长泥龄改良A2/O工艺的短程硝化反硝化除磷

为解决传统A²/O工艺硝化与除磷泥龄(SRT)之间的矛盾,进一步提高低C/N(P)比生活污水同步脱氮除磷效率,采用一种改良A²/O工艺在长SRT条件下处理生活污水.试验结果表明,该工艺可有效筛选和强化反应器内活性污泥,并大量富集长SRT的反硝化除磷菌(DPAO).通过亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)淘洗阶段后,反应器在SRT=19.6d、A²O段污泥浓度(MLSS)=5.5 g·L^-1、水力停留时间(HRT)=8.2 h、污泥回流比(R)=90%、硝化液回流比(r)=250%、溶解氧(DO)=1.5～0.3 mg·L^-1,间歇曝气段HRT=4 h、曝气周期1 h曝气1 min(DO=0.3～0.5 mg·L^-1)、沉淀59 min条件下长期运行,COD、NH₄⁺-N、TP和TN的平均去除率分别为88.71%、99.2%、93.77%和89.52%,出水亚硝化率(NO₂^--N/NO_x^--N)可达97.2%,DPAO占聚磷菌(PAO)比为95.5%.污水中约72.96%的COD被DPAO合成PHA除磷,15.75%的COD由异养反硝化消耗,约41.96%和31.31%的N分别通过反硝化除磷和异养反硝化去除.剩余污泥主要由DPAO和反硝化菌增殖产生,分别占82.74%和17.24%,较传统脱氮除磷途径减少了58.76%的碳源消耗和44.6%的污泥排放.     

厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷过程的研究

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than 1mg·L^-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg·L^-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus removal decreased with 8 days SRT. When the SRT was restored to 16 days, however, the efficiency of phosphorus removal was higher than 90%.     

多段式序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺对污染物的去除效果

分段式SBR是将传统SBR的曝气和沉淀过程在时间上进行分段,在不同段数厌氧/好氧/缺氧状态下交替运行。该试验以模拟生活污水为处理对象,在有效容积为12 L的SBR反应器中进行了分段进水试验研究,结果表明:在15~30℃的温度范围内,当系统的水力停留时间为8 h,污泥龄为15 d时,COD,NH3-N,TN和TP的去除率分别可达88.9%,99.61%,78.9%和94.21%,出水水质良好,无需另加碳源。     

厌氧-好氧法污水处理厂优化运行数值模拟研究

利用FCASM3-Hydro耦合模型分别模拟研究了氧传递系数(K_(La))、污泥停留时间(SRT)、缺氧池与好氧池HRT比对杭州某厌氧-好氧法(A/O)污水处理厂营养物质去除效果的影响.结果表明,曝气量大小是影响A/O脱氮除磷效果的主要因素,在低曝气量(<2g·m~(-3))水平下,氨氮去除率将随着好氧池内曝气量的增加而提高;好氧池内曝气量过低(<0.3 g·m~(-3))或过高(>2 g·m~(-3)),都不利于磷酸盐的去除.通过对比分析模拟结果得到了该A/O污水处理厂的最佳运行工况为:K_(La)=250D~(-1)、SRT=10d,缺氧池与好氧池HRT比为1:8.     

水力停留时间对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

采用自主设计的悬浮载体生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合装置,利用硝化菌载体生物膜和反硝化聚磷菌颗粒污泥,研究水力停留时间对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响,得出最佳工艺参数。试验考查水力停留时间分别为6 h、7 h、8.5 h和10.5 h,结果表明,当水力停留时间为8.5 h时,系统的COD去除率为91.26%,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为80.68%和70.58%,厌氧释磷速率也较稳定,为0.47 mg P·（g SS）^-1·h^-1,厌氧释磷速率最高,其碳源利用率最大,反硝化除磷效率最稳定,PO₄^3--P去除率为76.50%,反硝化除磷效率为1.04 mg P·（mg NO₃^--N）^-1,所以当水力停留时间为8.5 h时,系统具有较高的脱氮除磷效率。当水力停留时间过短时,氮磷的去除不完全,过长时,系统不稳定,系统的最优水力停留时间为8.5 h。     

改良分段进水工艺处理低C/N城市污水流量优化控制

采用改良分段进水工艺处理低碳氮比(C/N<3.5)生活污水,研究流量分配对系统处理性能的影响。在其他条件不变的情况下,以实际处理效果以及物料衡算结果为依据来逐步提高首段进水比例以寻求最优的流量运行工况,共确定4组不同的进水流量分配。结果表明:在此碳氮比条件下,通过提高首段进水比例的方法并不能降低厌氧区氮氧化物的含量,甚至出现相反的情况;系统的同步硝化反硝化作用以及微生物同化作用强度对TN的去除起着至关重要的作用;首段进水比例的提高强化了厌氧区聚磷菌的释磷作用,提高了磷酸盐的去除率;综合考虑系统的脱氮除磷效能以及后续可优化空间,确定在进水流量分配比例为6:3:1的工况3为最优工况,系统出水COD、氨氮、总氮、磷酸盐浓度分别为45.98、0.04、17.47和2.43 mg·L^-1。     

温度对AOA-SBR工艺同步脱氮除磷的影响

为了提高脱氮除磷的效率,采用序批式生物反应器（SBR）工艺处理模拟生活污水,考察了不同温度下N/P、污泥龄（SRT）对厌氧/好氧/缺氧序批式生物反应器（AOA-SBR）工艺同步脱氮除磷效能的影响。结果表明：当温度为10 ℃、N/P为2～3、SRT为20 d时,NH4+-N、TN和TP去除率分别为78%、69%和56%,污泥产率YS为0.339 kgSS/(kgBOD5),污泥含磷率PC为4.68%。当温度为25 ℃、N/P为3～5、SRT为15 d时,NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除率分别为88%、83%和91%,污泥产率YS为0.253 kgSS/(kgBOD5),污泥含磷率PC为6.35%。当温度为35 ℃、N/P为5～7、SRT为10 d时,NH4+-N、TN和TP去除率分别为80%、66%和73%,污泥产率YS为0.225 kgSS/(kgBOD5),污泥含磷率PC为7.42%。污泥产率YS随着温度和污泥龄的增加而降低,通过调节温度和污泥龄能够实现污泥减量。     

城市污水自养脱氮系统中有机物与磷的回收

厌氧氨氧化的发现使开发低能耗城市污水处理技术成为可能,可通过生物吸附实现污水能源与资源的回收。强化除磷系统污泥龄(SRT)仅为2 d,系统抗冲击性强,污泥沉降性良好,污泥体积指数(SVI)低于50,可为自养脱氮系统提供稳定的进水,但系统污泥碳含量仅为37%。将反应器内好氧水力停留时间(HRT)降至 40 min后,实现有机物去除序批式反应器(SBR)的稳定运行,厌氧段COD去除率占总COD去除率的93.8%,这表明系统对有机物的去除主要为生物吸附作用,同时污泥碳含量提升至48%。由于异养菌对有机物的消耗利用与除磷菌的吸磷过程同时进行,若试验废水C/P比较低,可降低系统水力停留时间、提升碳的回收率并辅助少量的化学除磷手段,对系统厌氧搅拌时间、曝气时间及污泥龄进行优化,从而实现C与P的高效回收。     

污泥形态变化对膜生物反应器处理性能及膜污染的影响

通过对膜生物反应器(MBR)系统中污泥颗粒变化和处理模拟废水水质的监测,考察了污泥形态变化对MBR处理性能和膜污染的影响。结果表明:MBR中颗粒有保持均匀分布并缓慢减小的趋势,颗粒大小对COD去除有一定影响,对氮磷的去除影响甚微,但是会加速膜污染。     

多点进水改良型复合A2/O处理低C/N污水

以低C/N比城市生活污水为研究对象,重点考查了改良A²/O工艺的脱氮除磷性能。原水按一定比例分配给厌氧池和缺氧池,以合理分配厌氧释磷和缺氧反硝化所需的碳源;在好氧池和缺氧池中分别投加填料,以稳定系统的硝化和反硝化效果,提高系统的脱氮性能;厌氧池和缺氧池出水都直接进入好氧池。在进水COD/TN平均为5.54,HRT为11 h,SRT为15 d,MLSS为3000～4000 mg·L^-1,污泥回流比为50%条件下,通过三种不同进水分配比以及三种混合液回流比的对比试验研究,得到系统最佳进水分配比5:5,对分配脱氮和除磷所需碳源更加合理;而混合液回流比为200%,过高会破坏缺氧池的溶解氧环境,过低又会导致缺氧池反硝化作用不能充分发挥。在最优工况下COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP出水水质分别为29.7、0.1、11.8和0.42 mg·L^-1,平均去除率分别达到87.8%、99.7%、72.4%和91.3%,出水优于国家GB 18918-2002一级A排放标准,并且在缺氧池中发生了明显的反硝化除磷现象。     

Effect of an electro phosphorous removal process on phosphorous removal and membrane permeability in a pilot-scale MBR

The pilot membrane bioreactor (MBR) was equipped with an electro-coagulation process for phosphorous removal (EPR process). The effect of the EPR process on nutrient removal and membrane permeability was investigated in this study.Experiments were carried out for about 5 months with the pilot MBR that treated wastewater at a capacity of 50 m³/day. And the MBR used two different materials of the plate type membrane: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethersulfone (PES). Phosphorous ion released from the anaerobic settling tank was coagulated by electrochemical reaction with aluminum ion discharged from aluminum plate electrodes in the EPR tank. The phosphate (PO₄³⁻-P) removal efficiency and the total phosphorous (TP) removal efficiency by electro-coagulation were 89.2% and 79.9%, respectively. Results of particle size distribution (PSD) analysis showed that the particle sizes of flocs were mostly in the range of 50-150 μm, and the membrane resistance decreased significantly in the MBR as the EPR proceeded. Consequently, this study showed that the EPR process was useful for reducing trans-membrane pressure (TMP) and for removal of phosphorous in the MBR, which was operated in long sludge retention time (SRT) conditions.     

一体式MBR系统对印染废水有机物去除效果分析

采用一体式MBR系统对模拟印染废水有机物的去除效果进行了深入的研究。通过改变水力停留时间(HRT)、污泥负荷、容积负荷、曝气量等运行参数,一体式MBR系统对COD的去除率可达到90%,且COD去除率在一定程度内随着污泥负荷的增加而增加,容积负荷基本上随着水力停留时间的延长而降低。     

双污泥-诱导结晶工艺除磷脱氮试验研究

针对传统污水处理脱氮除磷工艺碳源不足、聚磷菌与硝化菌泥龄矛盾、磷资源无法有效回收利用等问题,开发出"双污泥-诱导结晶"新型工艺,对其去除有机物和脱氮除磷性能进行了考察和分析。结果表明:当进水COD为152～237mg.L-1,TP为3.92～7.68mg.L-1,TN为31.3～50.5mg.L-1,C/N比约为3.91～5.21时,COD、TN和TP平均去除率分别为93.2%、71.2%和95.7%。厌氧段COD去除量约占系统COD去除总量的85.9%。TN的去除主要由缺氧池承担,厌氧池、硝化池、缺氧池、后置曝气池TN去除量约占系统TN去除总量的31.7%、11.4%、54.9%和2.0%。结晶在除磷过程中起着主要作用,结晶除磷量平均约占总除磷量的81.5%。双污泥工艺在系统中的主要作用为辅助化学除磷和脱氮。侧流比是保证系统稳定运行的关键参数。后置曝气池对超越污泥中COD和氨氮的去除有重要作用。     

Mathematical modeling of aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) using activated sludge model no. 1 (ASM1)

Activated sludge model no. 1 (ASM1) was applied to an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating dilute municipal wastewater. The model for the aerobic MBR was calibrated using the data collected from a lab-scale aerobic MBR using AQUASIM 2.0. The performance of MBR process in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and ammonia nitrogen (SNH) nitrification was studied at different operating conditions such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), solid retention time (SRT) and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations. The characteristics of influent wastewater, pre-settled primary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (City of Elmhurst WWTP, Elmhurst, IL, USA), were determined in the laboratory and used for the calibration of the model. The results from the simulations provided a better understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of the MBR process including sludge removal.     

新型厌氧反应器COD去除影响因素研究

以模拟高浓度有机废水为研究对象,采用新型厌氧反应器对COD去除影响因素进行了为期4个月的试验研究,考察了污泥负荷、水力停留时间(HRT)、容积负荷、进水COD、VFA、出水SS等因素对COD去除的影响。结果表明,影响COD去除的主要因素是污泥负荷、HRT和容积负荷,次要因素是进水COD、VFA和出水SS,当反应器内COD污泥负荷在0.297 2～0.464 7 kg.kg-1.d-1之间、HRT=7 h时,COD的去除效率维持在72%～90%。     

改进的SBR对城市污水脱氮除磷性能的研究

阐述了影响SBR脱氮除磷的因素（如污泥颗粒化、沉淀时间、进水COD负荷等）和最佳条件。取一定体积的城市污水,测量其进水COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷,并通过向SBR反应器污水中接种城市废水絮凝污泥,设定不同的循环周期,改变每个周期的沉淀时间等改进,培养颗粒化污泥促进其对处理结果的影响。通过实验得出水力停留时间、污泥龄,曝气时间、进水负荷、以及是否投加碳源,即不同碳氮比等因素对SBR处理效果的影响,检测不同周期氮磷的去除率。     

复合式膜生物反应器强化脱氮除磷的实验研究

在传统好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)的基础上,结合厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A2/O)工艺开发了复合式A2/O膜生物反应器,并对其处理小区生活污水中的氮、磷等污染物的特性进行了研究。实验表明:在各自合适的条件下复合式A2/O膜生物反应器可保证化学需氧量(COD)的平均去除率达到90.17%,NH4+-N的去除率可达到92.32%,总氮(TN)平均去除率可达到72%,而总磷(TP)的平均去除率达到71.23%。     

生物促生剂强化膜生物反应器处理印染废水的研究

通过向膜生物反应器（MBR）添加生物促生剂后形成生物促生剂膜生物反应器,分析生物促生剂对活性污泥性能以及对印染废水处理效果的影响,试验结果表明添加生物促生剂后,活性污泥结构紧密,颗粒增大,且微型动物的种类增多,同时COD和氨氮的处理效果分别提高了5％和8％左右,染料的去除率也提高了6％,适当延长水力停留时间或者泥龄可有效提高色度的去除效果。说明添加生物促生剂能较好的改善污泥性能,提高系统处理效果。     

Performance evaluation of a modified anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/O) process treating low strength wastewater

A full scale modified A²/O process which combined pre-anoxic selector and the staging strategy treating low strength wastewater was investigated. In South China, domestic wastewater is always low in strength due to the high level of groundwater and setting of septic tank at the beginning of wastewater collection system. The results suggested that inadequate denitrification could result in deterioration of phosphorus removal. In addition, influent phosphorus concentration had effect on phosphorus removal. The pre-anoxic selector in modified A²/O process changed the distribution of nitrogen denitrified in different tanks. Characteristics of 3-stage aeration tanks were also studied. The simplified design of rectangular aeration tank could also perform as plug flow as conventional channel aeration tank. In 3-stage aeration tanks, mixed liquid suspended solid (MLSS) increased from one tank to another, while specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of sludge, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) removal rate decreased, however ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) reaction rate remained constant. Furthermore, high MLSS concentration was not suitable for treating low strength wastewater. Waste sludge discharge could improve removal efficiency of COD, NH₃-N, and TP. Without waste sludge discharge, nitrite accumulated in settler.     

改良倒置A~2/O工艺处理低温生活污水技术

生物脱氮除磷系统中磷的去除通过排放剩余污泥实现,需要短泥龄微生物;而硝化细菌为自养菌,需要较长的生长时间。在低温（≤10℃）条件下,硝化污泥泥龄一般为15～20 d,而聚磷菌泥龄为4～5 d,这种巨大的泥龄差距导致现有A2/O在低温下很难实现同时脱氮除磷。本文利用改良的倒置A2/O工艺,研究了低温条件下的生物脱氮除磷效果。结果显示：该工艺低温条件下COD的去除率在85％以上,氨氮去除率低温条件下可达到85%,磷的去除率低温条件下为80%,出水能够达到国家二级排放标准。