助剂对顺酐加氢制备γ-丁内酯催化剂页硅酸镍性能的影响

采用蒸氨法制备含Mo、Ce、Zn助剂的页硅酸镍催化剂,考察助剂对催化剂催化顺酐加氢制备γ-丁内酯的影响。结合N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD、TEM 、XPS等表征和活性评价对催化剂的织构性质及其催化性能进行研究。结果表明,不同性质的助剂对催化剂结构及其催化性能具有显著影响。助剂Mo的掺杂,提高催化剂中镍物种的还原,增加催化剂表面金属Ni⁰的数目,在金属和酸性位协同催化下,促进催化剂催化顺酐C≡O基加氢的能力,在反应温度160 ℃、氢气压力5 MPa、反应时间180 min条件下,γ-丁内酯产率可达21.3%,是未掺杂催化剂催化活性的1.5倍。助剂Zn和Ce的加入,降低催化剂酸性,进而降低其催化活性。     

稀土交换的β分子筛负载Pt催化剂上正庚烷的临氢异构化

A series of Pt catalysts supported on the Hβ-zeolite that is ion-exchanged with the rare earth metal ions of Ce(III) and La(III),are prepared by impregnation,characterized by inductively coupled plasma (ICP),X-ray diffraction (XRD),BET,temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD),temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H2-TPR) and H2-chemisorption techniques,and evaluated in the hydroisomerization of n-heptane with an atmospheric fixed-bed reactor.The reaction temperature,time on stream,space velocity,and the ratio of H2/n-heptane are changed to get the optimal conditions.The Ce(III) and La(III)-exchanged Hβ-zeolites exhibit higher selectivity for isomerized products than the neat Hβ-zeolite.Moreover,the Ce(III)-exchanged catalysts give higher conversions of n-heptane,whereas the La(III)-exchanged ones do not show any improvement in con-version.Under optimal conditions,the catalyst with 0.4% (by mass) Pt and 0.5% (by mass) Ce loading presents very high selectivity of isomerized products of 95.1% coupled with high n-heptane conversion of 68.7%.Effects of the ion-exchange of Ce(III) and La(III) on the catalytic performance are discussed in relation with the physico-chemical properties of catalysts.     

Coke study on MgO-promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in combined H2O and CO2 reforming of methane for gas to liquid (GTL) process

MgO-promoted Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts have been investigated with respect to catalytic activity and coke formation in combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CSCRM) to develop a highly active and stable catalyst for gas to liquid (GTL) processes. Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts were promoted through varying the MgO content by the incipient wetness method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, H₂-temperature programmed reduction (TPR), H₂-chemisorption and CO₂-temperature programmed desorption (TPD) were used to observe the characteristics of the prepared catalysts. The coke formation and amount in used catalysts were examined by SEM and TGA, respectively. H₂/CO ratio of 2 was achieved in CSCRM by controlling the feed H₂O/CO₂ ratio. The catalysts prepared with 20 wt.% MgO exhibit the highest catalytic performance and have high coke resistance in CSCRM. MgO promotion forms MgAl₂O₄ spinel phase, which is stable at high temperatures and effectively prevents coke formation by increasing the CO₂ adsorption due to the increase in base strength on the surface of catalyst.     

Ni/La2O2CO3催化剂对山梨醇氢解产物的选择性调控

采用共沉淀法制备了具有协同稳定作用的Ni/La₂O₂CO₃催化剂，用于山梨醇选择性氢解为小分子醇的研究。采用X射线衍射、氢气程序升温还原、CO₂程序升温脱附和扫描电镜对催化剂进行了表征。考察了不同配比Ni、La的加氢位点和碱性调控对山梨醇氢解产物的影响。结果表明，Ni、La摩尔比为2：3时，山梨醇转化率达到98.6%，C₂~C₃多元醇的产率达到43.8%，催化剂经2次反应后对山梨醇的转化率仍高达90%。探究了催化剂从酸性到碱性调变过程中，山梨醇氢解的产物分布，并提出了反应路径。     

Effect of a promoter on the methanation activity of a Mo-based sulfur-resistant catalyst

The effect of adding Co, Ni or La on the methanation activity of a Mo-based sulfur-resistant catalyst was investigated. As promoters, Co, Ni and La all improved the methanation activity of a 15% MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst but to different extents. Similar improvements were also found when Co, Ni or La was added to a 15% MoO₃/25%-CeO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst. The promotion effects of Co and Ni were better than that of La. However, the catalytic methanation activity deteriorated the most with time for the Ni-promoted catalyst. The used catalysts were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption measurement, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.     

氯化氢氧化稀土复合催化剂

将稀土元素La、Ce负载于氯化氢氧化催化剂Cr-Cu-K/Al2O3上,研究了稀土元素在氯化氢氧化催化剂中的作用,探讨了不同的n(La)/n(Cr)、n(Ce)/n(Cr)以及镧铈混合元素对催化剂活性的影响,得到较好的La/Cr物质的量比为0.1～0.3,较好的Ce/Cr物质的量比为0.2～0.3,发现以CeO2取代Cr2O3具有可行性,能实现催化剂的无毒生产。     

铁、钴、镍、铜和锌催化剂催化氨硼烷水解产氢性能研究

采用浸渍-还原法制备了铁、钴、镍、铜和锌催化剂,考察了其催化氨硼烷水解产氢性能,并优化了钴催化剂的制备条件和反应条件。结果发现,铁催化剂中铁以Fe₂B合金相存在,钴催化剂中钴以金属钴存在,镍催化剂中镍以金属镍和Ni（OH）₂·2H₂O存在,铜催化剂中铜以金属铜和氧化亚铜存在,锌催化剂中锌以Zn₄SO₄（OH）₆·4H₂O存在。铁、钴、镍、铜和锌催化剂催化氨硼烷水解产氢活性由大到小顺序为钴催化剂、镍催化剂、铜催化剂、铁催化剂、锌催化剂。显然,具有金属钴相的钴催化剂、金属镍相的镍催化剂和金属铜相的铜催化剂催化氨硼烷产氢活性高于具有Fe₂B合金相的铁催化剂。锌催化剂在制备条件下不能被还原为金属相,它几乎没有催化氨硼烷产氢活性。氯化钴与还原剂硼氢化钠的物质的量比为1∶1.3、还原温度为303 K时制备的钴催化剂催化BH₃NH₃水解产氢性能最佳。反应动力学计算表明钴催化剂催化BH₃NH₃水解产氢反应对氨硼烷浓度的反应级数为零级,对钴催化剂浓度的反应级数为一级,活化能为58 kJ/mol。     

稀土Cu/HZSM-5催化剂NH_3选择性催化还原法低温脱硝性能

采用浸渍法制备Re(x)Cu/HZSM-5(Re=La,Ce,Pr,Nd;x=0.5,1,2)系列催化剂。采用XRD和H_2-TPR等对催化剂进行表征,在微型固定床反应器中评价催化剂低温NH_3选择还原NO的催化活性。结果表明,Re(x)Cu/HZSM-5(Re=La,Ce,Pr,Nd;x=0.5,1,2)催化剂具有较好的低温NH_3选择还原NO催化活性,以La为助剂和添加质量分数1%的La(1)Cu/HZSM-5催化剂低温脱硝活性较好,T85和T95分别为153℃和164℃,活性温度窗口宽,(153~362)℃时,NO转化率超过95%。     

磷钨酸/SBA-15催化氧化-萃取柴油脱硫

以自制的SBA-15为载体,磷钨酸为活性组分,用过量浸渍法制备了HPW/SBA-15催化剂,并采用SEM、BET和TG-DTA对催化剂进行表征分析。H₂O₂为氧化剂,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为相转移剂,以二苯并噻吩（DBT）的模型化合物（DBT为溶质、正辛烷为溶剂）进行氧化脱除为探针反应,考察了磷钨酸负载量和HPW/SBA-15的焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响,同时考察了氧化-萃取工艺条件对真实柴油脱硫效果的影响。实验结果表明,磷钨酸最佳负载量为30%,HPW/SBA-15在250℃焙烧处理时活性最高;在n(H₂O₂)：n(S)=6、HPW/SBA-15用量为2.5%（基于柴油质量）、CTAB用量为0.4%（基于柴油质量）、萃取级数为4、温度60℃反应1.5h的条件下,柴油硫含量从1317mg/L降到39mg/L,脱硫率达到97.0%、收率不低于85.0%。气相色谱结果显示,该催化氧化脱硫体系容易脱除柴油中加氢难以脱除的二苯并噻吩及其衍生物。     

La-Ni2P/SBA-15/堇青石整体式催化剂及加氢脱硫性能

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,制备一系列不同La含量的La-Ni₂P/SBA-15催化剂前驱体,将La-Ni₂P/SBA-15前驱体涂覆在预处理的整体式载体堇青石上,在H2气氛程序升温还原,制备不同La含量的La-Ni2P/SBA-15/堇青石整体式催化剂。对合成的催化剂进行X射线衍射和N2吸附-脱附结构表征,并评价对二苯并噻吩的加氢脱硫活性。结果表明,Ni₂P存在于所有的La-Ni2P/SBA-15/堇青石整体式催化剂中,且随着La含量的增加,La-Ni2P/SBA-15/堇青石整体式催化剂的比表面积和孔体积均有一定程度的提高,催化活性也提高。对于Ni2P/SBA-15/堇青石整体式催化剂,在300 ℃和380 ℃时,二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫转化率仅为27.2%和91.3%;而1.5%La-Ni₂P/SBA-15/堇青石催化剂在300 ℃和380 ℃时,二苯并噻吩转化率分别为36.8%和96.3%,显示出较好的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫活性。La-Ni₂P/SBA-15/堇青石整体式催化剂在对二苯并噻吩的加氢脱硫过程中,以直接脱硫和加氢脱硫两种脱硫方式同时进行,并且以直接脱硫为主。     

Ce掺杂对Ru/TiO2催化氯苯性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了单贵金属Ru/TiO₂和双金属Ru-Ce/TiO₂系列催化剂,测试了其对氯苯的催化活性,并通过N₂吸脱附、扫描电镜(SEM)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)进行表征,旨在考察稀土元素Ce掺杂对Ru/TiO₂催化氯苯性能的影响。结果表明,Ce的引入可使其在降低贵金属含量的基础上仍保持高的催化效率,且极大地提高了低温催化活性。0.4%Ru-1.0%Ce/TiO₂与0.4%Ru/TiO₂相比,其T₁₀和T₉₀分别降低了50℃和60℃。H₂-TPR表明引入Ce为催化剂提供了更多的表面氧空位,形成Ru-O-Ce增强了其氧化还原能力。掺杂Ce未改变Ru/TiO₂催化剂的结构形貌,仍保持介孔结构,但若负载量过多,会堵塞部分孔道,阻碍污染物吸附及反应,降低催化性能。     

锰铈固溶体复合氧化物用于CO和CH_4催化氧化

采用氧化还原共沉淀法制备系列不同配比的锰铈复合氧化物,用于CO和CH4催化氧化,考察不同焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响。研究表明,焙烧温度500℃和Mn与Ce物质的量比为5∶5的催化剂具备最优的CO和CH4催化氧化性能。催化剂在90℃时,CO转化率可达100%;对于CH4催化氧化,反应温度500℃时,CH4转化率为80%。通过N2吸附-脱附、H2-TPR和XRD等研究其物化结构性能,结果表明,在系列催化剂中,焙烧温度500℃和Mn与Ce物质的量比为5∶5的催化剂具有最高的比表面积和最活泼的晶格氧,可能是其具有优异催化活性的原因。     

Methane partial oxidation over NiO-MgO/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalysts

Methane partial oxidation (MPO) is considered as an alternative method to produce hydrogen because it is an exothermic reaction to afford a suitable H₂/CO ratio of 2. However, carbon deposition on a catalyst is observed as a major cause of catalyst deactivation in MPO. In order to find suitable catalysts that prevent the carbon deposition, NiO-MgO/Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂ (CZO) supported catalysts were prepared via the co-impregnation (C) and sequential incipient wetness impregnation (S) methods. The amount of Ni loading was fixed at 15 wt-% whereas the amount of MgO loading was varied from 5 to 15 wt-%. The results revealed that the addition of MgO shifted the light-off temperatures to higher temperatures. This is because the Ni surface was partially covered with MgO, and the strong interaction between NiO and NiMgO₂ over CZO support led to the difficulty in reducing NiO to active Ni⁰ and thus less catalytic activity. However, among the catalysts tested, the 15Ni5Mg/CZO (S) catalyst exhibited the best catalytic stability for MPO after 18 h on stream at 750°C. Moreover, this catalyst had a better resistance to carbon deposition due to its high metallic Ni dispersion at high temperature.     

Role of lanthanide elements on the catalytic behavior of supported Pd catalysts in the reduction of NO with methane

In this study, the role of lanthanide elements (Ce, Gd, La, and Yb) on Pd/TiO₂ catalysts in the catalytic reduction of NO with methane was investigated. Steady-state reaction experiments in the presence of oxygen showed that the addition of lanthanide elements increases the oxygen resistance of the catalyst. The post-reaction XPS characterization results revealed that majority of the Pd sites remained in the zero oxidation state in the presence of Ce or Gd. The effect of SO₂ (145 ppm) and H₂O (0–6.6%) in NO–CH₄–O₂ reaction over supported Pd and Gd–Pd catalysts was also investigated. Over the Gd–Pd catalyst with the presence of SO₂, more than 70% NO conversion was obtained for over 6 h while the Pd only catalyst showed a sharper drop in NO conversion. Over the Gd–Pd catalyst, the presence of H₂O showed no effect on NO conversion activity (>99% conversion) during the 18 h the catalyst was kept on stream. Among the lanthanide elements tested, Gd is the most effective, allowing the use of above stoichiometric oxygen concentration.     

Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂在浆态床中CO甲烷化催化性能

采用共浸渍法制备了Ni-Mn/Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了助剂Mn的含量对催化剂结构及浆态床CO甲烷化性能的影响。采用XRD、H₂-TPR、BET、TEM、H₂-化学吸附等表征对催化剂进行了测试分析,结果表明,Mn助剂的引入能够促进Ni物种在载体表面的分散,减弱Ni物种与载体的相互作用,降低催化剂的还原温度,提高催化剂的比表面积,减小活性金属Ni的晶粒尺寸。随着Mn含量的增加,Ni-Mn/Al₂O₃催化剂的甲烷化性能先升后降,其中以Mn含量为4%（质量分数）时的催化甲烷化性能最佳,添加过量的Mn导致活性组分Ni被部分覆盖,催化甲烷化性能下降。通过对16Ni4Mn/Al₂O₃催化剂样品的浆态床反应温度及反应压力的研究发现,当反应温度为280℃、反应压力为1.5 MPa时,催化剂样品16Ni4Mn/Al₂O₃的CO转化率及CH₄选择性分别达到96.2%和88.8%。     

稀土元素对甲硫醇催化分解活性位点的调控作用

采用等体积浸渍法制备La、Ce改性的MCM-41催化剂,考察不同稀土金属元素对甲硫醇催化分解活性位点的调控作用。采用N_2吸附-脱附、XRD、XPS、H_2-TPR和NH_3/CO_2-TPD等对La、Ce改性催化剂进行物理化学性能测试,确定稀土元素La、Ce在催化剂中存在的形态和作用。研究表明,甲硫醇催化分解存在两步反应,低温条件下甲硫醇催化分解生成甲硫醚中间体,高温条件下甲硫醚进一步催化分解生成硫化氢和甲烷等小分子产物。对于10%Ce/MCM-41催化剂,表面活性氧是甲硫醇催化分解的低温活性中心,强酸性位点是甲硫醇催化分解的高温活性中心,二者在反应中起协同催化作用,而对于10%La/MCM-41催化剂,强酸性位点是甲硫醇催化分解的活性中心。     

铈锆固溶体CexZr1-xO2上H2S的选择性催化氧化性能

采用共沉淀法合成一系列具有不同Ce/Zr物质的量比的铈锆固溶体Ce_xZr_1-xO₂,考察Ce/Zr比例对H₂S选择氧化反应催化活性的影响。通过XRD、BET、Raman、XPS、CO₂-TPD、O₂-TPD、H₂-TPR等手段对铈锆固溶体的晶体结构、表面性质、碱性位以及氧化还原性等进行表征。结果表明,所有的铈锆固溶体催化剂均可以在化学计量比的氧气下具有优良的低温催化活性,催化活性随着Ce/Zr比例的提高而增加,其中Ce_0.9Zr_0.1O₂活性最高,(160~260) ℃转化率均保持在95%以上,在180 ℃时硫收率可达到97%,这主要是因为Ce_0.9Zr_0.1O₂具有最多的中度碱性位、活性位数量和强的氧化还原性。同时推测Ce⁴⁺为催化反应的活性位,并遵循氧化还原机理。此外,催化剂的失活主要是由于催化剂表面生成硫酸盐物种,消耗了活性组分Ce⁴⁺。     

添加Sm对Pt /SBA-15催化苯完全氧化反应活性和热稳定性的影响

以Pt/SBA-15为催化剂,考察催化剂载体中添加Sm对于苯的完全氧化反应活性和热稳定性影响。采用了一种简便的记录起燃温度曲线和催化剂热稳定性评价方法,即向装载好催化剂的固定床反应器中持续通入恒定流量的反应气,逐步阶段性升高反应温度,同时在线检测出口尾气的浓度变化, 得到起燃温度曲线后,继续提高反应温度,然后恒定在某一设定的温度(如550℃)持续运行较长时间, 期间定时在线取样分析,如果有必要还可以连续考察降温情况下催化剂的反应活性情况。研究结果表明,几种催化剂低温活性次序为：Pt/SBA-15≈Pt/4%Sm₂O₃/SBA-15> Pt/Sm₂O₃> 4%Sm₂O₃/SBA-15,而对于高温稳定性则是Pt/4%Sm₂O₃/SBA-15> Pt/1.2%Sm₂O₃/SBA-15> Pt/SBA-15,Pt/Sm-SBA-15(SG)> Pt/SBA-15(SG)。总之,Sm的添加虽然未能提高Pt/SBA-15的低温催化活性,但是能明显提高催化剂在高温情况下活性的稳定性。1%Pt/4%Sm₂O₃/SBA-15同时具备较好的低温催化活性和高温稳定性,具有较好的应用前景。     

Preparation of nanosized Mn3O4/SBA-15 catalyst for complete oxidation of low concentration EtOH in aqueous solution with H2O2

A new heterogeneous Fenton-like system consisting of nano-composite Mn₃O₄/SBA-15 catalyst has been developed for the complete oxidation of low concentration ethanol (100 ppm) by H₂O₂ in aqueous solution. A novel preparation method has been developed to synthesize nanoparticles of Mn₃O₄ by thermolysis of manganese (II) acetylacetonate on SBA-15. Mn₃O₄/SBA-15 was characterized by various techniques like TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and N₂ adsorption isotherms. TEM images demonstrate that Mn₃O₄ nanocrystals located mainly inside the SBA-15 pores. The reaction rate for ethanol oxidation can be strongly affected by several factors, including reaction temperature, pH value, catalyst/solution ratio and concentration of ethanol. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed in order to explain the kinetic data. The rate for the reaction is supposed to associate with the concentration of intermediates (radicals: OH, O₂⁻ and HO₂) that are derived from the decomposition of H₂O₂ during reaction. The complete oxidation of ethanol can be remarkably improved only under the circumstances: (i) the intermediates are stabilized, such as stronger acidic conditions and high temperature or (ii) scavenging those radicals is reduced, such as less amount of catalyst and high concentration of reactant. Nevertheless, the reactivity of the presented catalytic system is still lower comparing to the conventional homogenous Fenton process, Fe²⁺/H₂O₂. A possible reason is that the concentration of intermediates in the latter is relatively high.     

锰基NH_3-SCR低温脱硝催化剂研究进展

锰基催化剂在低温氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)脱硝反应中表现出良好的催化活性。讨论H_2O和SO_2对锰基催化剂活性的影响,综述通过制备方法改性、添加助剂和优化载体改善锰基催化剂抗H_2O和抗SO_2性能的研究进展,并对锰基低温SCR催化剂的研究方向进行展望。