双源超声辅助铸造相位差对铝合金细晶效果的影响

建立双源超声铝合金铸造熔池模型,利用fluent软件模拟相同频率与不同频率下相位差对熔池声场的影响。仿真结果显示,相同频率下,相位差显著影响熔池声场的分布,随相位差增大,熔池空化域变小;不同频率下,相位差对熔池声场的分布无影响。通过不同相位差双源超声铸造试验发现,同频率振动下,相位差对双源超声铸造边部及超声辐射区的晶粒细化效果影响很小,心部晶粒细化效果随相位差变大效果变差;不同振动频率作用下,相位差对铸锭细晶效果无影响,心部晶粒细化效果与同频率相位差为90?时接近。同频率相位差0?超声作用下,铸锭心部晶粒尺寸较常规不同频率双源超声作用下心部晶粒尺寸大幅减小。     

超声铸造7050铝合金的微观组织和宏观偏析规律

采用不同功率超声对铝熔体进行处理,研究超声场对7050铝合金凝固组织和宏观偏析的影响规律.结果表明:超声振动产生的空化效应和声流效应影响熔体的凝固过程,合理功率的超声能有效细化晶粒、优化组织及改善宏观溶质分布.当超声功率达到170 W时,铸锭径向宏观偏析的弱化效果最好,Zn、Mg和Cu的偏析指数分别为0.0593、0.0565和0.0319;超声功率超过170 W,溶质元素在中心区域富集量显著提高,宏观偏析程度增大.      

高频拉铸工艺对锡磷青铜铸坯品质的影响

研究了生产锡磷青铜采用短节距、高频率以及二次反推的牵引制度的高频拉铸工艺.结果表明:高频拉铸工艺可以细化铸锭晶粒、减少成分偏析和枝晶偏析,得到成分均一、组织均匀的优良铸锭,可减少后续加工的缺陷发生率,提高了生产效率.     

大直径铝锭热顶铸造中超声施振深度的细晶机制

在直径为650 mm的铝合金热顶半连续铸造过程中施加双源超声振动系统, 研究3种超声辐射杆浸入深度对铸锭宏观凝固组织的影响.基于铝合金铸锭凝固组织形貌的检测结果以及ANSYS等有限元软件对铸造过程中声场的仿真结果, 深入探讨了超声辐射杆在不同的施振深度下对铝合金铸锭凝固组织细化机制的影响.结果表明: 随着超声辐射杆施振深度的增加, 铸锭截面组织整体进一步细化, 晶粒形状由发达的枝晶变为等轴枝晶; 由于超声辐射杆端面以及柱面存在几个固定位置处振动波峰, 在铝熔体中不同的超声施振深度下存在不同的超声空化范围, 进而导致凝固组织的细化机制也不同.      

GH586合金铸锭均匀化处理的试验研究

GH586合金由于合金化程度高,特别是W、Mo、Ti等元素含量较高,铸锭成分偏析严重,组织不均匀,以致合金的变形抗力大,热加工塑性差,锻造成形困难.对GH586合金铸锭均匀化处理前后的微区成分、晶间组织、热塑性进行了综合研究和分析,结果表明该合金铸锭经1200℃高温长时间均匀化处理后显著降低合金元素的枝晶偏析程度,同时随着均匀化时间的延长,晶间碳化物逐渐细化、球化、趋向于均匀弥散分布,从而大幅度提高了合金铸锭的热加工塑性.     

Haynes282耐热合金铸态组织及锻后析出相研究

Haynes282合金是700℃超超临界发电机组高温段转子和气缸等构件的首选材料。Haynes282合金铸件组织控制和锻件析出相调控,是相关产品生产工艺制定的难点。以Haynes282为研究对象,通过金相、SEM、EDS等方法,对Haynes282合金电渣重熔后的铸态组织以及锻造后的析出相特性进行系统表征。结果表明,Haynes282合金的枝晶尺寸对冷速非常敏感;电渣锭心部的二次枝晶臂间距要大于表层的,分别为72μm和56μm。枝晶臂和枝晶间元素Al、Cr、Co的偏析系数接近1,元素Mo和Ti的偏析系数较大,Ti的偏析系数超过了1. 7;铸锭心部的偏析比表层略大。经过1 150℃均匀化8 h的热处理和锻造,基本消除了合金中的元素偏析;锻后在晶界上断续分布的第二相主要为富Mo和Cr的M_(23)C_6。     

冷却速率对耐候钢中磷元素宏观偏析的影响

利用氧化铝保温模、钢模、铜冷却壁水冷模来浇铸得到不同冷却速率的耐候钢铸锭试样,研究了不同冷却速率对其凝固组织及磷元素宏观偏析的影响。结果表明,加快冷却速度可以细化柱状晶和等轴晶,有效减小磷偏析。为了深入研究冷却速度对耐候钢磷偏析的影响机理,利用定向凝固设备制备了不用拉速的定向凝固试样,利用电子探针分析其糊状区,得出不同冷却速率下耐候钢试样磷元素的溶质分配系数。研究表明,提高拉速,可以细化晶粒,使糊状区变宽,并降低糊状区溶质浓度,增大耐候钢中磷元素溶质分配系数,并明显降低耐候钢中磷元素的宏观偏析。     

GH586合金铸锭均匀化处理的试验研究

GH586合金是我国为满足航天工业发展而自行研制的一种新型镍基变形高温合金。该合金由于合金化程度高，特别是W、Mo、Ti等元素含量较高，铸锭成分偏析严重，组织不均匀，以致合金变形抗力大，热加工塑性差，锻造成型困难。本文对GH586合金铸锭均匀化处理前后的微区成分、晶间组织、热塑性进行了综合研究和分析，结果表明：该合金铸锭经1200℃高温长时间均匀化处理后显著降低合金元素的枝晶偏析程度，同时随着均匀化时间的延长，晶间碳化物逐渐细化、球化、趋向于均匀弥散分布，从而大幅度提高了合金铸锭的热加工塑性。     

电磁电渣对GCr15轴承钢铸锭质量的影响

研究了传统电渣和电磁电渣对GCr15轴承钢成分偏析及凝固组织的影响,同时分析了不同电渣工艺对铸锭凝固过程传热的影响。电磁电渣工艺条件下,当搅拌电流强度为150 A、频率为6 Hz时,铸锭碳偏析指数为0.98～1.02;铸锭心部珠光体片层间距为213.6 nm,靠近铸锭心部位置过冷度为37.54℃。研究结果表明:电磁电渣可有效减轻GCr15铸锭的宏观偏析,改善钢锭凝固组织和传热条件,渣—金反应加强,钢液纯净度进一步提高。     

轴承钢小方坯轴向心部组织的不均匀性

为改善小方坯的中心质量,对小方坯沿轴向元素含量的分布情况和结晶组织进行了研究。试样中的碳含量分布不均匀,中心区域最明显,存在着碳的中心正负偏析。试样的心部组织在轴向上不均匀。在中心等轴晶区,下部的晶粒细密,上部的晶粒粗大。结果表明沿轴向结晶组织的不均匀性导致了元素含量的不均匀分布,这种沿轴向的不均匀性造成或加重了小方坯的中心疏松和中心偏析。这为解决小方坯的中心疏松和中心偏析提供了依据。     

Modeling of Species Transport and Macrosegregation in Heavy Steel Ingots

In the current study, two significant phenomena involved in heavy steel ingot casting, i.e., species transport and macrosegregation, were numerically simulated. First, a ladle–tundish–mold species transport model describing the entire multiple pouring process of heavy steel ingots was proposed. Carbon distribution and variation in both the tundish and the mold of a 292-ton steel ingot were predicted. Results indicate high carbon concentration in the bottom of the mold while low concentration carbon at the top of mold after the pouring process. Such concentration distribution helps in reducing both negative segregation in the bottom of the solidified ingot and positive segregation at the top. Second, a two-phase multiscale macrosegregation model was used to simulate the solidification process of industrial steel ingots. This model takes into account heat transfer, fluid flow, solute transport, and equiaxed grain motion on a system scale, as well as grain nucleation and growth on a microscopic scale. The model was first used to analyze a three-dimensional industry-scale steel ingot as a benchmark. Then, it was applied to study macrosegregation formation in a 53-ton steel ingot. Macrosegregation predicted by the numerical model was presented and compared with experimental measurements. Typical macrosegregation patterns in heavy steel ingots are found to be well reproduced with the two-phase model.     

Effect of Titanium Addition on As Cast Structure and Macrosegregation of High‐Carbon High‐Chromium Steel

In casting heavy ingots of high‐chromium high‐carbon cold work steels, macrosegregation develops in the center of the ingot, causing difficulties during subsequent hot working. Heat transfer and solidification of an industrial scale high‐carbon high‐chromium steel ingot was simulated and thereafter a laboratory scale representative ingot was designed to model the solidification of the industrial scale ingot. Titanium in the range of 0.3–1% was added to the high‐chromium high‐carbon (12%Cr–2%C) steel during melting process. Microstructures, macrosegregation and phase formations were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, wave dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, optical emission spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Addition of 0.3% titanium was sufficient to diminish the macrosegregation; however it did not have a significant effect on the grain size. Addition of 0.7 and 1% titanium had a substantial effect on grain size in the longitudinal direction and refined the primary carbides structure. The formation of small TiC carbides that precipitated before solidification of liquid iron acted as nuclei for primary pro‐eutectic austenite grains.     

The effect of grain refining on macrosegregation and dendrite arm spacing of direct chill cast AA5182

The effect of titanium and titanium diboride inoculation on the spatial variation of local solidification time for direct chill (DC) cast ingots of aluminum alloy 5182 (AA5182) was studied. The results have been compared to those of an ingot cast without grain refining. To accomplish this, the effect of grain refining on a number of ingot characteristics such as grain size, macrosegregation, spatial variation of dendrite arm spacing, and thermal conductivity was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of grain refining on the well-known relationship between dendrite arm spacing and local solidification time had to be established for AA5182. The results indicated that the spatial variation of dendrite arm spacing in the industrial ingots was independent of grain refining, although the nonrefined ingot produced significantly finer dendrite arm spacings in its center. This was attributed to the influence of showering crystals in the nonrefined ingot. The relationship between dendrite arm spacing and local solidification time was also found to be independent of grain refining.     

过热度对GCr15SiMn轴承钢钢锭宏观偏析的影响

针对GCr15SiMn钢锭易出现宏观偏析凝固缺陷的问题,研究了过热度对GCr15SiMn钢锭宏观偏析的影响规律,使用真空感应炉冶炼1 kg的GCr15SiMn钢锭,通过酸侵试验与OPA技术分别测定了钢锭的凝固组织与宏观偏析,并结合ProCAST软件分析了钢液流动的规律。结果表明,高过热度(70 ℃)时,中心下部出现一定程度的负偏析,中心上部形成了较严重的正偏析同时伴随疏松;中过热度(50 ℃)时,疏松范围较小,碳元素分布较均匀;低过热度(20 ℃)与极低过热度(-20 ℃)时,疏松范围扩大,凝固初期是严重负偏析,凝固末期是严重正偏析。过热度影响偏析的机理为,高过热度时,凝固过程热对流较强,溶质上浮,钢锭上部的正偏析严重;当过热度过低时,初期凝固大量形核并保留在钢锭底部,在底部形成严重的负偏析。     

超声波处理时间对工业纯铝铸锭结晶组织的影响

研究了超声波处理时间对工业纯铝铸锭结晶组织的影响，即添加除气剂又进行超声波处理的情况。分析了超声波对工业纯铝结晶组织影响的原因。研究结果表明。采用合适的超声波处理时间，可以提高工业纯铝铸锭的细化率。     

钢锭模内吹氩提高镇静钢质量的原理

本文从理论上分析了采用锭模吹氩对提高镇静钢质量的作用。锭模吹氩工艺有去气,去夹杂物方面的效果,并可以改善钢锭铸态组织,减少皮下气泡,还探讨了锭模吹氩对钢锭化学成分和宏观偏析的影响。     

Prediction of Macrosegregation in Steel Ingots: Influence of the Motion and the Morphology of Equiaxed Grains

Although a significant amount of work has already been devoted to the prediction of macrosegregation in steel ingots, most models considered the solid phase as fixed. As a result, it was not possible to correctly predict the macrosegregation in the center of the product. It is generally suspected that the motion of the equiaxed grains is responsible for this macrosegregation. A multiphase and multiscale model that describes the evolution of the morphology of the equiaxed crystals and their motion is presented. The model was used to simulate the solidification of a 3.3-ton steel ingot. Computations that take into account the motion of dendritic and globular grains and computations with a fixed solid phase were performed, and the solidification and macrosegregation formation due to the grain motion and flow of interdendritic liquid were analyzed. The predicted macrosegregation patterns are compared to the experimental results. Most important, it is demonstrated that it is essential to consider the grain morphology, in order to properly model the influence of grain motion on macrosegregation. Further, due to increased computing power, the presented computations could be performed using finer computational grids than was possible in previous studies; this made possible the prediction of mesosegregations, notably A segregates. This article is based on a presentation given at the International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting (LMPC 2007), which occurred in September 2007 in Nancy, France.     

Validation of a Multiphase Model for the Macrosegregation and Primary Structure of High-Grade Steel Ingots

A mixed columnar-equiaxed solidification model is used to predict the macrosegregation in high grade steel ingots. In this model, three phases are considered: the melt; the columnar phase, which is assumed to be stationary; and the equiaxed phase, which is free to move. With this approach, the model is able to simulate the evolution of the primary solid phase distributions including the columnar-to-equiaxed transition, the melt convection and the grain sedimentation, and their influence on the macrosegregation. Thermodynamic information of a ternary alloy (Fe-C-Cr) is simplified by the piecewise linearization of the phase diagram around the suitable compositions in the ferritic and austenitic regions. As a result, macrosegregation of carbon and chromium has been analyzed. As the first step, the validation of the numerical model was performed on a benchmark ingot of a laboratory scale. Computed macrosegregation and primary structure were compared with measurements and good agreement was obtained. This article is based on a presentation given at the International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting (LMPC 2007), which occurred in September 2007 in Nancy, France.     

Three‐dimensional Simulation of Thermosolutal Convection and Macrosegregation in Steel Ingots

Thermosolutal convection and macrosegregation formation during the solidification of steel ingots are numerically simulated in three dimensions. The simulation is based on a fully coupled model for mass, momentum, energy, and species conservation equations. The interdendritic flow in the mushy zone is governed by Darcy's law, and the permeability term is discretized using an interpolated liquid fraction method. The numerical results for a benchmark test of macrosegregation in a Pb‐Sn alloy are compared with experimental data taken from the literature. The present model is applied to simulate the solidification of industrial steel ingots. Preliminary predictions are obtained, including the positive segregation in the hot top, and the conically shaped negative segregation zone at the bottom of the ingot. The predicted variation of the segregation ratio in carbon along the vertical centreline of an ingot is compared with measurements, and generally good agreement is observed. Future attention should be paid to the precision of prediction by considering complex solidification issues, such as the sedimentation of free equiaxed grains and the formation of shrinkage cavity.     

On the formation of macrosegregations in ingots

A new quenching technique for studying the formation of macrosegregations in ingots has been developed and used in a study of the formation ofA-segregations in ingots. The formation of a negative segregation in the bottom part of an ingot and a positive segregation in the top part have also been studied. It was found that the three types of macrosegregation phenomena could be explained by the occurrence of interdendritic convection during the solidification process.