Composition and nutritional evaluation of Aspergillus oryzae biomass grown on palm oil processing effluents

Aspergillus oryzae biomass grown on effluents produced during the extraction of palm oil was found to have a crude protein content of 39.6 g 100 g^?1 and a ‘true protein’ content of 32.1 g 100 g^?1. Amino acid analysis showed that the essential amino acid content was 58.2 g 16 g^?1 N and the essential amino acid index was calculated to be 87.4. The sulphur-containing amino acids were present at a combined level of 2.8 g 16 g^?1. In rat feeding trials the biomass had a biological value of 0.68 ± 0.03, a net protein utilisation of 0.65 ± 0.05 and a true digestibility of 0.96 ± 0.05 based on its crude protein content. No unusual fatty acids were detected in the biomass.     

Composition of Saccharomyces fragilis biomass grown on lactose permeate

Saccharomyces fragilis (NRRL y 1109) was grown on a medium composed of Cheddar cheese whey ultrafiltration permeate, supplemented with inorganic nitrogen. The biomass had a crude protein content of 49.5% and an ash content of 7.6%. The “true protein” content, based on a N fractionation procedure was 37.2% and the total nucleic acid content was 5.7%. Qualitatively, the amino acid composition of S. fragilis was similar to that reported for other whey-yeasts. The quantity of individual essential amino acids was greater in the permeate grown S. fragilis. The sulphur containing amino acids, methionine and cyst(e)ine were present at a combined level of 3.2 g/16g N, compared with 2.2g/16 g N in a commercial whey-yeast product. The chemical score (CS) and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were 58.2 and 76.0 respectively. Rats fed on a diet containing S. fragilis biomass as the sole source of dietary protein showed a net weight increase. NPU_carcass for S. fragilis protein was 67.0±3.9 compared with a value of 75.3±3.0 for a casein control. Supplementation of S. fragilis biomass with DL-methionine(2 g/16 g N) raised the NPU_carcass value to 84.4 ± 2.8.     

Evaluation of whisky distillery by-products IV.—Evaporated spent wash as a supplementary food with low-quality roughages for cattle

Evaporated spent wash, a whisky distillery by-product, has been evaluated as a supplementary food with low-quality roughage for beef cattle. Three levels of the material were used, the two lower levels with small amounts of barley. None of the supplements produced a marked increase in intake of roughage. Digestibility of the diet was substantially increased when spent wash or spent wash and barley was included and an intake of metabolisable energy of approximately 80% of the animal's maintenance requirement was obtained. The spent wash was found to be rich in nitrogenous compounds, phosphorus and copper but very low in calcium and sodium.     

红秃头小麦营养成分测定和评价

以灰色小麦、乌麦526和晋麦21为对照,对甘肃省武威北部地区古老珍稀小麦品种红秃头小麦营养成分进行了系统比较和评价。结果表明,红秃头小麦脂肪含量为1.62%,富含各种脂肪酸;粗纤维含量为2.8%,碳水化合物含量为71.21%,蛋白质含量为14.82%,18种氨基酸总量达到14.618%,8种必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的34.91%;灰分含量为1.82%。与晋麦21相比,蛋白质含量增加9.78%,脂肪含量增加8%,灰分含量增加7.06%,维生素A、C、B1、B2和维生素E含量增加14.06%,32.68%,13.34%,4.2%和7.25%;与灰色小麦相比,除维生素B1、B2和维生素E以外,其他成分含量均低于灰色小麦;与乌麦526相比,脂肪、灰分、维生素和蛋白质含量均低于乌麦526;比较了钙、钾、硒、锰、铁、锌、磷、镁、碘、钼、铜11种矿质元素,其中Fe含量为49.76 mg/kg,Mn含量为24.29 mg/kg,Se含量高达0.26 mg/kg;铁和硒在含量上明显高于乌麦567和晋麦21,分别增加70.41%、127.21%和30%、176%;与灰色小麦相比,除了锌含量以外,其他10种元素含量均低于灰色小麦。因此,红秃头小麦作为高蛋白、富硒和高赖氨酸的新型食品加工原料,有较大的开发价值和市场前景。      

Treatment of alcohol distillery wastewater using a Bacteroidetes-dominant thermophilic microbial fuel cell

Simultaneous electricity generation and distillery wastewater (DWW) treatment were accomplished using a thermophilic microbial fuel cell (MFC). The results suggest that thermophilic MFCs, which require less energy for cooling the DWW, can achieve high efficiency for electricity generation and also reduce sulfate along with oxidizing complex organic substrates. The generated current density (2.3 A/m(2)) and power density (up to 1.0 W/m(2)) were higher than previous wastewater-treating MFCs. The significance of the high Coulombic efficiency (CE; up to 89%) indicated that electrical current was the most significant electron sink in thermophilic MFCs. Bacterial diversity based on pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that known Deferribacteres and Firmicutes members were not dominant in the thermophilic MFC fed with DWW; instead, uncharacterized Bacteroidetes thermophiles were up to 52% of the total reads in the anode biofilm. Despite the complexity of the DWW, one single bacterial sequence (OTU D1) close to an uncultured Bacteriodetes bacterium became predominant, up to almost 40% of total reads. The proliferation of the D1 species was concurrent with high electricity generation and high Coulombic efficiency.     

Pulsed-plasma gas-discharge inactivation of microbial pathogens in chilled poultry wash water

A pulsed-plasma gas-discharge (PPGD) system was developed for the novel decontamination of chilled poultry wash water. Treatment of poultry wash water in the plasma generation chamber for up to 24 s at 4 degrees C reduced Escherichia coli NCTC 9001, Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560, Campylobacter coli ATCC 33559, Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 9863, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 4931, and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 populations to non-detectable levels (< or = 8 log CFU/ml). Although similar PPGD treatments at 4 degrees C also produced significant reductions (> or = 3 log CFU/ml) in recalcitrant B. cereus NCTC 11145 endospore numbers within 30 s, the level of endospore reduction was dependent on the nature of the sparged gas used in the plasma treatments. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that significant damage occurred at the cellular level in PPGD-treated test organisms. This electrotechnology delivers energy in intense ultrashort bursts, generating products such as ozone, UV light, acoustic and shock waves, and pulsed electric fields that have multiple bactericidal properties. This technology offers an exciting complementary or alternative approach for treating raw poultry wash water and for preventing cross-contamination in processing environments.     

Composition and characteristics of Indian coffee bean,spent grounds and oil

The physical and chemical characteristics of raw and coffee bean (seed) and spent grounds (a byproduct of the instant coffee industry) and the corresponding oils of four varieties of Indian coffee beans were studied. The chemical characteristics of the oils were found to be similar to those of groundnut oil except for the unsaponifiable matter which is high in the case of coffee bean oil (6–12%). The colour of crude coffee bean oil varied from light green (from raw bean) to chocolate brown (from roasted and spent grounds). The oil is practically odourless. Practical aspects of drying and storage of sludge and solvent extraction of dried grounds are discussed.     

Probabilistic models of food microbial safety and nutritional quality

Microbial and compositional analyses of processed foods, raw materials, ingredients and discharge streams are an important part of safety and quality assurance in the food industry. Law mandates that their results ought to be kept for a specified time. The records are usually in the form of charts or tabulated values presented or listed in a sequential order. Such records frequently appear as randomly fluctuating time series. Usually, the fluctuations are within a range considered safe or acceptable, and as long as the entries are all within this range the nature of the fluctuations is of little interest. Occasionally, there are exceptional entries; a high microbial count or a particularly low concentration of an important nutrient, for example. In most cases they can be traced to a known cause, equipment failure and human error are the most common. But there can be odd entries, which may have serious safety or quality implications that have no apparent reason. These occur because of the random coincidence of several factors, some unknown or undocumented. Usually they cancel one another, but not exactly, and hence the fluctuations. The probability that factors that tend to spoil the product, or lower its nutritive value, will act in unison can be estimated from the distribution of past events, provided that the entries are independent and their series stationary. The concept is demonstrated with industrial microbial and other records having symmetric and asymmetric distributions. It was tested by comparing the estimated frequencies of large or small values with those actually observed in fresh data.     

Anaerobic treatment performance and microbial population of thermophilic upflow anaerobic filter reactor treating awamori distillery wastewater

Distillery wastewater from awamori making was anaerobically treated for one year using thermophilic upflow anaerobic filter (UAF) reactors packed with pyridinium group-containing nonwoven fabric material. The microbial structure and spatial distribution of microorganisms on the support material were characterized using molecular biological methods. The reactor steadily achieved a high TOC loading rate of 18 g/l/d with approximately 80% TOC removal efficiency when non-diluted wastewater was fed. The maximum TOC loading rate increased to 36 g/l/d when treating thrice-diluted wastewater. However, the TOC removal efficiency and gas evolution rate decreased compared with that when non-diluted wastewater was used. Methanogens closely related to Methanosarcina thermophila and Methanoculleus bourgensis and bacteria in the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were predominant methanogens and bacteria in the thermophilic UFA reactor, as indicated by 16S rRNA gene clone analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results showed that a large quantity of bacterial cells adhered throughout the whole support, and Methanosarcina-like methanogens existed mainly in the relative outside region while Methanoculleus cells were located in the relative inner part of the support. The support material used proved to be an excellent carrier for microorganisms, and a UAF reactor using this kind of support can be used for high-rate treatment of awamori/shochu distillery wastewater.     

蜂粮的营养成分和微生物发酵过程研究进展

蜂粮是蜜蜂蜂群中大幼虫、工蜂和雄性蜂的主要食物来源,也是蜂群生存、发展和繁殖的营养保证。目前由于天然蜂粮生产成本较高,而人工蜂粮生产技术中各阶段的发酵条件尚未明确,蜜蜂利用蜂花粉酿制蜂粮的全过程尚无法完全模拟,导致蜂粮的开发利用仍存在一定的技术难题。该文针对蜂粮的营养成分、发酵过程、微生物组成及研究现状等进行了综述,以期为蜂粮产品的研发和生物学功能研究提供理论参考。     

Composition and physiological profiling of sprout-associated microbial communities

The native microfloras of various types of sprouts (alfalfa, clover, sunflower, mung bean, and broccoli sprouts) were examined to assess the relative effects of sprout type and inoculum factors (i.e., sprout-growing facility, seed lot, and inoculation with sprout-derived inocula) on the microbial community structure of sprouts. Sprouts were sonicated for 7 min or hand shaken with glass beads for 2 min to recover native microfloras from the surface, and the resulting suspensions were diluted and plated. The culturable fraction was characterized by the density (log CFU/g), richness (e.g., number of types of bacteria), and diversity (e.g., microbial richness and evenness) of colonies on tryptic soy agar plates incubated for 48 h at 30 degrees C. The relative similarity between sprout-associated microbial communities was assessed with the use of community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) based on patterns of utilization of 95 separate carbon sources. Aerobic plate counts of 7.96 +/- 0.91 log CFU/g of sprout tissue (fresh weight) were observed, with no statistically significant differences in microbial cell density, richness, or diversity due to sprout type, sprout-growing facility, or seed lot. CLPP analyses revealed that the microbial communities associated with alfalfa and clover sprouts are more similar than those associated with the other sprout types tested. Variability among sprout types was more extensive than any differences between microbial communities associated with alfalfa and clover sprouts from different sprout-growing facilities and seed lots. These results indicate that the subsequent testing of biocontrol agents should focus on similar organisms for alfalfa and clover, but alternative types may be most suitable for the other sprout types tested. The inoculation of alfalfa sprouts with communities derived from various sprout types had a significant, source-independent effect on microbial community structure, indicating that the process of inoculation alters the dynamics of community development regardless of the types of organisms involved.     

Chemical composition, nutritional and toxicological evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa) grown in fly ash amended soils

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate nutritional and toxicological aspects of rice grown in fly ash amended soils. Rice was grown on soils with fly ash (200 t ha^?1) and without fly ash at two different geographical locations of India. RESULTS: One kilogram each of 36 samples randomly collected from three replicates of rice grown with and without fly ash was subjected to various analytical techniques to determine the nutrient composition, mineral and heavy metal content. Moisture, protein and ash content of the rice samples showed no difference between fly ash treated and controls. Similar observations were also made on trace and heavy elements. Further, the rice grown on soils treated with fly ash was incorporated in the diet at 90% level and was fed to Wistar/NIN rats for 26 weeks for carrying out protein and toxicological evaluation. CONCLUSION: Results indicated that there is no difference between rice samples grown in soils with or without fly ash. Studies also clearly indicated that there were no adverse effects on hematological, biochemical or histopathological parameters when rice was fed to rats for 6 months. This indicates that rice grown on fly ash treated soils may be safe for human consumption. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

7种云南野生食用菌的氨基酸组成比较分析及 营养评价

目的对产自云南本地的7种野生食用菌中的17种氨基酸进行含量测定和营养评价。方法采用酸水解法处理样品后,利用氨基酸自动分析仪测定样品中的氨基酸含量。计算7种野生菌中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的质量分数、氨基酸比值、氨基酸比值系数和比值系数分,并根据世界卫生组织/联合国粮农组织(WHO/FAO)颁布的理想蛋白质必需氨基酸模式谱对7种野生食用菌中的氨基酸进行营养评价。结果 7种野生食用菌中氨基酸配比最为合理的是鸡枞和干巴菌,接近理想蛋白质的要求;虽然羊肚菌的各类氨基酸含量均高于其他6种野生菌,但其必需氨基酸所占比例较低;除羊肚菌外,其他6种野生菌的鲜味氨基酸含量均高于20%,其中块菌的鲜味氨基酸含量最高,达28.65%;亮氨酸和异亮氨酸在7种野生食用菌中均相对不足,并且亮氨酸是其中5种野生菌的第一限制氨基酸;甲硫氨酸在除黑鸡枞以外的其他野生菌中均相对过剩;鸡枞的氨基酸比值系数分为85.9,氨基酸营养价值最高,羊肚菌的比值系数分仅为15.15;7种野生食用菌中赖氨酸的平均含量是WHO/FAO模式谱的1.40倍。结论各类野生食用菌中的氨基酸含量差异较大,有必要对更多种类、不同产地的食用菌的氨基酸配比开展深入研究。     

花江狗肉营养成分分析及营养学评价

对花江狗肉肌肉和狗皮的主要营养成分进行了分析及营养学评价。研究结果表明:花江狗肉肌肉和狗皮中水分含量分别为74.0%和58.2%,灰分含量分别为0.512%和0.189%,粗脂肪含量分别为2.9%和4.4%,粗蛋白含量分别为21.1%和34.7%。对氨基酸组成进行分析,其氨基酸评分和必需氨基酸指数均较优,符合FAO/WHO理想模式。对脂肪酸组成进行分析,其PUFA/SFA值为0.53,也达到理想水平。     

Effects of spirulina biomass on the technological and nutritional quality of bread wheat pasta

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of spirulina on technological and nutritional quality of dried pasta. Wheat flour was substituted by spirulina biomass at three levels: 5, 10 and 20 g/100 g, and a sample without spirulina biomass was made as control. The technological quality was analyzed in terms of cooking properties and texture profile, while pasta surface was observed by confocal microscopy. In addition, protein content, in vitro protein digestibility, phenolic compound content and in vitro antioxidant activity were the major bio-functional characteristics measured. An in vitro starch digestion was performed in order to estimate the glycemic index. Only pasta with 20 g of spirulina / 100 g of flour did slightly modify technological quality parameters; microstructure studies revealed the impact of spirulina addition, resulting in a more heterogeneous surface. The glycemic index was not affected by the addition of spirulina. The incorporation of spirulina resulted in an increase of protein content; however, protein digestibility was reduced as microalgae content increased. Pasta with spirulina exhibited high phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity compared to control pasta, which could be used to enhance the nutritional profile of the product.     

黄鳞多孔菌营养成分分析及营养价值评价

以云南黄鳞多孔菌为原料,分析黄鳞多孔菌的营养成分,对其营养价值进行分析评价。结果表明:黄鳞多孔菌营养成分丰富,蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖含量分别为2.45、0.22、1.40、61.30 g/100 g,含有钾、磷、钠、硒、钙、铁、锌等多种矿质元素和VB1、VB2。黄鳞多孔菌中包含16种氨基酸,7种人体必需氨基酸,氨基酸总含量为1829 mg/100 g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的41.61%,氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、生物价(BV)、营养指数(NI)分别为68.00、60.00、81.69、77.34、2.00。药用氨基酸占氨基酸总含量的67.14%。黄鳞多孔菌是一种高营养价值的食用菌,具有良好的开发利用前景。      

Profiling brewers' spent grain for composition and microbial ecology at the site of production

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is a readily available, high volume low cost byproduct of brewing and is a potentially valuable resource for industrial exploitation. The variation in BSG composition and the implications for microbiological spoilage by a resident microflora might affect the potential to use BSG as a reliable food-grade industrial feedstock for value-added downstream processing. Fresh samples of BSG from a range of 10 breweries have been analysed for their microbial and chemical composition. The results show that a resident microflora of mainly thermophilic aerobic bacteria (<10⁷ g^-1 fresh weight) persists on BSG. This population is susceptible to rapid change but at the point of production BSG can be considered microbiologically stable. Chemically, BSG is rich in polysaccharides, protein and lignin. Residual starch can contribute up to 13% of the dry weight and BSG from lager malts has higher protein content than that from ale. In general, at the point of production, BSG is a relatively uniform chemical feedstock available for industrial upgrading. Differences between breweries should not present problems when considering BSG for industrial exploitation but susceptibility to microbial colonisation is identified as a potential problem area which might restrict its successful exploitation.     

奇亚籽营养成分分析与评价

对奇亚籽的营养成分进行了分析与评价。结果表明:奇亚籽中粗脂肪、粗蛋白质和膳食纤维的含量分别为(34.20±1.31)g/100 g(湿基)、(23.31±0.18)g/100 g(湿基)、(27.71±0.09)g/100 g(湿基),为高脂肪、高蛋白质、高膳食纤维芡欧鼠尾草种子;奇亚籽中18种氨基酸总量为23.10 g/100 g(湿基),其中人体必需氨基酸总量为8.20 g/100 g(湿基),氨基酸含量最高的是谷氨酸(4.08 g/100 g),其次是精氨酸(2.46 g/100 g)和天冬氨酸(2.13 g/100 g),根据氨基酸评分,奇亚籽的限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸,根据化学评分,奇亚籽的第一限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸,奇亚籽的必需氨基酸指数为87;奇亚籽油中共检出21种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸(22.43%)和α-亚麻酸(62.48%)为主;奇亚籽中矿物质含量丰富,Ca含量最高,为829.21 mg/100 g,具有高K(673.48mg/100 g)低Na(22.37 mg/100 g)的特点。     

Chemical and nutritional evaluation of neem oil

In view of the edible oil shortage in India, nutritional and toxicological evaluations of unconventional oils of high potential are needed to assess them for safe edibility. Seed of Azadaracta indica, popularly known as neem, has 45% oil and is a minor oil seed of considerable potential. Neem oil is usually bitter and non-edible. A new process has been developed recently to produce a colourless, odourless and non-bitter oil. Chemical and nutritional evaluation of this oil is therefore undertaken.The oil has 50% oleic and 15% linoleic acid and no unusual fatty acids. The physico-chemical parameters are within the range of other edible oils. Nutritional studies, carried out for 14 weeks in weanling rats, feeding at the 10% level of the oil in 20% protein diet adequate in all nutrients, showed good growth performance and food intake comparable with groundnut oil. Cholesterol and triglycerides in serum and liver were comparable in both the neem oil and groundnut oil groups. Absorption of neem oil is comparable with groundnut oil in rats fed these diets. Retentions of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus are also comparable in both groups.Nutritional studies indicate that debitterized neem oil has a chemical and nutritional quality comparable to other edible oils.