Scrutinizing the Skipper: A study of leadership behaviors in the dugout.

The Coaching Behavior Assessment System was used by trained observers to classify the behaviors of coaches toward their players into 12 categories. Samples of 51 and 31 coaches in a boys' baseball program were observed during the 1976 and 1977 seasons, respectively. 867 players were interviewed at the end of the 2 seasons concerning perceptions of their coach's behaviors and attitudes toward their experience. Significant relationships were found at the team level among coaching behaviors as recorded by observers and perceived by players. The degree of punitiveness was an important factor in these relationships. Behavioral data provided by observers and players also related significantly to the won–lost record and team attitudes toward both the coach and team. Perceptions of their own behavior by coaches were unrelated to the data provided by observers and players. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Who wins and who loses: The rhetorical manipulation of social identities in a soccer team.

This study describes the rhetorical manipulation of social identities arising in the discourses of a professional soccer team. The author audio recorded and completely transcribed according to G. Jefferson's (1989) method 3 discursive interactions between team members (after a victory, after a defeat, and in a pregame situation). Methodology comprises both a conversational analysis and a quantitative one. Results show that (a) team members use rhetorically a complex repertoire of their own and others' social identities; (b) intragroup differentiation is more marked than intergroup differentiation; and (c) two main variables influence the use of markings of social identities: the role of the speakers (in particular the power role of the coach) and the result of the match around which the interactive discourse revolves. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor structure and criterion-related validity of the metaperspective version of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q).

The coach–athlete relationship has been purported to be shaped by coaches’ and athletes’ self-perceptions (e.g., I trust my coach/athlete) and metaperceptions (e.g., My coach/athlete trusts me) of closeness, commitment, and complementarity (3Cs). The development of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q; S. Jowett & N. Ntoumanis, 2004) has enabled the assessment of coaches’ and athletes’ self-perceptions of the relationship as defined by the 3Cs. The author conducted 2 studies to examine the factor structure and criterion-related validity of the CART-Q when its items are worded to express metaperceptions. In the 1st study, confirmatory factor analyses employing a sample of athletes (n = 201) supported the validity of a 3-dimensional model in which the factors were separate but correlated for metacloseness, metacommitment, and metacomplementarity. The 2nd study provided further evidence of validity when the 3 factors were examined relative to criterion variables with 2 independent samples: athletes (n = 189) and coaches (n = 138). These results highlight that the conceptual model from which the CART-Q was developed captures the relationship quality through athletes’ and coaches’ feelings (closeness), thoughts (commitment), and behaviors (complementarity). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Smoking, intra-uterine growth retardation and sudden infant death syndrome

A unique aspect of soccer is the use of the head for directing the ball. The potential for resultant head injuries has been the focus of discussions worldwide. Prior work has attributed neuropsychologic deficits to the cumulative effects of heading, without evaluating concussion rates in soccer players. We prospectively studied the seven men's and eight women's varsity soccer teams in the Atlantic Coast Conference during two seasons to document concussion incidence. The 29 concussions diagnosed over the 2 years in 26 athletes, 17 (59%) concussions in men and 12 (41%) in women, resulted from contact with an opponent's head (8, 28%), elbow (4, 14%), knee (1, 3%), or foot (1, 3%); the ball (7, 24%); the ground (3, 10%); concrete sidelines (1, 3%); goalpost (1, 3%); or a combination of objects (3, 10%). Twenty concussions (69%) occurred in games; none resulted from intentional heading of the ball. The basic incidence was 0.96 concussions per team per season. The overall incidence was 0.6 per 1000 athlete-exposures for men, and 0.4 per 1000 athlete-exposures for women. By concussion grade, there were 21 (72%) grade 1, 8 (28%) grade 2, and no grade 3 concussions. These findings suggest that concussions are more common in soccer than anticipated and that acute head injuries may have potential for long-term neuropsychologic changes.     

Parental attitudes toward mouthguards

An 11-item, one-page questionnaire was mailed to 1800 parents chosen at random in the Henrico County, VA public school system. Parents were asked questions such as "who should be responsible for mouthguard wear?" "what sports should require mouthguards?" and "has [their] child ever sustained an oral or facial injury?" The parental responses indicate that mouthguard enforcement is the responsibility of both parents and coaches. Of the total injuries reported, 19% were sustained in basketball, 17% in baseball, and 11% in soccer. Despite these high injury rates, however, there was a lack of perceived need for mouthguard use in these sports. When asked which sports should require a mouthguard rule, the sports that generated the most responses were, in decreasing order, football, boxing, ice hockey, wrestling, field hockey, and karate. Parents were more likely to require mouthguards for their sons than daughters, and more likely to require them for their children who participated in a mandatory mouthguard sport, a contact sport, or who had been previously injured. The authors conclude that because parents view themselves as equally responsible as coaches for maintaining mouthguard use, both groups should be targeted and approached as a possible source for the recommendation of mandatory mouthguard rules in basketball, baseball, and soccer.     

I doubt therefore I coach: Critical moments in coaching practice.

How can coaches learn from moments and incidents in their own practice, particularly from moments that somehow feel critical? How can they improve working with the tension and anxiety that such moments will generate, and how might they even make use of such tensions? This is the first report of a research project into critical moments in coaching practice, which looks at critical moments of relatively inexperienced coaches. The second report, which looks at critical moments of much more experienced coaches, can be found as a companion article in this same issue. The sample size of the inexperienced coaches was 65 and 49 coaches communicating a total of 56 critical moments. Analysis of the moments revealed that they were all somehow related to a doubt that the coach had, so doubt seemed to be the overriding form of tension for the inexperienced coach. The type and nature of doubts are analyzed and the possible impact of (in-)experience is studied. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Educating the elderly diabetic at a day hospital

Elderly people who develop diabetes should have an individual programme of education, tailor-made after assessing their physical and social needs. Avoid bombarding them with too much information, much of which may be inappropriate and even frightening. The Day Hospital, with its multidisciplinary team of nurse, doctor, social worker, physiotherapist and occupational therapist, is an ideal setting for educating and supervising the elderly diabetic. Ongoing assessment is provided through regular monitoring, education through games and group discussions, and home visits where necessary     

Dip-shaped hearing loss of Békésy audiogram in high school students

Small dip-shaped hearing loss may be frequently observed on Bekesy audiograms in ears without any hearing loss on pure tone audiograms. Hearing tests and otoacoustic emission measurements were performed in club member of 2 senior high schools (K-D School and S-D School), in order to determine any relationship between inner ear impairments and the small dips on Bekesy audiograms. In the kendo, soccer, tennis and orchestral music clubs of K-D School micro-dips in depth over 10 dB were found to have incidences between 40% and 53%, and the micro-dips were distributed in frequencies above 5 kHz. In the of kendo, tennis, brass band and tea ceremony clubs of S-D School the incidences of micro-dips ears were between 30% and 48%, and the micro-dips tended to be distributed in higher frequencies except in the tea ceremony club. The micro-dips in the ears of the tea ceremony club members were distributed over all the frequencies examined, but most of them disappeared when counted for dip size above 15 dB remaining an ear at 7.5 kHz. Incidences of earphone or headphone users as a hobby were in the range of 30 to 70% in members of all clubs. There were no characteristic findings of clubs in the incidences of the earphone or headphone users. The degree of association between the micro-dip ears and the use of earphone or headphone was low. C-EOAEs which had a 6 ms or longer duration of evoked otoacoustic emissions were detected with an incidence of 40 to 65% and there was a significant association between the micro-dip ears and the C-EOAE ears. Incidences of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions were between 26% and 28% in all clubs and there were differences in the incidences between sexes. The frequency distribution of the spontaneous otoacoustic emissions were remarkably different to that of the micro-dips. To determine whether the C-EOAEs express a predisposition to inner ear susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss and to ascertain that the micro-dip is a precursor notice to noise-induced hearing loss, further follow-up surveys are needed.     

Medical consequences of the 15th Eleven-Cities skating marathon

The 15th Dutch Eleven Cities ice skating marathon was run on Saturday 4th January 1997. Numerous measures were taken to reduce the risk of accidents: active or standby were 7 hospitals, 3 helicopters for transport of casualties, 60 first-aid stations along the route, 600 first-aiders, 120 Red Cross workers, 50 GPs, 10 diving teams and a large police presence. A total of 150 ambulance rides were made and 151 skaters with 179 injuries were treated in the hospitals. The number of treatments administered in the first-aid stations was 2393 (14.3% of the total number of participants), including 829 cases of frostbite/hypothermia. Of the 16,387 participants of 1997, 11,523 (70.3%) finished.     

"I knew we would win": Hindsight bias for favorable and unfavorable team decision outcomes.

This study examined hindsight bias for team decisions in a competitive setting in which groups attempted to outperform each other. It was anticipated that, because of self-serving mechanisms, individuals would show hindsight bias only when decision outcomes allowed them to take credit for their own team's success or to downgrade another team for being unsuccessful. MBA students playing a market simulation game made hindsight estimates regarding the likelihood that either their own or another team would perform well. Consistent with a self-serving interpretation, when decision outcomes were favorable individuals evaluating their own team, but not those evaluating another, showed hindsight bias. When outcomes were unfavorable individuals evaluating their own team did not show hindsight bias, but those evaluating another team did. Discussion focuses on implications of hindsight bias in team decision-making settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Executive coaching: An outcome study.

While executive coaching continues to mushroom as a practice area, there has been little outcome research. This article presents the results of a study that explored factors influencing the choice of a coach, executives' reactions to working with a coach, the pros and cons of both internal and external coaches, the focus of executive coaching engagements, indications of successful coaching engagements, coaching tools executives favored, and the sustainability of coached executives' learning and behavior change. The author also raises a question about which executives are most likely to benefit from this development resource and presents a typology for gauging this issue. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Breast neoplasms: information in question(s). A survey of patients and physicians at a cancer treatment center

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to know the wishes of our patients for information and to compare them with the point of view of our colleagues in a cancer center. METHODS: We gave 100 consecutive new patients with breast cancer a questionnaire about their needs. The same questionnaire was given in duplicate to all our colleagues in the cancer center (n = 53) asking: 1) their own needs of information if they had breast cancer 2) how they thought the patients would answer. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of the patients and 81% of the doctors returned the questionnaire (28 were men and 15 women; 81% were involved in the management of breast cancer). On one hand, concerning information about the disease and about the treatment, there was no difference between the needs expressed by patients of doctors (as patients). As expected, the two groups wanted to be well informed. On the other hand, there was always a statistically significant difference between the needs expressed by patients and the opinion of doctors who systematically underestimated them. Concerning information to the family, 21% of doctors and only 4% of patients didn't want any information to be given to their family. Interestingly, 67% of the patients thought the decision had to be taken together with the doctor and 56% of the doctors (as patients) wished the decision to be taken by the doctor. CONCLUSION: Patients and physicians if they were patients, expressed the same high level need of information, but the patients needs seemed underestimated by the majority of doctors.     

The emerging role of the internal coach.

Growing from the demand for flexible, targeted development options and the acceptance of executive coaching emerges the role of the internal coach, a professional within an organization who, as a formal part of his or her job, coaches managers and executives. This article identifies this trend, defines the role of the internal coach, compares it with external coaching, and outlines the key issues that need to be addressed in delivering internal coaching programs. It is hoped that this material provides a foundation for future investigation and discussion as the internal coach role matures into a valuable and frequently used tool in management and executive development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MR imaging of the inner ear and cerebellopontine angle: comparison of three-dimensional and two-dimensional sequences

OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of chronic traumatic brain injury in professional soccer players. METHODS: Fifty-three active professional soccer players from several professional Dutch soccer clubs were compared with a control group of 27 elite noncontact sport athletes. All participants underwent neuropsychological examination. The main outcome measures were neuropsychological tests proven to be sensitive to cognitive changes incurred during contact and collision sports. RESULTS: The professional soccer players exhibited impaired performances in memory, planning, and visuoperceptual processing when compared with control subjects. Among professional soccer players, performance on memory, planning, and visuoperceptual tasks were inversely related to the number of concussions incurred in soccer and the frequency of "heading" the ball. Performance on neuropsychological testing also varied according to field position, with forward and defensive players exhibiting more impairment. CONCLUSION: Participation in professional soccer may affect adversely some aspects of cognitive functioning (i.e., memory, planning, and visuoperceptual processing).     

Prehospital emergency rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia

OBJECTIVE: To determine the number of and reasons for rapid sequence inductions done by accident and emergency (A&E) doctors out of hospital as part of the activities of the MEDIC 1 Flying Squad. "Rapid sequence induction" was defined as any attempted endotracheal intubation accompanied by use of drugs to assist intubation and ventilation, including opiates, benzodiazepines, intravenous and topical anaesthetics, and neuromuscular blocking drugs. METHODS: Retrospective study of all MEDIC 1 and A&E records over the period 1 February 1993 to 28 February 1996 (37 months). The anaesthetic technique used, drugs used, complications, difficulties, reasons for induction out of hospital, and grade of doctor performing the technique were determined. RESULTS: Various anaesthetic techniques were used to secure the airway definitively by endotracheal intubation. Several difficulties were encountered in the prehospital setting, all of which were dealt with successfully. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of complications related to rapid sequence induction in prehospital care suggests that this technique is safe when done by A&E doctors on appropriate patients.     

Opportunity for obligatory declaration of HIV infection from its serologic stage

Although in-vitro fertilization treatment is doctor-led, many of its steps are performed by nurses. The embryo transfer step, however, is performed exclusively by doctors in the majority of units. In our unit, doctors performed embryo transfers from June 1994 until December 1995 (period I). From January 1996 until May 1997 (period II) the nurses, after appropriate training, performed the procedure. When they experienced difficulties during the mock transfer performed immediately before the real transfer, or if they were not available to do the procedure, a doctor performed it. In period I, 488 embryo transfers were performed (all by doctors), with a pregnancy rate per transfer of 35% and an implantation rate of 16%. In period II, 522 embryo transfers were performed. Nurses performed 371 (71%) and doctors 151 (29%) of the procedures. The pregnancy rate per nurse-transfer was 40.2% and per doctor-transfer 41%. The corresponding implantation rates were 16.9% and 17%. None of these differences were statistically significant (P > 0.05). These data indicate that, with appropriate training and medical back-up, nurses can perform the majority of embryo transfers with ease and outcome comparable to that of doctor embryo transfer.     

Groin pain in the soccer athlete: fact, fiction, and treatment

Groin pain in the soccer athlete is a common problem accounting for 5% of soccer injuries. Groin distribution has proved to be the most common cause of groin pain. Other causes are direct trauma, ostetis pubis, muscle injuries, fractures, bursitis, hip problems, and hernia and referred pain. Soccer players with groin pain present a complex management problem that is discussed.