Microscopic characteristics of different fracture modes of brittle rock

Ａｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｒｅ ｖｅａｌｓｔｈａｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗｏｒｋｏｎｒｏｃｋｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｍｅｃｈａｎ ｉｃｓｈａｓｍａｉｎｌｙｆｏｃｕｓｅｄｏｎＭｏｄｅⅠｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ (ｏｐｅｎ ｉｎｇｍｏｄｅ) ,ｉｎｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ,ｏｎＭｏｄｅⅠｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｔｏｕｇｈｎｅｓｓｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ[1 2 ] .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｐｒｅ ｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｃｒａｃｋｓｉｎｒｏｃｋｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｏｒｄｉｓｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｒｏｃｋｍａｓｓｅｓａｒｅｓｅ…     

Rock fracture under anti-plane shear (Mode III) loading

Anti-plane punch-through shear test and anti-plane four-point bending test are used to study the crack initiation and propagation under anti-plane shear (Mode III) loading. The tensile and shear stresses at the crack tip are calcualted by finite element method. The results show that under Mode III loading the maximum principal stress σ₁ at crack tip is smaller or a little larger than the maximum shear stress τ_max. Since the tensile strength of brittle rock is much lower than its shear strength, σ₁ is easy to reach its critical value before τ_max reaches its critical value and thus results in Mode I fracture. The fracture trajectory is helicoid and the normal direction of tangential plane with the fractured helicoid is along the predicted direction of the maximum principal stress at the notch tip. It is further proved that Mode I instead of Mode III fracture occurs in brittle rock under Mode III loading. The fracture mode depending on the fracture mechanism must be distinguished from the loading form. Foundation item: Project (50374073) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; project (2002032256) supported by the Postdoctor Science Foundation of China     

Use of double edge-cracked Brazilian disk geometry for compression-shear fracture investigation of rock

A new specimen geometry-the double edge-cracked Brazilian disk and a relevant fracture analysis by weight function method are proposed for the investigation of rock fracture caused by compression-shear loading. Not only can the mixed mode fracture with any ratio of KI /KII be achieved, but also the pure mode n crack extension can be obtained. The combined mode fracture analysis for this geometry shows that diametral compression in the far-field can induce a compression-shear stress state in the singular stress field ahead of crack tips. Experimental investigations conducted on marble specimens show that the pure mode [I crack extension can be obtained when the dimen-sionless crack length a>0. 7 and the inclined crack angle 5°≤ψ≤40°. Normalized mode I and mode II stress intensity factors decrease from -0. 45 and 2. 47 at ψ= 5° to - 1. 65 and 1. 52 at ψ=40°, respectively. The strains at three points of specimen are also measured in order to investigate the influence of stress singularity on initi     

确定现代陶瓷材料断裂韧度的人字形裂纹法

人字形裂纹法是测量脆性材料平面应变断裂韧度K_1值最有效的方法。试验期间,裂纹在人字形切口的端部形成,随着载荷的增加而稳定地扩展。人字形切口法的优点是在加载试验的早期阶段就自然形成了一个锐型裂纹,而不再需要制作预裂纹。对于特定的试样和裂口几何形状,最大荷载与裂纹长度有关,而与材料无关。用此最大荷载可以确定断裂韧度,而不再需要测量裂纹的长度。     

混凝土预制缺口梁试件拉张破裂数值模拟

目的针对混凝土抗压不抗拉的特性,探讨混凝土预制缺口梁断裂过程中裂纹尖端应力分布及裂纹扩展规律．方法采用拉张破裂有限元软件,对预制缺口在梁的顶部和在底部不同位置的模型进行数值模拟,描述拉张破裂后形成的不连续面．结果得出了不同方案中预制梁受拉破裂的破坏形式．缺口到梁跨度中心线的距离越小,梁试件底部拉应力区域越小;缺口到梁跨度中心线的距离越大,梁试件底部的拉应力区域越大．结论由不同方案破坏形式可以看出,缺口梁受拉应力作用发生破裂,形成不连续面;随着破裂面的形成与发展,混凝土梁的结构形式发生相应改变,导致应力状态随之调整．缺口的位置直接影响梁结构的破裂方式,缺口到梁跨度中心线的距离在一定的范围内,缺口控制着梁破坏的形式,破裂沿缺口发展;超出范围以后,缺口的存在不影响梁的破坏形式,破裂的形成、发展形式与无缺口梁的破坏形式相同．     

Mode II fracture analysis of double edge cracked circular disk subjected to different diametral compression

A detailed analysis of modeⅡstress intensity factors(SIFs) for the double edge cracked Brazilian disk subjected to different diametral compression is presented using a weight function method. The mode Ⅱ SIFs at crack tips can be obtained by simply calculating an integral of the product of mode Ⅱ weight function and the shear stress on the prospective crack faces of uncracked disk loaded by a diametral compression. A semi-analytical formula for the calculation of normalized mode Ⅱ SIF, fⅡ , is derived for different crack lengths (from 0.1 to 0.7) and inclination angles (from 10^。 to 75^。) with respect to loading direction. Comparison between the obtained results and finite element method solutions shows that the weight function method is of high precision. Combined with the authors‘ previous work on modeⅠfracture analysis, the new specimen geometry can be used to study fracture through any combination of mode Ⅰ and mode Ⅱ loading by a simple alignment of the crack relative to the diameter of compression loading, and to obtain pure mode Ⅱ crack extension. Another advantage of this specimen geometry is that it is available directly from rock core and is also easy to fabricate.     

Analysis of brittle fracture due to compressive loading using center-cracked Brazilian disk

Ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｔｏｕｇｈｎｅｓｏｆｂｒｉｔｌｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｉｓｏｆｇｒｅａｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｉｎｍｉｎｉｎｇａｎｄｇｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｇｉｎｅｒｉｎｇ．Ａｖａｒｉｅｔｙｏｆｓｐｅｃｉｍｅｎｇｅｏｍｅｔ...     

岩石动态断裂韧度温度相关性的实验研究

利用CCCD—SHPB（CentralCrackedCircularDisk—SplitHopkinsonPressureBar）试验系统对花岗岩试件实施同一加载速率、不同温度下的纯I加载试验,进而研究环境温度对岩石类材料动态断裂性能的影响。实验过程中控制加载脉冲,使得测试试件的加载速率基本一致,测得不同温度下试件两端平均栽荷P随时间的变化关系,将最大P-max心裂纹圆盘应力强度因子墨公式,获得不同温度下中心裂纹巴西圆盘岩石试件的动态断裂韧度蜀。。测试结果表明,温度处于10—100℃时,花岗岩动态断裂韧度K-Id温度的升高逐步下降,近似呈线性关系。     

Dynamic Mode Ⅱ fracture behavior of rocks under hydrostatic pressure using the short core in compression(SCC) method

The shear failure of rocks under both a static triaxial stress and a dynamic disturbance is common in deep underground engineering and it is therefore essential for the design of underground engineering to quantitively estimate the dynamic Mode Ⅱ fracture toughness K_(ⅡC)of rocks under a triaxial stress state.However, the method for determining the dynamic K_(ⅡC)of rocks under a triaxial stress has not been developed yet. With an optimal sample preparation, the short core in compression(SCC) method was designed and verified in this study to measure the dynamic K_(ⅡC)of Fangshan marble(FM) subjected to different hydrostatic pressures through a triaxial dynamic testing system. The formula for calculating the dynamic K_(ⅡC)of the rock SCC specimen under hydrostatic pressures was obtained by using the finite element method in combination with secondary cracks. The experimental results indicate that the failure mode of the rock SCC specimen under a hydrostatic pressure is the shear fracture and the K_(ⅡC)of FM increases as the loading rate. In addition, at a given loading rate the dynamic rock K_(ⅡC)is barely affected by hydrostatic pressures. Another important observation is that the dynamic fracture energy of FM enhances with loading rates and hydrostatic pressures.     

激光预制裂纹槽的断裂分析

进行了单边激光加工裂纹槽试样轴向拉伸试验。试样取自用高碳微合金非调质钢(C70S6)锻造的连杆。分析了激光预制裂纹槽对材料断裂的影响,并与线切割和拉削加工裂纹槽拉伸断裂试样进行了断口分析和断裂载荷的对比。结果表明:采用激光预制裂纹槽试样的断口具有最小的裂尖塑性变形区域,与有相同裂纹槽深度的线切割和拉削加工裂纹槽试样相比,其拉伸断裂载荷分别小20%和30%左右。在试验结果基础上确定了激光加工裂纹槽的等效临界应力强度因子为25.51 MPa.m1/2。本文结果可用于激光预制裂纹槽的连杆裂解载荷参数计算。     

Experimental and theoretical study of static-dynamic mixed mode brittle fracture of rock

Ｖａｒｉｏｕｓｍｏｄｅ－Ⅰｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｔｈｅｏｒｙｏｆｌｉｎｅａｒｅｌａｓｔｉｃｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓａｒｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｎｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｓ．Ｔｏａｎａｌｙｓｅ...     

Fracture and tensile properties of polyvinyl alcohol fiber reinforced cementitous composites

Experiments were carried out to design polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） fiber reinforced cementitous composites （PVA-FRCCs） holding high ductility and energy consumption ability. Besides, the properties of each ingredients in composites, mixing method and technology for fresh mixture were described in detail. Then, the pseudo-strain-hardening （PSH） behavior was investigated in uniaxial tension test. As a result, the maximum ultimate tensile strain can reach 0.7 percent. On the other hand, the single edge notch （SEN） thin sheet specimens were employed to gain the normal tensile load via crack mouth opening displacement （CMOD） curves, which can show obvious PSH behavior. In addition, the curves can be divided into four zones whose fracture toughness calculation methods were discussed. The wedge splitting （WS） test method can be applied to discuss the fracture toughness. Moreover, fracture energy of SEN and WS specimens were both approximately evaluated.     

中等厚度高强钢缺口板断裂试验及数值分析

为研究中等厚度高强钢断裂机理,对厚度为16mm的Q345缺口板和开孔板各10个试件进行了拉伸断裂试验,研究了缺口尖锐度对中等厚度高强钢断裂模式的影响.试验表明,初始裂纹形成于缺口边缘内侧,缺口较尖锐的试件断裂延性较低,初始开裂点位于载荷位移曲线的强化阶段,呈脆性断裂;缺口较钝的试件断裂点位于载荷位移曲线的下降段,呈延性断裂.对高强钢缺口板和开孔板断裂试验进行了基于广义屈服模型和椭球面断裂模型的数值模拟和断裂分析,结果表明,金属椭球面断裂模型对预测中等厚度高强钢缺口板和开孔板的初始开裂有较高精度,但对中等厚度高强钢延性断裂的预测偏于保守.     

A simple method of determining stress intensity factor KI from isochromatic fringe loops

A new photoelastic method of obtaining mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) is presented. The method considers the influence of far field stress, σ _ox , on the value of SIF. The only information needed for K _I calculation is the area between isochromatic fringe loops. The method is examined by two kinds of specimen in different load cases. Experimental results show that it is quite simple and of high precision. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Synopsis of the first author Chen Feng, associate professor, born in October 1949, worked on experimental fracture mechanics in Sweden from 1990 to 1995 as a visiting scholar. Major research fields include perturbation and weight function method and its application, experimental mechanics, rock fracture mechanmics.     

脉冲载荷影响岩石动态断裂韧性的有限元分析

依据岩石材料的力学性质以及中心裂纹圆盘试件在脆性材料断裂韧度测试方面的优越性,提出了在霍布金森压杆上使用中心裂纹圃盘试件来测试岩石动态断裂韧度的试验方法。利用有限元分析软件,通过对该试验系统的纯Ⅰ型加载情况下的三维动力学有限元计算,系统的分析了加载脉冲上升沿对岩石类材料动态断裂韧度测试的影响。通过比较中心裂纹圆盘试件动态应力强度因子的近场解和远场解,依据有限元分析结果确定动载荷脉冲上升沿时间对岩石动态应力强度因子的影响,从而选择合理的时间值。     

不同尺寸混凝土楔入劈拉试件双K断裂韧度试验研究与理论分析

为了研究不同尺寸的混凝土结构的断裂性能,设计了5组共20个不同截面高度的楔入劈拉试件进行混凝土断裂试验.改进了试验加载装置以抵消竖向力的作用,简化了分析计算.在双K断裂理论的基础上,采用应力强度因子叠加原理对不同截面高度的楔入劈拉试件的有效裂缝长度和双K断裂韧度进行了计算.试验结果表明:在200~700 mm设计的截面高度范围内,试件起裂荷载、失稳荷载及有效裂缝长度均随截面高度的增大而呈线性增大;起裂断裂韧度基本不受试件高度变化的影响;失稳断裂韧度在试件截面高度低于500 mm时表现出一定的尺寸效应,随试件高度增大而逐渐增大,当试件截面高度大于500 mm时其值趋于稳定,可认为是一个常数.     

冻融循环作用下危岩体稳定性劣化机制及敏感参数分析

寒区危岩体常因温度起伏而受到冻融循环作用,使其力学性能劣化;而危岩体失稳破坏的实质是主控结构面的起裂和扩展问题,建立考虑断裂韧度劣化的危岩体稳定性分析方法能为寒区危岩体工程的长期稳定性评价提供理论依据.首先,根据断裂力学及冰冻结分离压力理论,考虑冻融循环作用对岩石Ⅰ型断裂韧度的劣化和结构面冻胀力,构建冻融循环作用下危岩...     

UHTCC与钢材界面的剪切型断裂试验研究

为了将超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)应用于大跨径钢箱梁桥,研究双材料界面的力学性能. 采用无切口单边对称加载复合试件,研究UHTCC与钢材界面剪切型裂缝扩展过程. 利用数字图像相关法(DIC),验证该方法用于定量测定双材料界面剪切型断裂韧度的可行性,探究不同界面处理方式对复合试件界面剪切型断裂韧度的影响. 试验结果表明,采用UHTCC-钢材无切口单边对称加载复合试件,结合DIC技术可以实现界面纯剪切型断裂韧度的定量测试;不同界面处理方式对UHTCC与钢材界面剪切型断裂韧度的影响均较小;UHTCC与钢材界面具有较高的剪切断裂韧度,抗剪切性能良好.     

新的陶瓷缺口试件制备方法及其在断裂韧性测试中的应用

利用模压注塑的方法制出陶瓷缺口试件生坯,然后烧结制成缺口试件。这种方法制备的缺口试件其缺口半径可按需要在很大范围内变化以供选用,其最小可达几μｍ;而且缺口光洁度一致性好;可以很好地用于陶瓷材料缺口强度和断裂韧性的测试。     

铝合金摩擦搅拌焊接焊区的I/II型复合断裂研究

采用二维计算机视觉-数字图像比对技术,进行裂纹稳定扩展实时表面位移测量,定量分析了铝合金2024-T351母材及摩擦搅拌焊接后不均匀、各向异性的焊区的I/II型复合裂纹稳定扩展的断裂性能、临界COD及其分量CODI和CODII.并研究了母材及焊区裂纹的扩展路径.结果表明(1)距裂纹尖端后某一固定距离的临界COD可反映焊区的断裂韧性,(2)临界COD值反映复合裂纹的扩展受I型或II型裂纹扩展主导,(3)焊区的临界COD值对应地为母材的85%,(4)用数字图像比对技术分析I/II型裂纹的断裂性能是切实可行的一种新方法.