review also designed to explain the various types of agro-based polymer products derived from cardanol, itaconic acid, tannin, sugar (isosorbide), and vegetable oils as important starting materials due to their abundant availability, low price, and unique reactive chemical structure.     

Trends in industrial uses of palm and lauric oils

An attempt is being made to determine the importance of palm and lauric oil today and in the coming years of this decade whereby their industrial use in western Europe is considered outside the field of human and animal nutrition. The basic oleochemicals like fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty alcohols and their most important derivatives are discussed as the essential products. Detergents are one of the most significant areas of application for basic oleochemicals and their derivatives. Changes in the application profiles of the final products are expected for the detergent industry in the coming years. These tendencies have been scrutinized with respect to their influence on future demand for palm and lauric oil. The competitiveness of natural oil-based oleochemicals versus ethylene-and paraffin-based synthetics is of great significance for the development of natural oils. It is attempted to elucidate the chances of natural oleochemicals in connection with petrochemical raw material developments.     

世界油脂化工市场（英）

油脂化工产品的原料来自于动物性和植物性的油和脂肪,它们也衍生许多化工产品。然而,由于油脂化工产品的独特性质,它主要为肥皂、清洁剂和洗发水等产品提供广泛的表面活性剂原料。通常在制成品前,这些基本的油脂化工产品需进行进一步的转化程序。油脂化学品原料取之天然可再生,可生物降解,而石油原料却无法再生。因此,从这一点来讲油脂化学品对环境更友好。指出油和脂肪的价格变化无常,以及副产品甘油的价格因供求而变是造成油脂化工生产经济不稳定的两大因素。     

Historical and marketing trends of natural/synthetic fatty acids

As long as a substantial portion of raw materials for natural fatty acids are relatively inexpensive by-products of other major industries, natural fatty acids should fulfill the world's projected needs at least through 1985. Production of synthetic fatty acids may also increase; however, at the present time the cost of their raw material and processing has made them largely noncompetitive, except in a few cases. Synthetic organic acid manufacturers currently supplying short chain products will continue their efforts to enter the detergent range fatty acid market area. We expect some breakthrough in synthetics during the life of our forecast. However, potential producers have yet to develop an economically competitive synthetic fatty acid as a replacement for natural fatty acids in the U.S. Petroleum-based products include odd, even, and branched chain acids whose performance must be proven. Finally, the petroleum base for synthetic fatty acids no longer has the price stability we have been accustomed to in the past. Recent changes in price of ethylene and forecasts are evidence of this trends for the future.     

Trends in the chemistry and technology of lipids

A review is given of the annual world production of fats and oils and their increasing availability for edible and nonedible purposes. Trends in some important industrial processes (polymerization, metathesis, oxidation, etc.) are discussed and the applicability of fatty oils as specific and characteristic base materials for the organic chemical industry is compared with developments in the field of petroleum synthetics. To improve the position of fat-intermediates and fat derivatives on the world market, future research should be particularly directed to an optimal use of their specific physical, chemical and biochemical properties, and to an increased coherence between our technological and biochemical knowhow.     

Replacing fossil oil with fresh oil – with what and for what?

Industrial chemicals and materials are currently derived mainly from fossil‐based raw materials, which are declining in availability, increasing in price and are a major source of undesirable greenhouse gas emissions. Plant oils have the potential to provide functionally equivalent, renewable and environmentally friendly replacements for these finite fossil‐based raw materials, provided that their composition can be matched to end‐use requirements, and that they can be produced on sufficient scale to meet current and growing industrial demands. Replacement of 40% of the fossil oil used in the chemical industry with renewable plant oils, whilst ensuring that growing demand for food oils is also met, will require a trebling of global plant oil production from current levels of around 139 MT to over 400 MT annually. Realisation of this potential will rely on application of plant biotechnology to (i) tailor plant oils to have high purity (preferably >90%) of single desirable fatty acids, (ii) introduce unusual fatty acids that have specialty end‐use functionalities and (iii) increase plant oil production capacity by increased oil content in current oil crops, and conversion of other high biomass crops into oil accumulating crops. This review outlines recent progress and future challenges in each of these areas. Practical applications: The research reviewed in this paper aims to develop metabolic engineering technologies to radically increase the yield and alter the fatty acid composition of plant oils and enable the development of new and more productive oil crops that can serve as renewable sources of industrial feedstocks currently provided by non‐renewable and polluting fossil‐based resources. As a result of recent and anticipated research developments we can expect to see significant enhancements in quality and productivity of oil crops over the coming decades. This should generate the technologies needed to support increasing plant oil production into the future, hopefully of sufficient magnitude to provide a major supply of renewable plant oils for the industrial economy without encroaching on the higher priority demand for food oils. Achievement of this goal will make a significant contribution to moving to a sustainable carbon‐neutral industrial society with lower emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and reduced environmental impact as a result.     

Use of engineered Escherichia coli cells to detect estrogenicity in everyday consumer products

BACKGROUND: Estrogenic activity has been observed in several industrial and household products, and some evidence suggests that this activity may be linked to increased pathologies in humans and animals. Here, an engineered strain of Escherichia coli is evaluated for its ability to detect estrogenic activity in complex mixtures, including natural dietary supplements, hand and body washes, essential oils, and perfumes. The engineered E. coli biosensor strain expresses the ligand‐binding domain of the human estrogen receptor β (ERβ) as part of a larger allosteric reporter enzyme. The result is a simple bacterial growth assay, where estrogenic activity of a test compound is reflected by increased cell growth on a simple defined medium. RESULTS: While most consumer products did not yield a strong estrogenic response in the assay, a consistent estrogenic effect was observed with several perfumes. This effect is probably due to the presence of the known estrogen, benzophenone‐2, which exhibited an EC₅₀ concentration of 0.44 µmol L^?1 for the sensor strains used. CONCLUSIONS: This simple, bacterial biosensor is capable of rapidly and inexpensively detecting estrogenic activity in complex consumer products, and may eventually yield rough estimates of the equivalent estrogen doses associated with their use. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Gewinnung leichter Kohlenwasserstoffe aus schweren Ölen — Verfahren und Entwicklungen

Manufacture of light hydrocarbons from heavy oils – processes and developments . High quality crude oils are running short and their price continues to increase. At the same time there is a trend towards light petroleum products for use as transportation fuels or petrochemical raw materials. Consequently, the conversion of heavy oils, i.e., particularly distillation residues but also heavy oils from tar sands, is gaining increasing commercial importance. The cracking processes currently used in the refining industry are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on their application to metal-and asphaltene-containing heavy oils. Feed pretreatment by solvent deasphalting is discussed and the manufacture of syncrude from tar sands is considered. New developments for conversion of heavy oils are outlined. The future production of shale oil and of transportation fuels from oil shale is briefly treated.     

Laocs news feature Shortages and regulations: headaches for toilet soap formulators

The formulator is faced with shortages in soap stock fats and oils and must juggle the merits and costs of less common oils, lower grade greases, and synthetics as substitutes for familiar beef tallow and coconut oil. Best compromises must be made by the perfumer for essential oils no longer obtainable to maintain quality and to preserve the odor image of soap products. The formulator must have in vitro, in vivo, and safety data for soap additives. All through development, the formulator must remember that, having made it, he must prove it. Efficacy tests must be more detailed and closer and closer to life.     

Interchangeability of fats and Oils

The requirement for interchangeability of fats and oils is a result of such factors as availability and cost of raw materials, and the effects of legislation or market preference on product composition. Such changes should not affect the product’s quality or performance. Interchangeability is practiced today in the production of products for human food, animal feed and technical uses, and is frequently controlled by computer. It is necessary fully to identify a product and its essential features whether simply by melting point or a full triglyceride structure. Modern analytical techniques such as NMR, GC, HPLC and DSC have enabled this identification to become a more exact science. The interchange may consist of a simple substitution of one oil or fat for another, or it may be more complex, involving a number of oils and fats and processes. Finally, the nature of the product may be such that it has to be “tailor-made” using sophisticated processes to produce the required triglyceride composition. The unit processes which are employed are blending, hydrogenation, fractionation and interesterification. In the last process the recently published use of enzymes is of particular interest. Problems encountered are mainly concerned with the polymorphism of fats and oils which frequently sets limits on the proportion of a particular fat which can be used. Limits are also imposed by plant processing capacity. Palm and lauric acid oils are particularly important in the context of interchangeability for both edible and technical purposes because of their fatty acid and triglyceride compositions. They provide good examples of usefulness, problems resulting from polymorphism and the difficulties of substitution.     

The composition of volatile oils derived from oleoresins

Essential oils and oleoresins derived from spices and herbs, by steam distillation in the former case or by solvent extraction in the latter case, are increasingly more important as flavoring constituents in heat-processed foods. Steam-distilled oils, when used for such purposes, tend to steam-distill during the heat processing due to moisture that is present. Oleoresins that contain the essential oil and natural fixatives tend to depress this volatilization and are preferred as flavoring materials in such cases. Subjective flavor panel evaluations are reported, showing the significance between oleoresins and essential oils as well as the corresponding spice or herb. Instrumental evaluation, primarily gas chromatography, will compare essential oils produced by direct steam distillation vs. those isolated form oleoresins. The difference in composition which can be related to the improved flavor effect from oleoresins is discussed. One of 13 papers presented in the symposium “Flavor Research in Fats and Fat Bearing foods,” AOCS Meeting, Atlantic City, October 1971.     

Application of seed oils and its bioactive compounds in sunscreen formulations

The photoprotective skincare products are in high demand to meet the consumer market with concern on skin health. Seed oils are commonly used as ingredients in many cosmetic products due to their natural antioxidants and now being increasingly recognized for their effects on skin health and photoprotection. This article briefly reviews the application of seed oils in sunscreen development focusing on the antioxidants that contribute to photoprotection, thus preventing UV-induced erythema and photoaging. The addition of seed oils that contain specific natural bioactive compounds was discussed in the review. Besides that, seed oils acting in molecular pathways that benefit photoprotection were also summarized. Seed oils (pomegranate seed oil, castor oil, cocoa butter, jojoba oil, rosehip oil, grapeseed oil, kenaf seed oil, and pumpkin seed oil) utilization have high potential to act as natural UV filters and at the same time help in skin repairing. The seed oils contributed beneficial properties to the sunscreen formulation due to their synergistic effect with antioxidants, antiaging properties, anti-inflammatory effect, and potential hormetic effect. The finding of specific bioactive compound from seed oils provides a better understanding of the contribution of seed oils in sunscreen formulation.     

新品种丰花玫瑰鲜花细胞液提取率及化学成分分析初报

玫瑰是一种药食两用的芳香植物,丰花玫瑰是生产型玫瑰新品种,一年能多次开花,用其鲜花提取的细胞液,含有0.2%的玫瑰精油,具有天然的玫瑰花香,应用于化妆品和食品中,具有美容和保健作用。所用原料不同,细胞液的提取率不同;同一年不同花期的鲜花不仅细胞液提取率不同,其所含的化学成分亦不同。     

Biobased adhesives,gums, emulsions,and binders: current trends and future prospects

Biopolymers derived from renewable resources are an emerging class of advanced materials that offer many useful properties for a wide range of food and nonfood applications. Current state of the art in research and development of renewable polymers as adhesives, gums, binders, and emulsions is the subject of this review. Much of the focus will be on major biopolymers such as starch, proteins, lignin, oils, and their derivatives found in both natural and modified forms, but other biopolymers of promising commercial interest will also be included where warranted. Polymers produced in nature are remarkably diverse in their chemistry, thermomechanical properties, rheology, plasticity, and chemical reactivity. In particular, their capacity to undergo a wide array of chemical modifications yields materials with tailored properties suitable for use as adhesives, gums, coatings, emulsions, and binders. Many such materials are now widely used in commercial products like building materials, lubricants, sealants, coatings, bonding aids, pharmaceuticals, paper, glues, flocculants, processed and frozen foods, as well as tissue engineering and bone repair products. This review provides a general overview of biobased polymers highlighting their source, availability, properties, and usage in industrial products along with the future prospects, challenges, and opportunities they offer.     

Aspects of vegetable oil technology, past, present and future

Conclusions  Over the years vegetable oils have been a major component of many surface coating materials, either in the raw, refined or processed state. The use has diminished in recent years, due to the development of new resin systems and the move towards water-based coatings. However, developments in resin technology are providing opportunities for new growth. Chemical industries other than surface coatings are incorporating vegetable oil into products on environmental grounds where formerly mineral oil was used. Finally, vegetable oils are a renewable resource from which a vast range of products are derived. These products generally have a green image which should promote greater usage in the foreseeable future.     

Natural refining of extruded-expelled soybean oils having various fatty acid compositions

Simple, low-capital-investment oil refining techniques, which may also meet the needs of natural or organic food industries, were explored to process extruded-expelled (E-E) soybean oils with various fatty acid compositions. Most settled E-E oils are naturally low in phosphatides (<100 ppm phosphorus) and were easily water degummed to low phosphorus levels (<55 ppm). Free fatty acids were reduced to 0.04% by adsorption with 3% Magnesol^®. Magnesol reduced residual phosphorus contents to negligible levels. This material also adsorbed primary and secondary oil oxidation products. Our adsorption refining procedure was much milder than conventional refining, as indicated by little formation of primary and secondary lipid oxidation products and less loss of tocopherol. The remaining challenge to effective natural refining is the removal of off-flavor components. Our adsorption treatment reduced the natural flavor of soybean oil but flavor was still present, probably too strong for many consumers. Polyunsaturated oils oxidized more easily than did the other types of oils; therefore, precautions should be taken when refining such oils. High-oleic soybean oil, on the other hand, had excellent oxidative stability and better flavor characteristics after degumming and adsorption with Magnesol compared with other oils.     

Methyl esters in the fatty acid industry

Methyl esters, derived from natural fats or oils, can be used as alternatives to fatty acids in the production of a number of derivatives. The derivatives that can be made from methyl esters include fatty alkanolamides, fatty alcohols, isopropyl esters, and sucrose polyesters. By using methyl esters as the raw materials, several benefits may be realized, such as, the ability to make higher purity finished products, the use of milder conditions during syntheses, and the need for less expensive materials of construction. In addition to the applications mentioned, methyl esters are being used increasingly in fractional distillations because they have lower boiling points and are less corrosive than fatty acids.     

驱蚊功能性香精的调配

采用自制驱蚊试验装置,以淡色库蚊为实验对象,比较了47种精油及12种单体香料的驱蚊效果.实验结果表明,供试59种香原料中,10种具有击倒效应, 41种香原料对蚊虫的驱避效应大于50%.利用香精调配技术,调配出两种香气特征的香精.不仅符合绿色环保要求,而且人群接受度超过80%,并具有较强驱蚊效果的香精.