电渗析深度处理二级出水实现零排放和资源回收

采用电渗析法对二级出水进行深度处理实现"零排放",同时实现氮磷等资源的回收,考察了流速、电压和浓缩室电导率对脱盐率和氮磷回收率的影响。实验采用三膜对结构,结果表明,淡化室脱盐效果明显,电导率均可降到1μS/cm,氯离子、硝酸根和磷酸根去除率均在98%以上。改变反应器流速,发现流速较大时离子迁移更快,氮磷去除速率和回收率更高。减小外加电压,实验运行时间较长,迁移离子较慢,磷回收率下降。改变浓缩室电导率,电流效率和能量消耗等均未发生明显变化。     

浓盐水零排放技术的研究进展

浓盐水中含有丰富的矿物质等资源,对其进行零排放处理,不仅可以消除浓盐水对海洋环境的污染,同时还可实现对浓盐水中矿物质等资源的有效利用。本文分析了浓盐水中盐分、温度、金属污染物和化学药剂等对海洋生态环境的影响,介绍了对浓盐水进行综合利用的技术,重点阐述了膜蒸馏、正渗透、冷冻法和喷雾脱水法等浓盐水再浓缩处理技术的基本原理、影响因素及其工程实例。最后指出了浓盐水再浓缩处理技术和浓盐水综合利用技术相结合是实现浓盐水零排放的有效途径。     

Experimental studies on dynamic process of energy recovery device for RO desalination plants

A two-chamber hydraulic energy recovery unit with a programmable controller and a data acquisition system was set up. Tap water was used as the working fluid instead of the actual seawater and concentrate in SWRO desalination plants. Experimental results were obtained on the fluctuations of the pressure and flow rate to and from the energy recovery unit. Characteristics of the pressure at the chamber ends were discussed at the conditions of the chambers set horizontally or vertically, with and without pistons.     

Experimental investigation and theoretical modeling on scale behaviors of high salinity wastewater in zero liquid discharge process of coal chemical industry

Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) treatment and reuse equipment of high salinity wastewater in coal-chemical industry often occur in various types of blockage problems because of high salt content, affecting the long-term stability of the device. In this study, the effects of solution temperature, steel, reaction time and wall roughness on fouling were investigated. The changes in the contents of fouling and fouling substances were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by XRD and EDS respectively, and the formation of scale was observed by SEM. The results show that with temperature increasing, Q235 steel is the most difficult to scale. Scaling rate of all salt scales reaches a maximum after 12 h, and the fouling rate decreases significantly from 12 to 48 h. It gradually stabilizes at 48 to 96 h. With the roughness increasing, the thickness of fouling layer increases, and a linear relationship is presented for 1 to 10 h. By comparing actual and simulated wastewater scaling rates, the relationship between actual and simulated wastewater scaling rates is y=ax^-0.494. The composition of the scale was analyzed, calcium carbonate is the main product and increases with fouling time. Based on the above-mentioned results combining literatures, the hybrid prediction model with calcium carbonate as the main product is put forward. It is discussed microscopically that calcium carbonate is converted from aragonite and vaterite in a thermodynamically metastable state to calcite in a thermodynamically stable state.     

微生物脱盐燃料电池高效除盐研究进展

微生物脱盐燃料电池（MDC）是一种新兴的绿色可持续循环能源技术,利用微生物胞外呼吸作用同步驱动除盐、产电及降解有机污染物。首先,概括了传统能源密集型除盐技术（热浓缩法和膜法）的能耗及局限性;然后,介绍了MDC运行机制、耦合系统及可持续发展影响因素;重点阐述了多种MDC耦合工艺协同高效处理废水的研究进展及其可持续发展面临的挑战;最后,展望了MDC在高效、可持续和低碳废水处理、盐水淡化和能源/资源回收方面的研究前景。     

废水生物脱氮与零排放技术应用研究

采用生化、反渗透(RO)和三效蒸发器组合工艺,对某企业有机废水进行深度处理,首先通过混凝沉淀、生化处理去除部分有机物和氨氮等污染物,然后利用RO系统去除剩余的有机物和盐分等,最后采用三效蒸发器对RO系统浓水进行蒸发浓缩。运行结果表明,出水水质可满足企业生产工艺用水水质要求,并达到零排放的目的 。     

Effect of neodymium ions on upconversion fluorescence studies of oxyfluorosilicate glasses for optoelectronic devices

Effect of Nd₂O₃ concentrations on optical properties and upconversion studies were investigated for oxyfluorosilicate glasses with composition of SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Na₂CO₃-SrF₂-CaF₂. The Judd-Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters, Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4 and 6) as well as radiative properties for the ⁴F_3/2 level of Nd³⁺ ion have been evaluated from the absorption spectra of 1.0 mol% Nd₂O₃-doped glass. For all the glass samples, the strong NIR emissions were observed at 891, 1058 and 1330 nm and have been attributed to ⁴F_3/2 → ⁴I_{9/2, 11/2, 13/2} transitions respectively. The stimulated emission cross-section for the ⁴F_3/2 → ⁴I_11/2 transition is evaluated and found to be 4.24 × 10^–20 cm². From the decay curves, experimental lifetimes (τ_exp) of the ⁴F_3/2 level have been determined and are found to be 363, 340, 205, 134, 122 and 54 μs for 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 mol% Nd³⁺ ions doped glasses, respectively. By exciting the prepared glass samples at 808 nm, the upconversion of infrared light into blue, green, yellow and red emission have also observed. These results indicate that the present glasses could be useful for opto-electric devices and solid state laser applications.     

Effect of Sn4+ doping on the photoactivity inhibition and near infrared reflectance property of mica-titania pigments for a solar reflective coating

The influence of Sn⁴⁺ doping on the photoactivity inhibition and near infrared reflectance property of mica-titania pigments was investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that Sn⁴⁺doping promoted phase transformation from anatase to rutile. The rutile promoting effect of Sn⁴⁺ can be ascribed to the distortion of the crystal structure of anatase after the replacement of Ti⁴⁺ by Sn⁴⁺. Sn⁴⁺ doping had a great influence on the photoactivity of mica-titania pigments. The photoactivity of mica-titania pigments was enhanced at low dopant levels, whereas its photoactivity was inhibited at high dopant levels. Remarkably, the degradation rate constant of mica-titania pigments doped with 1.0 wt% of SnCl₄ was approximately 12.9% of that of the undoped sample. A possible mechanism for this effect was proposed. Moreover, the near-infrared solar reflectance of mica-titania pigments reached 0.97. An approximately 8.3 °C decrease in temperature was obtained for the inner surface of a calcium silicate board coated with mica-titania pigments. Furthermore, a solar reflective coating coloured with low photocatalytic mica-titania pigments exhibited high photostability against weathering conditions. Therefore, mica-titania pigments with high levels of the Sn⁴⁺dopant are excellent candidates for use in solar reflective coatings.     

Thermo-mechanical studies on Er3+-doped fluorophosphate glasses for near infrared lasers

Thermal, mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of Mg(PO₃)₂-BaF₂-CaF₂-ErF₃ fluorophosphate (FP) glasses with varying Mg(PO₃)₂ and ErF₃ molar ratios have been investigated. The simultaneous thermal analysis revealed that the T_g, T_x, T_p and ΔT increased constantly with increasing Mg(PO₃)₂ and ErF₃ content and that favorable large values of ΔT (>100 °C) were obtained at higher Mg(PO₃)₂ and ErF₃ content. The thermo-mechanical analysis showed that the T_g and T_s increased constantly and coefficient of thermal expansion decreased from 16.5×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ to 11.2^×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ with an increase in Mg(PO₃)₂ and ErF₃ content. The Knoop hardness (H_K) increased constantly from 381 kgf/mm² to 480 kgf/mm² with increased Mg(PO₃)₂ and ErF₃ content, which indicates strengthening of the glass network with increased –PO bonds. The H_K measurement at different applied loads and indentation times was carried out and from this study, it was found that an appropriate incorporation of cations into the FP glasses and the optimum rare earth concentration could considerably increase the thermal and mechanical strength of the glass. The studied glass compositions showed beneficial thermal properties and outstanding mechanical strength and can be applied for fiber drawing.     

Pilot plant synthesis of n-propyl propionate via reactive distillation with decanter separator for reactant recovery. Experimental model validation and simulation studies

Successful process intensification (PI) stories applied broadly are the reactive distillation (RD) processes used in esterification syntheses. One application is developed here with the heterogeneously catalyzed synthesis of n  -propyl propionate (ProPro) from 1-propanol (ProOH) and propionic acid (ProAc). In this investigation, conventional RD of ProPro was further improved. With the objective to recover product and reactant, an experimental column set-up was equipped with a decanter on top enabling to separate the distillate product into two main streams. The aqueous phase was discharged and part of the organic phase was refluxed back to the column. Experimental results comprising temperature and composition column profiles were obtained in a pilot-scale column (DN-50), equipped with structured packings (Sulzer BX and Katapak-SP 11 with Amberlyst 46™ for the reactive part). For simulation studies a non-equilibrium stage model (NEQ model) was applied which shows satisfactory agreement with the performed experiments. Further theoretical investigations of relevant operating parameters (total feed, molar feed ratio, reflux ratio and heat duty) and their effect on the overall process performance were realized. Studies with the given column configuration showed that product purity in the bottom stream could be increased to wProPro,bottom=91.0%$w_{\text{ProPro,bottom}}=91.0\%$ and maximum ProAc conversions to X_ProAc = 94.5%.     

Novel imino diacetamide grafted styrene divinyl benzene resin for separation and recovery of palladium from simulated high level liquid waste

Imino diacetamide styrene divinyl benzene resin was evaluated for separation of palladium from simulated high level liquid waste (HLLW). The kinetics of sorption was found to be fast, and the kinetic data were fitted well to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Very high K_d (~10³) were obtained for Pd for feed solutions having acidity from 0.25 M to 4.0 M HNO₃. The loading studies of the resin showed the maximum sorption capacity of 54 mg/g. Back extraction studies showed that sorbed Pd can be effectively back extracted using 0.01 M thiourea in 0.2 M HNO₃. Studies with simulated HLLW showed preferential sorption of Pd over other metal ions.     

硫酸钾尾液冷冻回收高硫钾比矿物工艺研究

以硫酸钾尾液为原料,研究低温冷冻回收高硫钾比矿物合理的工艺技术路线,探寻适宜的贮存条件,为加工车间夏季高温生产硫酸钾提供优质高硫钾比原料.在低温下进行冷冻试验,根据冷冻结晶矿物产率及其干基组分确定适宜的冷冻温度为-15～5℃,冷冻制得的结晶矿物硫钾比均在3.0～5.1,符合夏季生产硫酸钾所需原料硫钾比>2.5的要求.高...     

离子液体脱氮-加氢精制处理高氮焦化汽柴油的研究

采用离子液体对高含氮焦化汽柴油进行脱氮预处理,确定了处理过程适宜脱氮预处理条件,并对预脱氮后焦化汽柴油进行加氢精制工艺评价。结果表明,离子液体预脱氮处理适宜条件为：剂油质量比1∶100,反应温度50 ℃,搅拌时间30 min,沉降时间1.0 h,此条件下,焦化汽柴油的碱氮脱除率为94.9％,且离子液体具有较好的重复使用性。在相同条件下,经预脱氮处理后的柴油与未处理柴油相比,加氢生成油中硫、氮和芳烃含量明显降低,尤其是氮含量低,氮化物的含量高低对催化剂的加氢精制性能有影响。采用离子液体脱氮-加氢精制可深度脱除焦化汽柴油中硫化物与氮化物,降低芳烃含量,改善产品质量,达到生产低硫和低芳烃清洁燃料的目的。
     

好氧-缺氧高效分离生物流化复合反应器处理生活污水的中试研究

鉴于污水处理中对氮、磷去除率的要求和内循环二相生物流化床反应器存在的不足,开发了一种一体化好氧-缺氧高效分离生物流化复合反应器(HSBCR)。HSBCR好氧循环流化区采用了独特的分格结构,并且在同一个反应器中实现了好氧,缺氧分区运行。HSBCR中试反应器处理生活污水的结果表明,随着好氧区水力停留时间从10 h延长到25 h,反应器对NH3-N的去除效果上升,对总氮的去除效果表明该反应器具有较好的反硝化效果。     

New perspectives on maturity method and approach for high performance concrete applications

This paper presents a maturity concept and approach of applying the maturity method for predicting the development of mechanical properties of high-performance concrete over time. An examination of the activation energy and assumptions taken in the developmental process of the existing maturity method is first presented to better understand the capabilities and limitations of the maturity method, which is supported by new and existing experimental evidence. A practical approach is then proposed in which the activation energy is determined mathematically by minimizing the error between the predictions and experimental data. It is based on a new concept that the same maturity is defined only when different specimens of the same concrete have achieved the same level of a specified property under different curing temperatures. This concept makes the maturity approach more robust and more general for application to different concrete mix formulations and different types of property. The accuracy and feasibility of the proposed approach were successfully confirmed by experimental evidence.     

Aromatic polyesters based on bisphenol‐A for liquid insulating systems: A synthetic approach

This work concentrates on the area of the synthesis of polymers for liquid insulating systems. We have studied reactions of aromatic esters like diphenyl terephthalate/isophthalate, diphenyl carbonate with Bisphenol‐A, and tri functional glycerol for the synthesis of aromatic polyesters that can be used as liquid insulating systems. The process comprises a transesterification resin synthesis based on a single pot process, with a temperature profile up to 250°C and an inert atmosphere of nitrogen. The byproduct of the phenol is continuously removed under a steady flow of nitrogen to enable polycondensation. The resins obtained were tested for their physical properties, such as melting range, relative viscosity, and hydroxyl value. These resins were also used in solution film formation to establish their film forming properties. The method explored is the simplest one, and permits the use of commercial materials as the feedstock. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 606–614, 2005     

国产络合铁法液相氧化还原硫磺回收脱硫溶剂研究及工业应用

通过实验室模拟性质和组成相似的炼油厂酸性气,在类似于LO-CAT硫磺回收装置工艺操作条件下,对国产络合铁法液相氧化还原催化剂进行了适应性研究。在陕西延长石油(集团)有限责任公司炼化公司延安炼油厂LO-CAT硫磺回收装置进行了工业试用,结果表明,国产络合铁法液相氧化还原催化剂完全可以替代国外专用脱硫溶剂,净化后尾气硫化氢平均含量3.2×10-6,硫回收率大于99.95%,每吨硫磺加工成本降低10%,各项技术经济指标均优于进口脱硫溶剂。     

从ACE评价数据看高液收低焦炭型FCC催化剂的设计

从大量ACE评价数据入手,研究了重油转化率、油浆收率和焦炭之间的相互关系,反应产物柴油、干气与焦炭的关系,热裂化与催化裂化比值、氢转移指数与焦炭的关系。结果表明,在低焦炭产率的同时要获得高的总液收(汽油+柴油+液化气),应结合装置特点合理控制重油转化率,并以碳氢比低的柴油作为催化裂化的主要目标产品,同时降低反应过程中的热裂化反应和氢转移反应。对这些规律进行了深入分析,并提出了具体的高液收低焦炭催化裂化催化剂的设计思路。     

Structural and luminescence studies on thermally stable Bi3+-activated Ba3MoTiO8 phosphors for near UV-pumped w-LED applications

This research presents the outcomes of diverse morphological and photoluminescence (PL) studies performed on Bi³⁺ ion–doped Ba₃MoTiO₈ phosphors prepared via the conventional solid-state reaction method. Phase assessment was carried out via the X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Field emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) have been used to study the surface morphology anda elemental composition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to study the character and vibrational frequencies of bonds in the phosphor lattice. Room-temperature PL was performed under 275 and 386 nm excitations, displaying a broad band in the blue region corresponding to the ³P₁ → ¹S₀ transition of Bi³⁺ ions. The Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates and correlated color temperature values show that the as-prepared phosphors emit in the blue vicinity. The decay curves under both excitation wavelengths show a single exponential behavior. Temperature-dependent PL studies confirmed the high thermal stability of the phosphor. We want to endorse these phosphors as a blue-emitting component in white light-emitting diodes (w-LEDs) and solid-state lighting (SSL) applications.     

甲醛+1,3,5-三聚甲醛+硫酸+水体系汽液相平衡实验和理论研究

工业上利用甲醛水溶液在硫酸催化下的反应精馏工艺生产1,3,5-三聚甲醛,因此,1,3,5-三聚甲醛生产工艺的优化和新型催化剂的开发受到了广泛关注。这需建立反应体系的汽-液相平衡模型,研究1,3,5-三聚甲醛合成过程中催化剂可能发挥的多重作用。为此,测定了(甲醛+1,3,5-三聚甲醛+硫酸+水)体系的汽-液相平衡数据,采用扩展型UNIFAC模型对汽-液相平衡数据进行了关联,确定了模型参数,并对该体系进行了系统的计算,揭示了硫酸催化剂在该反应精馏工艺中的三重作用。上述成果对优化1,3,5-三聚甲醛生产工艺和开发1,3,5-三聚甲醛新型催化剂具有重要意义。