Transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication in artificial knee joint with non-Newtonian fluids

This paper presents the transient analysis of a human artificial knee joint under elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) for point contact with non-Newtonian lubricants. The artificial knee joints use ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) against metal with time-varying speed and load during walking. This numerical simulation employed a perturbation method, Newton Raphson method and multigrid method with full approximation technique to solve simultaneously both the time-dependent Reynolds equation, with non-Newtonian fluid based on a Carreau model, and the elasticity equation.The general numerical schemes are implemented to investigate the characteristics of elastohydrodynamic lubrication in human artificial knee joints; profiles of pressure and film thickness are determined, with varying material and lubricant properties, applied loads and speeds. The results show that the elastohydrodynamic fluid film thickness between the metallic component of the artificial knee joint and the soft polyethylene bearing becomes larger as the contact area increases and the fluid film pressure decreases. At the beginning of the first walking cycle, the film thickness is lower than in subsequent cycles because of the time required to develop the fluid film; after the first cycle, the fluid film is similar for every cycle and is dependent on transient applied load and speed during human movement.     

涂层材料热特性参数对点接触弹流润滑的影响

为探究涂层材料热特性参数对点接触弹流润滑的影响,选择3种不同方法制备的类金刚石（DLC）涂层和氧化锆陶瓷涂层,构建考虑涂层热特性的点接触弹流润滑模型,分析涂层材料、涂层厚度和润滑剂的流变性对接触区润滑性能的影响。结果表明：在弹流润滑状态下具有不同热特性的4种表面涂层导致了膜厚的差异,固体表面温度及润滑区温度场会随涂层热惯性变化;热惯性最小的DLC涂层加在快速运动表面能获得更高的膜厚;随着涂层厚度的增加,会引起固体表面的温度升高,使摩擦因数降低;非牛顿流体对压力、膜厚的影响很小,但与牛顿流体相比,能获得相对较低的温度。在弹流润滑状态下,涂层覆在快表面对于减小摩擦、提高膜厚是有益的。     

非对称梯度功能材料聚合物齿轮的瞬态弹流润滑分析

梯度功能材料是一种应用广泛的新型复合材料,其制成的齿轮有着独特的性能。为研究梯度功能材料对齿轮的润滑性能的影响,用多重网格法对非对称聚合物齿轮进行瞬态弹流润滑分析,比较均质复合材料齿轮与梯度功能材料齿轮的润滑性能,分析梯度功能材料齿轮分别作为主动轮与从动轮时的齿轮润滑规律,研究梯度功能材料的热性能对齿轮润滑的影响。结果表明:梯度功能材料能够减小齿轮润滑压力,增大润滑膜厚,从而有效改善齿轮润滑;梯度功能材料齿轮作为从动轮时对齿轮润滑较为有利。热弹流润滑分析表明,梯度功能材料齿轮作为从动轮时齿轮啮入的润滑温度较低,其作为主动轮则相对有利于其后的热弹流润滑。     

航空发动机主轴圆柱滚子轴承弹流动态性能仿真

基于现代弹流理论和弹性力学理论建立了圆柱滚子轴承等温稳态、非等温时变及其接触面粗糙的热弹流分析模型和应力分析模型,用数值分析方法对模型进行了求解,并对圆柱滚子轴承弹流动态性能和滚动体接触应力进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,轴承速度、载荷、粗糙度是影响轴承弹流性能的主要因素;在不考虑其它因素情况下,接触区内中部的接触应力最高。     

Metal-on-metal hip joint tribology

The basic tribological features of metal-on-metal total hip replacements have been reviewed to facilitate an understanding of the engineering science underpinning the renaissance of these hard-on-hard joints. Metal-on-polymer hip replacements operate in the boundary lubrication regime, thus leading to the design guidance to reduce the femoral head diameter as much as is feasible to minimize frictional torque and volumetric wear. This explains why the gold-standard implant of this form from the past half-century had a diameter of only 22.225 mm (7/8 in). Metal-on-metal implants can operate in the mild mixed lubrication regime in which much of the applied load is supported by elastohydrodynamic films. Correct tribological design leads to remarkably low steady state wear rates. Promotion of the most effective elastohydrodynamic films calls for the largest possible head diameters and the smallest clearances that can reasonably be adopted, consistent with fine surface finishes, good sphericity and minimal structural elastic deformation of the cup on its foundations. This guidance, which is opposite in form to that developed for metal-on-polymer joints, is equally valid for solid (monolithic) metallic heads on metallic femoral stems and surface replacement femoral shells. Laboratory measurements of friction and wear in metal-on-metal joints have confirmed their potential to achieve a very mild form of mixed lubrication. The key lies in the generation of effective elastohydrodynamic lubricating films of adequate thickness compared with the composite roughness of the head and cup. The calculation of the film thickness is by no means easy, but the full procedure is outlined and the use of an empirical formula that displays good agreement with calculations based upon the full numerical solutions is explained. The representation of the lambda ratio, lambda, embracing both film thickness and composite roughness, is described.     

凸轮的弹性流体动力润滑的探讨

本文应用弹性流体动力润滑理论,探讨了凸轮机构形成弹性流体动力润滑的条件。     

Enhanced friction model for high-speed right-angle gear dynamics

The modeling of elastohydrodynamic lubrication friction and the analysis of its dynamic effect on right-angle gears, such as hypoid and spiral bevel types are performed in the present study. Unlike the classically applied empirical constant coefficient of friction at the contacting tooth surfaces, the enhanced physics-based gear mesh friction model is both spatial and time-varying. The underlying formulation assumes mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) condition in which the division and load distribution between the full film and asperity contact zones are determined by the film thickness ratio and load sharing coefficient. In the proposed time-varying friction model, the calculation of friction coefficient is performed at each contact grid inside the instantaneous contact area that is being subjected to mineral oil lubrication. The effective friction coefficient and directional parameters synthesized from the net frictional and normal contact forces are then incorporated into a nonlinear time-varying right-angle gear dynamic model. Using this model, the effect of friction on the gear dynamic response due to the transmission error and mesh excitations is analyzed. Also, parametric studies are performed by varying torque, surface roughness and lubrication properties to understand the salient role of tooth sliding friction in gear dynamics. The simulation results are included. But experimental verification is needed.     

Importance of head diameter, clearance, and cup wall thickness in elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing prostheses

The main design features of metal-on-metal (MOM) hip resurfacing prostheses in promoting elastohydrodynamic lubrication were investigated in the present study, including the femoral head diameter, the clearance, and the cup wall thickness. Simplified conceptual models were developed, based on equivalent uniform wall thicknesses for both the cup and the head as well as the support materials representing bone and cement, and subsequently used for elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis. Both typical first- and second-generation MOM hip resurfacing prostheses with different clearances and cup wall thicknesses were considered with a fixed large bearing diameter of 50 mm, as well as a 28 mm diameter MOM total hip replacement bearing for the purpose of comparison. The importance of the head diameter and the clearance in promoting elastohydrodynamic lubrication was confirmed. Furthermore, it was also predicted that a relatively thin acetabular cup in the more recently introduced second-generation MOM hip resurfacing prostheses would be capable of improving elastohydrodynamic lubrication even further.     

用柔度矩阵法对径向滑动轴承的弹流润滑分析

对径向滑动轴承进行了弹流润滑分析 ,利用了有限元软件MARC产生柔度矩阵 ,以近似计算轴承的弹性变形。对比分析了径向轴承的刚性流体润滑性能和弹性流体润滑性能。计算结果和已有文献资料良好吻合 ,表明在弹流润滑分析中用柔度矩阵法计算弹性变形具有良好的精度。     

基于接触应力及润滑特性分析的配气凸轮基圆半径计算

平底配气凸轮机构凸轮基圆半径的选择将直接影响凸轮机构的结构尺寸、接触应力和润滑性能。利用赫兹应力公式对平底配气凸轮机构接触应力进行分析,利用弹性流体润滑理论对其进行弹性流体动力润滑分析,得到了基圆半径与接触应力和润滑系数间的关系。结果表明：增大凸轮基圆半径可以降低凸轮接触应力,但却不一定能改善凸轮润滑情况;对于给定从动件运动规律的平底配气凸轮机构,利用赫兹应力公式和弹性流体润滑理论同时对基圆半径的取值范围进行约束,才能使配气凸轮同时满足接触应力和润滑要求,从而保证配气机构的可靠性和耐久性。     

变位斜齿轮的热弹流润滑数值分析

运用斜齿轮有限长线接触数学模型,对渐开线变位斜齿轮进行热弹流润滑数值分析;分析正变位、负变位、等变位3种变位系数下斜齿轮的热弹流润滑状态,计算不同变位系数下斜齿轮的油膜压力、膜厚及温升,并与标准斜齿轮传动计算结果进行比较。结果表明:热弹流润滑条件下,斜齿轮的变位对油膜压力影响不大,对膜厚有较大的影响;变位斜齿轮正传动时,随变位系数的增大,压力减小,膜厚增大;沿最长接触线时,与标准斜齿轮的传动相比,变位斜齿轮正变位系数下压力最小、膜厚最大、温度最低,因此,选择正变位系数更有利于斜齿轮的润滑。     

点接触润滑状态转化的实验观察

利用球-盘接触润滑油膜厚度的光干涉测量法，通过卷吸速度或载荷的改变实验研究了弹性流体动力润滑与流体动力润滑转化过程中油膜厚度的变化规律。实验结果显示这2种润滑状态之间存在明显的过渡区。与已有的理论一致，在弹性流体动力润滑区和流体动力润滑区，油膜厚度与卷吸速度或载荷在对数坐标中呈直线关系。在两者的过渡区，固体表面的弹性变形量随卷吸速度或载荷的变化发生明显的变化，油膜厚度与速度或载荷的关系不再为对数坐标中简单的线性关系。使用已有的润滑状态区理论不能得到实验观测到的润滑状态的转化过渡区。     

基于滚道表面粗糙的高速圆柱滚子轴承弹流的理论分析

建立了基于表面粗糙的高速圆柱滚子轴承非稳态时变热弹流分析模型,分析了轴承滚道与滚动体接触表面粗糙度幅值大小及其方向对轴承弹流性能的影响。理论分析表明：轴承接触表面粗糙纹理方向、粗糙度幅值及其粗糙度波长对高速圆柱滚子轴承的弹流特性具有显著的影响;合理选择轴承接触表面粗糙度幅值、波长及纹理方向,可以有效改善高速圆柱滚子轴承的弹流特性。     

基于弹流润滑的滚子轴承参数研究

基于弹流润滑理论研究滚子轴承结构参数对其润滑特性的影响。结合弹性接触变形方程以及流体动力学润滑方程,建立适合于滚子轴承的弹流润滑模型,研究在不同椭圆率、载荷、卷吸速度以及黏度等因素作用下滚子轴承的摩擦学性能变化规律。结果表明：椭圆率、载荷、卷吸速度以及黏度会不同程度地影响压力峰值及二次压力峰等参数;随着椭圆率的增大,油膜厚度以及压力显著增大;随着载荷的增大,总体压力、压力峰值、二次压力峰及其尖锐度明显增大,但最小油膜厚度略有下降;黏度与最小油膜厚度以及压力存在着明显正相关关系;卷吸速度与油膜厚度存在着微弱正相关关系,与油膜压力存在着微弱负相关关系。因此,一定程度上增大椭圆率并减小载荷,有利于提高润滑性能。     

渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮非牛顿瞬态弹流润滑分析

齿轮的润滑设计都是应用理想牛顿流体的结果,但实际上,在中、轻载荷下Ree Eyring流体更符合实际。因 此研究齿轮在非牛顿润滑下的瞬态弹流机理,对于指导齿轮润滑问题的设计更具有工程实际价值。本文应用数值 稳定性好、收敛速度快和计算精度高的多重网格算法,得到了用Ree Eyring流体润滑的齿轮瞬态弹流问题的完全数 值解。     

摆动活齿传动的润滑性能及影响因素分析

在分析摆动活齿传动的啮合原理和载荷分布的基础上，应用弹性流体动力润滑理论对摆动活齿传动进行了研究，分析了该种传动所处的润滑状态，揭示了油膜厚度的分布规律，讨论了最小油膜厚度的影响因素。结果表明：活齿与激波器啮合处，主要处于刚性-变粘度润滑区，而活齿与内齿圈啮合处，主要处于弹性-变粘度润滑区；在摆动活齿传动中，在活齿啮入、啮出以及齿圈曲线拐点附近，油膜厚度较小，容易发生磨损、胶合；摆动活齿传动低副等效机构的机构参数对油膜厚度分布和最小油膜厚度都存在不同程度的影响。在允许范围内，适当调整摆动活齿传动等效机构参数，有利于啮合副油膜的形成并可增大最小油膜厚度。从而提高摆动活齿传动的承载能力。     

Changes in the stress field in the elastohydrodynamic contact zone due to some operating factors and their possible role in the rolling contact fatigue of cylindrical surfaces

A theoretical analysis has been carried out of changes in the stress field in the elastohydrodynamic contact zone of cylindrical surfaces due to operating variables. Their possible role in rolling contact fatigue has been assessed by accelerated rolling contact fatigue tests. The results show that changes of the elastohydrodynamic pressure distribution in the contact zone associated with increase of the viscosity-velocity parameter induce considerable changes in the stress field in the contact zone. The poor correlation of rolling contact fatigue life with material effects according to elastohydrodynamic theory and the considerable changes in rolling contact fatigue life due to lubrication effects suggests that the explanation lies outside elastohydrodynamic theory and possibly in the theory of asperity lubrication.     

计入曲轴受载变形的粗糙表面曲轴轴承弹性流体动力润滑分析

对一四缸内燃机曲轴轴承进行了计入曲轴受载变形和表面形貌的弹性流体动力润滑分析.计算中采用动力学法进行曲轴轴承的润滑分析,采用变形矩阵法计算油膜压力作用下轴瓦表面的变形.结果表明,表面形貌对曲轴轴承轴心轨迹影响较大,表面弹性变形对曲轴轴承轴心轨迹影响很小;计入表面形貌,曲轴轴承最大油膜压力增大显著,最小油膜厚度明显减小,端泄流量在大部分时间几乎没有变化;计入表面弹性变形,轴承最大油膜压力基本都有不同程度的减小;表面弹性变形对端泄流量、轴颈摩擦因数以及最小油膜厚度的影响甚小.     

时变性对圆柱齿轮弹流润滑的影响

基于有限长线接触弹流理论，分析了时变性对圆柱直齿轮弹流润滑的影响，研究了动力粘度、卷吸速度与曲率半径的变化对弹性流体动力润滑油膜厚度的影响，探讨了其中的规律，得到了时变条件下齿轮弹流润滑的基本规律，提出了改进齿轮润滑效果的措施。     

脂润滑轮毂轴承弹流润滑数值分析

基于Ostwald模型建立脂润滑控制方程,运用多重网格法求得等温线接触脂润滑弹性流体动力润滑数值解,得到钢球-沟道的压力分布、油膜形状及最小油膜厚度。针对轿车轮毂轴承的典型应用工况条件,分析工况参数对油膜压力分布和油膜形状的影响。结果表明:脂润滑弹流膜具有与油润滑膜相同的二次压力峰和出口颈缩现象。在轿车轮毂轴承可能的承载条件下,随着载荷的减小,二次压力峰的高度降低,其位置向入口区移动;一定承载条件下,速度增加时,膜厚相应增加,油膜的平行部分缩短,二次压力峰的高度增加,其位置也向入口区移动;一定承载和卷吸速度下,润滑脂流变参数增大时,二次压力峰的高度升高,其位置向入口区移动,膜厚相应增加。