应力比对TC4钛合金超高周疲劳失效机理的影响

采用频率为100 Hz的电磁谐振疲劳试验机进行疲劳拉伸试验, 研究了两种应力比(R=0. 1和-1) 对TC4钛合金的超高周疲劳失效机理的影响.结果表明, 两种应力比下的S-N曲线都呈现"双线"型, 但各自表示的意义及失效机理不同.当R=0. 1时, TC4钛合金的疲劳失效形式有两种, 即由加工缺陷诱发的表面失效和内部鱼眼失效, 这两种失效形式都伴随着颗粒平面(Facet) 出现; 而当R=-1时, 仅存在表面失效, 且无Facet的出现.基于断裂力学的讨论可知, 在正应力比及真空环境下, 对应小裂纹扩展的门槛值更低, 更有利于裂纹扩展及Facet的形成. TC4钛合金的整个内部疲劳失效过程及机理可解释为: (1) 滑移线或滑移带在部分α晶粒上的出现; (2) 微裂纹的萌生和接合; (3) 颗粒亮区(GBF) 的形成; (4) 鱼眼的形成; (5) 鱼眼外的失稳裂纹扩展; (6) 最终的瞬时断裂.      

WC-Co类硬质合金的低周冲击疲劳性能研究

为研究WC-Co类硬质合金的冲击疲劳断裂机制和微观组织参数对其低周冲击疲劳性能的影响,对6种牌号不同WC晶粒尺寸及Co含量的硬质合金进行了冲击疲劳试验,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察冲击疲劳断口。结果表明:当硬质合金承受冲击加载时,裂纹从粉末冶金缺陷处萌生,萌生的裂纹与孔洞相互连接形成主裂纹,主裂纹快速扩展导致材料疲劳失效。Co含量越高的硬质合金其疲劳敏感性越强,冲击疲劳寿命越短;WC晶粒尺寸越大的硬质合金其冲击疲劳寿命越长。     

82A和82B高强钢疲劳性能的试验研究

对某钢厂生产的82A和82B高强钢进行了高周疲劳性能试验研究,得到了这两种钢的疲劳应力-寿命曲线(S-N曲线)及疲劳强度。用扫描电镜对试样的疲劳断口进行了观察。结果显示,对夹杂物进行变性处理后的82A钢的疲劳裂纹大多从表面缺陷处萌生,而夹杂物没有变性处理的82B钢的疲劳裂纹则从非金属夹杂物及表面缺陷处萌生,且从内部非金属夹杂物处萌生的疲劳断口呈"鱼眼"特征。讨论了非金属夹杂物对高强钢疲劳性能的影响。     

基于动载荷谱的齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命预测

为了探讨齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命计算问题,将齿轮疲劳总寿命分为两个阶段,即疲劳裂纹萌生寿命和裂纹扩展寿命.通过ADAMS软件仿真实验齿轮的工作情况,使其接近真实状况,得到齿轮载荷谱.根据齿轮载荷谱,利用有限元ANSYS软件分析在齿轮齿根危险截面处的最大应力.采用断裂力学、雨流法和Miner疲劳损伤累积模型,对考虑动载荷情况下的齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命进行预测,推导了齿根裂纹萌生期和扩展期的疲劳寿命计算公式.在高频疲劳试验机上对算例齿轮进行了双齿脉动加载齿根弯曲疲劳寿命实验研究,理论计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,验证了本文理论分析的正确性.      

粉末高温合金FGH97疲劳裂纹扩展行为

测定不同晶粒尺寸、γ'相以及不同Hf含量的粉末高温合金FGH97在650℃高温条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并将其与FGH95和FGH96两代粉末合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行对比.用定量分析的方法对FGH97合金在疲劳断裂各个阶段的行为特征进行分析.较大晶粒尺寸的FGH97合金具有较低的裂纹扩展速率,合理的二次和三次γ'相匹配析出,可以获得较高的疲劳寿命;Hf元素的添加使合金的整体疲劳寿命增大;FGH97合金与FGH95和FGH96相比,具有较高的疲劳裂纹萌生抗力,更低的高温疲劳裂纹扩展速率.      

无取向电工钢疲劳裂纹萌生机理及扩展规律研究

以30WGP1600无取向电工钢为研究对象,通过大量疲劳试验,得出了电工钢疲劳寿命分布特征。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对疲劳裂纹萌生、扩展规律进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:疲劳裂纹主要萌生于试样的侧表面或侧表面与上下表面转角处的晶粒、晶界和AlN颗粒处;裂纹扩展区表现为解理河流花样特征,瞬时断裂区又表现出类似于单晶体的韧性断裂特征。     

钛铝异质自冲铆接头疲劳性能及失效机理

对纯钛(TA1)和铝锂合金(AL1420)异质单搭自冲铆接头进行静力学实验和疲劳实验研究,通过三参数经验公式采用S-N曲线拟合法绘制接头的S-N曲线,分析接头的疲劳性能;采用扫描电子显微镜对接头疲劳断口进行观测,研究接头的微观疲劳失效机理.结果表明:接头的静力学性能与疲劳性能不具有一致性,TA1-AL1420(TA)接头静力学性能更优,但其疲劳性能比AL1420-TA1(AT)接头差;TA接头疲劳失效形式为下板断裂,疲劳裂纹萌生于靠近铆钉脚处的板材区域,随后沿着板宽方向扩展,最终导致下板完全断裂.AT接头在短寿命区因铆钉断裂失效,铆钉的断口属于脆性疲劳断裂;在中长寿命区出现铆钉断裂和下板断裂的混合失效形式,疲劳裂纹从下板一端萌生,沿着板宽向另一端方向扩展,导致下板断裂失效.      

15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2齿轮钢的扭转疲劳特性及裂纹扩展行为

 通过扭转疲劳试验,研究了15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳断裂的裂纹扩展行为和夹杂物尺寸与扭转疲劳寿命之间的关系。得到了钢的扭转疲劳极限强度和[τ-N]曲线,15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳极限强度为350 MPa,扭转疲劳寿命分散度较大。通过断口观察,发现15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的疲劳破坏模式以表面破坏和近表面破坏为主,主要由氧化物夹杂引起。通过计算应力强度因子[ΔK]和裂纹扩展门槛值[ΔKth]分析15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的疲劳裂纹扩展的断裂力学条件,试验钢在断裂过程中受载荷情况为,II型载荷—I型载荷—II型载荷—I＋II型载荷,分别对应起裂源区、纤维区、疲劳裂纹扩展区和瞬断区;当有大裂纹产生时,则不会产生纤维区,受载荷情况则为：II型载荷—I＋II型载荷。通过公式推导和数据拟合得到夹杂物尺寸和15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢扭转疲劳寿命的关系,发现随着夹杂物尺寸减小,钢的[τ-N]曲线向高寿命区移动。当引起裂纹萌生的夹杂物尺寸小于5 μm时,在350 MPa应力下,15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢的扭转疲劳寿命超过107循环周次。     

高钴钼不锈轴承钢疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展行为

采用高钴钼不锈轴承钢光滑圆柱形试样和缺口试样(理论应力集中系数K_t=3)进行旋转弯曲疲劳测试,研究了高合金轴承钢的裂纹萌生及裂纹扩展行为。用升降法和成组法分别测得轴承钢的疲劳极限和S-N曲线,利用扫描电镜对轴承钢旋转弯曲疲劳试样断口进行观察。结果表明,光滑试样起裂类型为单源萌生起裂,起裂源为表面缺陷和次表面夹杂物,表面缺陷为表面粗糙度、驻留滑移带和加工凹痕,次表面夹杂物为Al_2O_3-CaO-MgO-SiO_2复合夹杂;缺口试样疲劳极限显著下降,起裂类型为多源萌生起裂,计算得轴承钢的缺口敏感系数q_f为1.18。光滑试样疲劳破坏从以高应力幅粗糙度萌生表面裂纹的破坏向低应力幅驻留滑移带、加工凹痕、夹杂缺陷萌生裂纹转移。疲劳裂纹萌生寿命占整个疲劳寿命的94.1%以上。     

全风向来流非高斯风场风机疲劳寿命可靠性分析

在Hermite矩模型基础上,根据Kaimal谱生成某典型风机结构正常风速条件下,三种不同概率特性风场(高斯、非高斯硬化和软化),在考虑来流风向和平均风速联合概率密度条件下,以塔架基础连接处为例,对风机进行疲劳寿命可靠性分析.由叶片的气动模型和多体动力,计算出风机的动力响应,并对响应的时域和频域特性进行分析.基于线性损伤累积理论和Paris公式,对来流全风向条件下的裂纹形成寿命和裂纹扩展寿命进行了详细讨论.结果表明,裂纹形成寿命对风荷载的非高斯性较为敏感,而裂纹扩展寿命对风荷载的非高斯性并不敏感,需要考虑风荷载的非高斯性对风机结构疲劳损伤的影响.此外,在考虑全风向来流条件下,疲劳裂纹形成和扩展阶段的失效位置相同,均在主导风向上.      

Microstructure-based fatigue life prediction for cast A356-T6 aluminum-silicon alloys

Fatigue life prediction and optimization is becoming a critical issue affecting the structural applications of cast aluminum-silicon alloys in the aerospace and automobile industries. In this study, a range of microstructure and porosity populations in A356 alloy was created by controlling the casting conditions and by applying a subsequent hot isostatic pressing (“hipping”) treatment. The microstructure and defects introduced during the processing were then quantitatively characterized, and their effects on the fatigue performance were examined through both experiment and modeling. The results indicated that whenever a pore is present at or near the surface, it initiates fatigue failure. In the absence of large pores, a microcell consisting of α-Al dendrites and associated Si particles was found to be responsible for crack initiation. Crack initiation life was quantitatively assessed using a local plastic strain accumulation model. Moreover, the subsequent crack growth from either a pore or a microcell was found to follow a small-crack propagation law. Based on experimental observation and finite-element analysis, a unified model incorporating both the initiation and small crack growth stages was developed to quantitatively predict the dependency of fatigue life on the microstructure and porosity. Good agreement was obtained between the model and experiment.     

The Significance of Crack Initiation Stage in Very High Cycle Fatigue of Steels

Different stages of the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) crack evolution in tool steels have been explored using a 20 kHz ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment. Extensive experimental data is presented describing VHCF behaviour, strength and crack initiating defects in an AISI H11 tool steel. Striation measurements are used to estimate fatigue crack growth rate, between 10^?8 and 10^?6 m/cycle, and the number of load cycles required for a crack to grow to critical dimensions. The growth of small fatigue cracks within the “fish‐eye” is shown to be distinctively different from the crack propagation behaviour of larger cracks. More importantly, the crack initiation stage is shown to determine the total fatigue life, which emphasizes the inherent difficulty to detect VHCF cracks prior to failure. Several mechanisms for initiation and early crack growth are possible. Some of them are discussed here: crack development by local accumulation of fatigue damage at the inclusion – matrix interface, hydrogen assisted crack growth and crack initiation by decohesion of carbides from the matrix.     

Q235钢结构材料的超低周疲劳性能

对钢结构材料 Q235钢的超低周疲劳性能进行了研究。采用横向应变控制方法,保持频率1 Hz 恒定,在岛津电液伺服疲劳试验机上开展了试验钢的超低周疲劳试验。获得了循环应力响应特征曲线等实验数据,并在此基础上分别建立了试验钢基于塑性应变幅及应变速率的超低周疲劳寿命预测公式,且2种公式均能较好地对其寿命进行预测。通过电镜扫描(SEM),分析了试验材料超低周疲劳下的微观断裂机理。研究结果表明,试验材料在超低周疲劳与低周疲劳下的疲劳性能,如循环响应特征、寿命预测公式以及微观断裂机理等方面均存在一定的差异。     

Creep-fatigue life prediction in terms of nucleation and growth of fatigue crack and creep cavities

In low cycle fatigue at elevated temperature, the interaction between fatigue crack and creep damages is known to be responsible for the significant reduction of the fatigue life. In this investigation, a model for the life prediction for low cycle fatigue with hold time at tensile peak strain is suggested for the temperature range of 0.5T _m. This model is formulated on the basis of the assumptions that the creep cavities are formed due to the vacancies generated during fatigue, and are grown during the hold period. The fatigue crack nucleated at the surface due to fatigue loading is affected by the creep damages for its propagation. The model is checked by experimental results with various hold time periods. The predicted creep-fatigue lives are in good agreement with experimentally observed ones for 304 stainless steel and 13CrMo44 steel. Formerly Graduat3e student, Department of Materials Science and Engeneering ,KAIST, Seoul, Korea.     

The fatigue behavior of fine grained two-phase alloys

The fatigue properties of a number of ultrafine grained two-phase alloys have been examined. Compositions and processing treatments were altered to produce volume fractions of the individual phases ranging from 0 to 100 pct along with changes in the grain sizes of the individual phases. In all two-phase alloys in this investigation, the second phase was distributed at grain boundaries rather than within the grains of the primary phase. The fatigue strengths of the two-phase microduplex alloys were generally higher than those of the corresponding single phase alloys. Tension-compression fatigue tests showed that a Coffin law type of fatigue relationship was obeyed in the low cycle fatigue tests. Fatigue crack growth rate studies in tension-tension on IN-744 sheet gave results very comparable to those reported for other steels. Fatigue cracks propagated through both phases without following any obvious crack paths and no indication of delamination or crack blunting was detected. The high cycle fatigue performance of microduplex alloys can be rationalized in terms of a critical crack opening displacement model for fatigue crack initiation. Formerly with the Interntional Nickel Company, Formerly with the Interntional Nickel Company,     

Wedge type creep damage in low cycle fatigue

A model is proposed to quantify the accumulation of wedge type creep damage in low cycle fatigue. It is proposed that such damage is produced primarily during the ramp periods of the cycle. Equations are developed for estimating incremental accumulation of damage per cycle in fully reversed, multiaxial loading. The rate of accumulation of damage depends on the strain-rate, the temperature, and the microstructure. The analysis is kept simple by making physically reasonable assumptions. Cycles to failure are predicted by invoking a fracture criterion. The model is applied to two sets of data; one set is a well characterized life test data on an aluminum alloy, and the other is phenomenological data on austenitic stainless steels. In both cases the predictions are good enough to prompt further experimental evaluation of the model. This paper deals with only one mechanism of creep-fatigue interaction. Other mechanisms of failure,e.g., ‘r’ type cavitation, or fatigue crack initiation and propagation, are also viable. The model described here may be expected to apply only under those conditions when wedge damage is the dominant failure mechanism.     

GH4720Li合金中温区低周疲劳行为研究

奥氏体沉淀强化GH4720Li合金用于制备航空发动机涡轮盘,其服役条件下的疲劳性能是当前研究的热点.研究了GH4720Li合金在中温区(450和550 ℃)不同应变条件下的低周疲劳行为.结果表明,GH4720Li合金的剪切模量和杨氏模量随着温度的升高而不断降低,但是中温区的抗拉强度和屈服强度不随温度而剧烈下降.GH47...     

Creep-fatigue interaction in austenitic stainless steels

Low cycle fatigue failures occur by the initiation and controlled growth of a surface crack. The development of crack propagation models, based on continuum mechanics, have enabled successful predictions of fatigue life at both room and elevated temperatures. This paper attempts to extend such models to cover the situations in which creep damage, introduced during periods of stress relaxation, influences the rate of growth of the surface fatigue crack. Equations predicting fatigue life as a function of hold period are in good agreement with experimental data, for Type 304 stainless steel, Type 316 stainless steel and Incoloy-800.     

奥氏体耐热钢低周疲劳性能研究进展

 为了进一步深入研究奥氏体耐热钢,介绍了奥氏体耐热钢低周疲劳性能方面的研究进展,对比了室温和高温下奥氏体耐热钢疲劳断裂特征。其中,间隙原子、应变、温度、层错能对奥氏体耐热钢疲劳性能影响较大;在高温疲劳-蠕变过程中,影响材料裂纹扩展和疲劳断裂的关键因素是温度和应力;在疲劳寿命预测方面,已建立了众多模型,但对一些新型材料会有一定偏差,需要建立适合的寿命预测模型。